Therapists in Chicago, IL

View neighborhoods in Chicago
Photo of Kate Glickman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Kate Glickman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60622
Looking for a therapist requires a leap of faith: that someone out there can actually understand, let alone help. Maybe you sense you need to make a change, but how to move forward is unclear. Or maybe you are going through something right now that feels too heavy to shoulder alone. In either case, therapy can be a place to find your footing. When we first meet, I will listen carefully to your story, then together we will identify what carries the potential to help. I offer a compassionate relationship you can rely on.
Looking for a therapist requires a leap of faith: that someone out there can actually understand, let alone help. Maybe you sense you need to make a change, but how to move forward is unclear. Or maybe you are going through something right now that feels too heavy to shoulder alone. In either case, therapy can be a place to find your footing. When we first meet, I will listen carefully to your story, then together we will identify what carries the potential to help. I offer a compassionate relationship you can rely on.
(312) 516-4303 View (312) 516-4303
Photo of Sue Elizabeth Cook, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Sue Elizabeth Cook
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, MS, LAC, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60640  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I currently specialize in supporting neurodivergent and/or queer emerging adults as they navigate the anxieties and stressors of late stage capitalism. I particularly enjoy working with late-diagnosed or self-diagnosed autistic young adults. I also work with trauma survivors, people with chronic illnesses and pain, and LGBTQ2IA emerging adults. I am sex/kink/polyamory-positive, body-neutral, and sex-worker affirming. I strive to acknowledge and to combat the systemic impact of White supremacy, including its relationship to fatphobia, transphobia, and ableism.
I currently specialize in supporting neurodivergent and/or queer emerging adults as they navigate the anxieties and stressors of late stage capitalism. I particularly enjoy working with late-diagnosed or self-diagnosed autistic young adults. I also work with trauma survivors, people with chronic illnesses and pain, and LGBTQ2IA emerging adults. I am sex/kink/polyamory-positive, body-neutral, and sex-worker affirming. I strive to acknowledge and to combat the systemic impact of White supremacy, including its relationship to fatphobia, transphobia, and ableism.
(773) 729-6986 View (773) 729-6986
Photo of Amanda Grippi, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Amanda Grippi
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60659
Hey there! My name is Amanda Grippi. I am a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor with 20 years of clinical experience working with individuals, families, minors, preteens, and children with ADHD, Anxiety, Autism or Asperger's Syndrome, LGBTQIA+, Trauma, and PTSD. That being said, I am always client-centered and use a mix of Client-Centered Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral (CBT), EMDR, Mindfulness-Based (MBCT), and Solution Focused Brief Therapies during treatment. I believe that I am down-to-Earth and open-minded and don't just tell them what I think but what they need to do.
Hey there! My name is Amanda Grippi. I am a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor with 20 years of clinical experience working with individuals, families, minors, preteens, and children with ADHD, Anxiety, Autism or Asperger's Syndrome, LGBTQIA+, Trauma, and PTSD. That being said, I am always client-centered and use a mix of Client-Centered Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral (CBT), EMDR, Mindfulness-Based (MBCT), and Solution Focused Brief Therapies during treatment. I believe that I am down-to-Earth and open-minded and don't just tell them what I think but what they need to do.
(630) 756-5159 View (630) 756-5159
Photo of Liya Ghiday, Pre-Licensed Professional in Chicago, IL
Liya Ghiday
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60601
Do you find it hard to ask for help? Do you put pressure on yourself to please others and be “perfect” for fear of rejection or failure? Even when you have evidence that you are valued or successful, maybe deep down you don’t believe it. Many who resonate with these statements have had to grow up fast and learn responsibility at a young age through experiences like high expectations or criticism in the home, responsibility towards parents or siblings, early loss, or experience of early trauma.
Do you find it hard to ask for help? Do you put pressure on yourself to please others and be “perfect” for fear of rejection or failure? Even when you have evidence that you are valued or successful, maybe deep down you don’t believe it. Many who resonate with these statements have had to grow up fast and learn responsibility at a young age through experiences like high expectations or criticism in the home, responsibility towards parents or siblings, early loss, or experience of early trauma.
(312) 874-6417 View (312) 874-6417
Photo of Stephanie Brennan, Counselor in Chicago, IL
Stephanie Brennan
Counselor, MS, LCPC
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60638
Not accepting new clients
I recognize that your experiences and reasons for seeking counseling are unique to you. Our sessions will help you discover and strengthen tools and skills that you need to transition through difficult times. Together we will use strategies to explore your concerns and begin taking steps towards a more satisfying life. Therapy is an opportunity for you to "tell your story" in a safe environment. Everyone needs someone to talk to when faced with difficult times. Many people meet with me to talk with an objective, nonjudgemental person.
