Therapists in Newington, CT

Photo of Liza Beth Josephson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Newington, CT
Liza Beth Josephson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Newington, CT 06111
If you feel like some parts of your life aren’t going the way you’d like them to go, therapy in a warm, supportive, and professional environment may help you get things moving in the right direction. I enjoy working with college-age students and adults, and I work together with each client to create an individualized approach based on your unique goals, strengths, challenges, and preferences.
If you feel like some parts of your life aren’t going the way you’d like them to go, therapy in a warm, supportive, and professional environment may help you get things moving in the right direction. I enjoy working with college-age students and adults, and I work together with each client to create an individualized approach based on your unique goals, strengths, challenges, and preferences.
(959) 230-0810 View (959) 230-0810
Photo of Courage Counseling Center, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Newington, CT
Courage Counseling Center
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Newington, CT 06111
Yvonne Hutchinson is a licensed Social Worker. She has worked with various populations such as individuals, families, and children. She has also worked in collaboration, Foster Care agencies, Residential Treatment Centers, hospitals, colleges, schools, shelters, and in the community. Although Yvonne has worked with clients who presents with various psychosis and mental disorders, her focus is trauma care. She assists clients making connections, and processing troubling feelings and emotions. Yvonne helps clients to develop new insights and coping skills, and to get to a place of healing. Also available for Christian counseling.
Yvonne Hutchinson is a licensed Social Worker. She has worked with various populations such as individuals, families, and children. She has also worked in collaboration, Foster Care agencies, Residential Treatment Centers, hospitals, colleges, schools, shelters, and in the community. Although Yvonne has worked with clients who presents with various psychosis and mental disorders, her focus is trauma care. She assists clients making connections, and processing troubling feelings and emotions. Yvonne helps clients to develop new insights and coping skills, and to get to a place of healing. Also available for Christian counseling.
(860) 272-6047 View (860) 272-6047
Photo of New Wave Counseling & Consulting, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Newington, CT
New Wave Counseling & Consulting, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Newington, CT 06111
Over 20 years of clinical experience working with adolescents, teenagers, and young adults struggling with depression, anxiety, trauma, life transitions, and addiction in various treatment settings. Diversity and multicultural issues are embedded in everything we do and contribute to presenting problems. I am conscious of varying decision-making preferences, the role of family dynamics, stages of life, socioeconomic status, and issues related to sexual orientation and gender identity. As well as the stigma associated with seeking mental health services.
Over 20 years of clinical experience working with adolescents, teenagers, and young adults struggling with depression, anxiety, trauma, life transitions, and addiction in various treatment settings. Diversity and multicultural issues are embedded in everything we do and contribute to presenting problems. I am conscious of varying decision-making preferences, the role of family dynamics, stages of life, socioeconomic status, and issues related to sexual orientation and gender identity. As well as the stigma associated with seeking mental health services.
(860) 530-2988 View (860) 530-2988
Photo of Jennifer Dugre, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Newington, CT
Jennifer Dugre
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Newington, CT 06111
Waitlist for new clients
Life can be messy! I would like to help you feel more grounded and supported to navigate the challenges. My interests include working with young adults—maybe you are struggling to adjust to college, working, “adulting,” or having relationship issues. I am also passionate about working with women on maternal wellness and motherhood struggles. I have completed specialized perinatal training through PSI and offer video sessions, which many of my mothers find convenient when juggling family and/or work. Please know that you are not alone. Therapy can help to release that “heaviness” you are carrying around.
Life can be messy! I would like to help you feel more grounded and supported to navigate the challenges. My interests include working with young adults—maybe you are struggling to adjust to college, working, “adulting,” or having relationship issues. I am also passionate about working with women on maternal wellness and motherhood struggles. I have completed specialized perinatal training through PSI and offer video sessions, which many of my mothers find convenient when juggling family and/or work. Please know that you are not alone. Therapy can help to release that “heaviness” you are carrying around.
(860) 266-4562 View (860) 266-4562
Photo of Christie Marien, Pre-Licensed Professional in Newington, CT
Christie Marien
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Newington, CT 06111
NOT Accepting New Clients. I am currently a Marriage and Family intern that is very passionate and driven to guide clients in making long-lasting positive changes in their lives and relationships with themselves and others. I specialize in anxiety, self-esteem, relationships, and multigenerational transmissions. I often utilize solution-focused brief therapy and Bowen's therapy to best assist all clients. However, with knowledge of several other modalities, I will tailor techniques based on a person's needs.
NOT Accepting New Clients. I am currently a Marriage and Family intern that is very passionate and driven to guide clients in making long-lasting positive changes in their lives and relationships with themselves and others. I specialize in anxiety, self-esteem, relationships, and multigenerational transmissions. I often utilize solution-focused brief therapy and Bowen's therapy to best assist all clients. However, with knowledge of several other modalities, I will tailor techniques based on a person's needs.
(860) 735-4201 View (860) 735-4201
Photo of Shakira Givens, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Newington, CT
Shakira Givens
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Newington, CT 06111
Shakira Givens is a Licensed Master Social Worker (LMSW). She obtained her Bachelors degree in Criminal Justice with a minor in Juvenile Justice from North Carolina Central University in 2011. In 2016, Shakira obtained her Masters of Social Work from Springfield College. She completed the Black Addiction Education program in 2019 through Adcare Educational Institute, Inc.
Shakira Givens is a Licensed Master Social Worker (LMSW). She obtained her Bachelors degree in Criminal Justice with a minor in Juvenile Justice from North Carolina Central University in 2011. In 2016, Shakira obtained her Masters of Social Work from Springfield College. She completed the Black Addiction Education program in 2019 through Adcare Educational Institute, Inc.
(860) 784-7589 View (860) 784-7589
Photo of Stephanie Donofrio,LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist in Newington, CT
Stephanie Donofrio,LMFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Newington, CT 06111
You feel in many ways lost as an individual, lost in your relationship, lost at work or that life's expectations are going to break you. Do you often find yourself feeling alone, resentful or misunderstood? Do you have an inner critic that won't get out of your head? Tired of pretending things are fine? Do you feel like you forgot who you once were? ​Maybe you find yourself frequently conforming to other's expectations leaving you stuck and unsure of your own self identify. Do you feel guilty or ashamed because you are not living up to the image you once had in your mind as to what your life "should" look like?
You feel in many ways lost as an individual, lost in your relationship, lost at work or that life's expectations are going to break you. Do you often find yourself feeling alone, resentful or misunderstood? Do you have an inner critic that won't get out of your head? Tired of pretending things are fine? Do you feel like you forgot who you once were? ​Maybe you find yourself frequently conforming to other's expectations leaving you stuck and unsure of your own self identify. Do you feel guilty or ashamed because you are not living up to the image you once had in your mind as to what your life "should" look like?
(860) 269-6205 View (860) 269-6205
Photo of Stefanie Cervero, Licensed Master Social Worker in Newington, CT
Stefanie Cervero
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Newington, CT 06111
Searching for answers and help in unsteady times can be daunting, terrifying, and stressful, but here you are taking the first step in advocating for change in your life. I would love to help you navigate the rough waters back to a safe place of healing and hope.
Searching for answers and help in unsteady times can be daunting, terrifying, and stressful, but here you are taking the first step in advocating for change in your life. I would love to help you navigate the rough waters back to a safe place of healing and hope.
(860) 295-3137 View (860) 295-3137
Photo of Chanel Cranford, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Newington, CT
Chanel Cranford
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Newington, CT 06111
I am a therapist committed to assisting children, adolescents, adults, and families to confront and address trauma, repair and strengthen families, and provide pathways to mental health services.
I am a therapist committed to assisting children, adolescents, adults, and families to confront and address trauma, repair and strengthen families, and provide pathways to mental health services.
(860) 831-4868 View (860) 831-4868
Photo of AMC Counseling Services, LLC, Marriage & Family Therapist in Newington, CT
AMC Counseling Services, LLC
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, TFT-ALG
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Newington, CT 06111
Not accepting new clients
CURRENTLY NOT ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS Aida M. Vazquez-Canidate, LMFT, TFT-ALGO I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with 13+ years of experience in helping clients address relationship problems, self-esteem issues, stress, depression, and anxiety. My specialty is working with young adults/adults by providing individual, couple, and family therapy.
CURRENTLY NOT ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS Aida M. Vazquez-Canidate, LMFT, TFT-ALGO I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with 13+ years of experience in helping clients address relationship problems, self-esteem issues, stress, depression, and anxiety. My specialty is working with young adults/adults by providing individual, couple, and family therapy.
(860) 546-3231 View (860) 546-3231
Photo of Charleen K Miele, Licensed Professional Counselor in Newington, CT
Charleen K Miele
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Newington, CT 06111
I meet my clients where they are and help them process through feelings, events, transitions, and anything else that they are facing. Comfortable office setting, plenty of parking and a warm welcoming atmosphere. Humbled to walk the journey with my clients.
I meet my clients where they are and help them process through feelings, events, transitions, and anything else that they are facing. Comfortable office setting, plenty of parking and a warm welcoming atmosphere. Humbled to walk the journey with my clients.
(860) 352-5267 View (860) 352-5267
Photo of Alyiah Y Brown, Professional Counselor Associate in Newington, CT
Alyiah Y Brown
Professional Counselor Associate, LPCA, MS, BS
Verified Verified
Newington, CT 06111
My mission as a psychotherapist and holistic wellness coach is to help clients through crisis or day to day life challenges. I have experience in helping clients who are struggling with their mental health, addiction and or co-occurring disorders, and personal development. With my experience as both a therapist and a life coach I help people achieve their goals by incorporating interventions such as cognitive behavioral therapy, talk therapy, holistic healing, motivational interviewing and client centered practices. I am dedicated to providing personalized sessions tailored specifically for each client and their needs.