I recognize that your experiences and reasons for seeking counseling are unique to you. Our sessions will help you discover and strengthen tools and skills that you need to transition through difficult times. Together we will use strategies to explore your concerns and begin taking steps towards a more satisfying life. Therapy is an opportunity for you to "tell your story" in a safe environment. Everyone needs someone to talk to when faced with difficult times. Many people meet with me to talk with an objective, nonjudgemental person.
(773) 295-4816 View (773) 295-4816
Photo of Jimmy Escobar, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Chicago, IL
Jimmy Escobar
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, ALMFT, LPC, NCC, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60630
Most clients come into therapy because of their current difficulty resolving a "presenting problem". That problem could be grief. It could be relationship troubles with partners, peers, or parents. It could be tied to substance abuse. Or trauma. Or both. It could be work-related. It could be a million things. Whatever the presenting problem, it tends to give the client physiological and psychological discomfort, which leads to the search for answers and relief, which often leads to counseling.
Most clients come into therapy because of their current difficulty resolving a "presenting problem". That problem could be grief. It could be relationship troubles with partners, peers, or parents. It could be tied to substance abuse. Or trauma. Or both. It could be work-related. It could be a million things. Whatever the presenting problem, it tends to give the client physiological and psychological discomfort, which leads to the search for answers and relief, which often leads to counseling.
(708) 286-5864 View (708) 286-5864
Photo of Stephanie Liebl, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Stephanie Liebl
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC, ATR
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60640
Waitlist for new clients
Stephanie Liebl is a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor and Registered Art Therapist. As an art therapist, Stephanie values being able to use creativity in her approach to working with clients. This can be literally using art supplies, but also helping clients look at their issues through different perspectives or experimenting with a variety of coping mechanisms. Stephanie also places a focus on building therapeutic rapport and creating a safe space for clients. She finds it is important to allow the client to work at their own pace to achieve their goals- no matter how long that takes.
Stephanie Liebl is a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor and Registered Art Therapist. As an art therapist, Stephanie values being able to use creativity in her approach to working with clients. This can be literally using art supplies, but also helping clients look at their issues through different perspectives or experimenting with a variety of coping mechanisms. Stephanie also places a focus on building therapeutic rapport and creating a safe space for clients. She finds it is important to allow the client to work at their own pace to achieve their goals- no matter how long that takes.
(773) 570-7542 x2003 View (773) 570-7542 x2003
Photo of NOCD- Therapists for OCD, Psychologist in Chicago, IL
NOCD- Therapists for OCD
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60601  (Online Only)
Imagine what life would be like if you weren't bothered by OCD. NOCD is here to help you regain peace of mind. NOCD is a digital health company that’s focused on effectively treating people with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Inside the NOCD mobile app, you can work with one of our licensed mental health therapists with specialty training in OCD. When your therapist isn’t available, access support communities and therapeutic tools - so that you are never alone. NOCD’s protocol has been proven to reduce OCD severity by 40% in less than 10 weeks.
Imagine what life would be like if you weren't bothered by OCD. NOCD is here to help you regain peace of mind. NOCD is a digital health company that’s focused on effectively treating people with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Inside the NOCD mobile app, you can work with one of our licensed mental health therapists with specialty training in OCD. When your therapist isn’t available, access support communities and therapeutic tools - so that you are never alone. NOCD’s protocol has been proven to reduce OCD severity by 40% in less than 10 weeks.
(872) 231-0626 View (872) 231-0626
Photo of Olivia Chavez, Psychologist in Chicago, IL
Olivia Chavez
Psychologist, PsyD, PLLC
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60618  (Online Only)
Starting therapy is courageous! Therapy can help in emotional expression, self-reflection and the freedom to engage in self-compassion and empowerment. My approach to therapy is collaborative; working together to explore, understand and change experiences so that life can be experienced in a meaningful way. I have experience working with a variety of concerns, and focus on creating a therapeutic space where one can safely discover and express their authenticity.
Starting therapy is courageous! Therapy can help in emotional expression, self-reflection and the freedom to engage in self-compassion and empowerment. My approach to therapy is collaborative; working together to explore, understand and change experiences so that life can be experienced in a meaningful way. I have experience working with a variety of concerns, and focus on creating a therapeutic space where one can safely discover and express their authenticity.
(773) 303-6031 View (773) 303-6031
Photo of Fareaba Moradiahani, Pre-Licensed Professional in Chicago, IL
Fareaba Moradiahani
Pre-Licensed Professional, ALMFT
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60642  (Online Only)
I work from an Integrative framework, applying both micro and macro-level factors to what maybe going on for you. We will co-create a satisfactory internal dynamic within you that can further be applied on a relational level, to gain the life that you want. Couples can apply their strengths to the relationship and foster empathetic responses to flourish.