My mission as a psychotherapist and holistic wellness coach is to help clients through crisis or day to day life challenges. I have experience in helping clients who are struggling with their mental health, addiction and or co-occurring disorders, and personal development. With my experience as both a therapist and a life coach I help people achieve their goals by incorporating interventions such as cognitive behavioral therapy, talk therapy, holistic healing, motivational interviewing and client centered practices. I am dedicated to providing personalized sessions tailored specifically for each client and their needs.
(860) 864-4952 View (860) 864-4952
Photo of Jenny Correa, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Newington, CT
Jenny Correa
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Newington, CT 06111
TAKING new CLIENTS! Don’t count the days, make the days count. I reflect on this quote as a reminder that in life, we have the opportunity to put forth our best efforts and question any beliefs that may no longer serve us. I offer therapy for individuals ranging in age from children to adults, and couples. I have experience with helping people cope through anger, anxiety, self-defeating thoughts, grief, depression, infidelity and more. I believe that the combination of my therapeutic skills and your drive to alleviate your problems, is a recipe for great outcomes.
TAKING new CLIENTS! Don’t count the days, make the days count. I reflect on this quote as a reminder that in life, we have the opportunity to put forth our best efforts and question any beliefs that may no longer serve us. I offer therapy for individuals ranging in age from children to adults, and couples. I have experience with helping people cope through anger, anxiety, self-defeating thoughts, grief, depression, infidelity and more. I believe that the combination of my therapeutic skills and your drive to alleviate your problems, is a recipe for great outcomes.
(860) 864-4039 x102 View (860) 864-4039 x102
Photo of Patricia Jarvis, Licensed Professional Counselor in Newington, CT
Patricia Jarvis
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Newington, CT 06111
Hello, My passion in life is children! I have supported children and families in vast modalities for more than 20 years as a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) and an educator. I specialize in working with young children through early adolescence. I have extensive experience in treating anxiety, depression, mood dysregulation and trauma. I am certified in Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT), and also use a variety of treatment modalities incorporating my love of the arts, music, theatre and dance. Limited immediate openings available. Strengthen your child's emotional health before the new school year.
Hello, My passion in life is children! I have supported children and families in vast modalities for more than 20 years as a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) and an educator. I specialize in working with young children through early adolescence. I have extensive experience in treating anxiety, depression, mood dysregulation and trauma. I am certified in Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT), and also use a variety of treatment modalities incorporating my love of the arts, music, theatre and dance. Limited immediate openings available. Strengthen your child's emotional health before the new school year.
(860) 854-7848 View (860) 854-7848
Photo of Melissa Linden, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Newington, CT
Melissa Linden
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Newington, CT 06111
Waitlist for new clients
I believe a sense of trust is a key component for someone feeling safe in therapy. My goal is to provide a non-judgmental therapeutic relationship that will provide that experience for all of my clients. My unique, person-centered approach to therapy gives you the space to feel safe, secure and supported while using evidenced based modalities. I am trained in EMDR, DBT, CBT and Motivational Interviewing and tailor treatment to the individual. My role as your therapist is to help provide the tools needed to gain insight, self-discovery and healing from past experiences, allowing you to live a happier and more fulfilling future
I believe a sense of trust is a key component for someone feeling safe in therapy. My goal is to provide a non-judgmental therapeutic relationship that will provide that experience for all of my clients. My unique, person-centered approach to therapy gives you the space to feel safe, secure and supported while using evidenced based modalities. I am trained in EMDR, DBT, CBT and Motivational Interviewing and tailor treatment to the individual. My role as your therapist is to help provide the tools needed to gain insight, self-discovery and healing from past experiences, allowing you to live a happier and more fulfilling future
(860) 831-4261 View (860) 831-4261
Photo of Dr. Yacihuilca Moní, Psychologist in Newington, CT
Dr. Yacihuilca Moní
Psychologist
Verified Verified
Newington, CT 06111  (Online Only)
My name is Yacihuilca Moní. I am a clinical psychologist licensed in MA and CT. I have a passion for supporting individuals across the lifespan. Throughout my career, I have worked with diverse populations, from children and adolescents to adults and seniors, providing compassionate and evidence-based care to help clients overcome a wide range of challenges. I employ evidence-based therapeutic approaches, such as Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), depending on the client's needs.
My name is Yacihuilca Moní. I am a clinical psychologist licensed in MA and CT. I have a passion for supporting individuals across the lifespan. Throughout my career, I have worked with diverse populations, from children and adolescents to adults and seniors, providing compassionate and evidence-based care to help clients overcome a wide range of challenges. I employ evidence-based therapeutic approaches, such as Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), depending on the client's needs.
(860) 431-2738 View (860) 431-2738
Photo of Debbie Wilson, Professional Counselor Associate in Newington, CT
Debbie Wilson
Professional Counselor Associate, MED/MHC, LPCA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Newington, CT 06111  (Online Only)
Today is the beginning of a new day. It takes courage to seek help. As a Licensed Professional Counselor-Associate (LPC-A), I’m committed to providing a safe place for you to come and communicate about your emotions. As you travel through this journey in life, you are not alone. There is help available to help you accept, build, overcome, and achieve your goals. We will work together to build a trusting therapeutic relationship. You have come to the right place. I am committed to working with you, to improve your quality of life.
Today is the beginning of a new day. It takes courage to seek help. As a Licensed Professional Counselor-Associate (LPC-A), I’m committed to providing a safe place for you to come and communicate about your emotions. As you travel through this journey in life, you are not alone. There is help available to help you accept, build, overcome, and achieve your goals. We will work together to build a trusting therapeutic relationship. You have come to the right place. I am committed to working with you, to improve your quality of life.
(860) 854-7201 View (860) 854-7201
Photo of Erika K Whetzel, Marriage & Family Therapist in Newington, CT
Erika K Whetzel
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Newington, CT 06111
Not accepting new clients
When looking for a therapist it's important you find someone your feel comfortable with. Therapy can be a safe place to share and explore feelings or issues that challenge most of us at one time or another. I use a strength-based, family systems approach in helping individuals, couples, adolescents, children, and their families to reduce stress, improve communication and relationships. My goal with all clients is to build on existing strengths, and help find realistic solutions to problems and help achieve their goals. I empower them to achieve the changes they are looking for, in a safe comfortable and non judgmental environment.
When looking for a therapist it's important you find someone your feel comfortable with. Therapy can be a safe place to share and explore feelings or issues that challenge most of us at one time or another. I use a strength-based, family systems approach in helping individuals, couples, adolescents, children, and their families to reduce stress, improve communication and relationships. My goal with all clients is to build on existing strengths, and help find realistic solutions to problems and help achieve their goals. I empower them to achieve the changes they are looking for, in a safe comfortable and non judgmental environment.
(860) 733-0402 View (860) 733-0402
Photo of Jenna Rose Alcaraz, Professional Counselor Associate in Newington, CT
Jenna Rose Alcaraz
Professional Counselor Associate, LPCA, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Newington, CT 06111
Jenna is a bilingual psychotherapist offering individual, group and family therapy in-person and online. She has served women, children and families for over 10 years as a therapist, doula, yoga practitioner and educator. Jenna holds a M.A. in Holistic Clinical Mental Health Counseling and postgraduate certificate in Expressive Arts. She is certified in Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, DBT, and extensively trained in yoga and mindfulness. She lives her life by the same principles she employs in therapy. She strives to see the true potential in herself and others while doing her best to be present and hold empathic space for all.
Jenna is a bilingual psychotherapist offering individual, group and family therapy in-person and online. She has served women, children and families for over 10 years as a therapist, doula, yoga practitioner and educator. Jenna holds a M.A. in Holistic Clinical Mental Health Counseling and postgraduate certificate in Expressive Arts. She is certified in Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, DBT, and extensively trained in yoga and mindfulness. She lives her life by the same principles she employs in therapy. She strives to see the true potential in herself and others while doing her best to be present and hold empathic space for all.
(860) 847-7681 View (860) 847-7681
Photo of Jaclyn Saunders, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Newington, CT
Jaclyn Saunders
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Newington, CT 06111
Finding a therapist to trust your personal stories and experiences with can be difficult and even unnerving. However, you've taken steps to face those fears, doubts, and pain head on. This is very Courageous of you, and your COURAGE is recognized! As a Licensed Master Social Worker, I am here to work as a team to navigate the challenges you are facing by identifying any barriers and underlying issues that may be hindering you from reaching your fullest potential.
Finding a therapist to trust your personal stories and experiences with can be difficult and even unnerving. However, you've taken steps to face those fears, doubts, and pain head on. This is very Courageous of you, and your COURAGE is recognized! As a Licensed Master Social Worker, I am here to work as a team to navigate the challenges you are facing by identifying any barriers and underlying issues that may be hindering you from reaching your fullest potential.
(860) 259-2350 View (860) 259-2350

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Newington, CT

100+

Average cost per session

$147

Therapists in Newington, CT who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
88% Depression
79% Self Esteem
78% Coping Skills
69% Relationship Issues
67% Trauma and PTSD
67% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

82% Husky | CT BHP
78% Aetna
73% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Newington, CT see their clients

75% In Person and Online
25% Online Only

Gender breakdown

91% Female
9% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Newington?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.