I work from an Integrative framework, applying both micro and macro-level factors to what maybe going on for you. We will co-create a satisfactory internal dynamic within you that can further be applied on a relational level, to gain the life that you want. Couples can apply their strengths to the relationship and foster empathetic responses to flourish.
(708) 801-6837 View (708) 801-6837
Photo of Yangla Bhote-Wenger, Pre-Licensed Professional in Chicago, IL
Yangla Bhote-Wenger
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60610  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
“Between stimulus and response, there is a space. In that space, we have the power to choose our response. In our response lies our growth and our freedom” by Victor E. Frankl. If you find yourself in between and need that space - making sense of different experiences you have had, the story you hold, and navigating life transitions, then I am here to provide that space for you. It may sound daunting for some and inviting for others, and everything in between for a few. Wherever you find yourself on the spectrum, I applaud you for taking the first step in seeking therapy - I see a great advocate for yourself in YOU.
“Between stimulus and response, there is a space. In that space, we have the power to choose our response. In our response lies our growth and our freedom” by Victor E. Frankl. If you find yourself in between and need that space - making sense of different experiences you have had, the story you hold, and navigating life transitions, then I am here to provide that space for you. It may sound daunting for some and inviting for others, and everything in between for a few. Wherever you find yourself on the spectrum, I applaud you for taking the first step in seeking therapy - I see a great advocate for yourself in YOU.
(708) 834-6769 View (708) 834-6769
Photo of Falyn Mellul, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Falyn Mellul
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSAW
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60610
I ama psychotherapist who works with a wide range of clients including both children and adults. I specialize in working with people who are struggling with anxiety, depression and OCD related symptoms. I aim to help clients reach their mental health goals by guiding clients to recognize their abilities and strengths within themselves. I have a background working in hospital settings and practicing treatment modalities such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Acceptance & Commitment Therapy (ACT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), trauma-informed therapy, and Strengths Focused Therapy.
I ama psychotherapist who works with a wide range of clients including both children and adults. I specialize in working with people who are struggling with anxiety, depression and OCD related symptoms. I aim to help clients reach their mental health goals by guiding clients to recognize their abilities and strengths within themselves. I have a background working in hospital settings and practicing treatment modalities such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Acceptance & Commitment Therapy (ACT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), trauma-informed therapy, and Strengths Focused Therapy.
(815) 368-5052 View (815) 368-5052
Photo of Kaitlyn Doty, Counselor in Chicago, IL
Kaitlyn Doty
Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60613  (Online Only)
I'm currently holding all appointments via teletherapy. I work with individuals of all ages experiencing anxiety, depression, and life transitions. I also specialize in working with children, adolescents, and parents navigating school anxiety and refusal.
I'm currently holding all appointments via teletherapy. I work with individuals of all ages experiencing anxiety, depression, and life transitions. I also specialize in working with children, adolescents, and parents navigating school anxiety and refusal.
(872) 219-0583 View (872) 219-0583
Photo of Dr. Aisha Kazi, Psychologist in Chicago, IL
Dr. Aisha Kazi
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60601  (Online Only)
I believe it's important to have a place where you can feel safe and comfortable when in therapy. I try to provide that for my clients. There is usually a point in everyone's life where they need a little extra help and guidance to deal with depression, anxiety or stressful life events. The best thing you can do for yourself and your family is to get that help and work on improving your quality of life. You won't regret making yourself a priority even with all the other demands on your time.
I believe it's important to have a place where you can feel safe and comfortable when in therapy. I try to provide that for my clients. There is usually a point in everyone's life where they need a little extra help and guidance to deal with depression, anxiety or stressful life events. The best thing you can do for yourself and your family is to get that help and work on improving your quality of life. You won't regret making yourself a priority even with all the other demands on your time.
(312) 854-2601 View (312) 854-2601
Photo of Skylar Wittenberg, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Skylar Wittenberg
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60657
I primarily work with children, adolescents, and young adults ages 5 - 30 years, who struggle with symptoms of depression, anxiety, mood changes, ADHD, difficulty with transitions, school troubles, family dynamic changes, and more. With younger clients, I utilize play, creative, and expressive methods to help children process any changes to their environments and help them learn new skills. I value being genuine with clients in order to create a space of safety and trust, especially with teens and young adults. In addition, I focus on acknowledging the humanness of our experience as essential for growth of the individual.
I primarily work with children, adolescents, and young adults ages 5 - 30 years, who struggle with symptoms of depression, anxiety, mood changes, ADHD, difficulty with transitions, school troubles, family dynamic changes, and more. With younger clients, I utilize play, creative, and expressive methods to help children process any changes to their environments and help them learn new skills. I value being genuine with clients in order to create a space of safety and trust, especially with teens and young adults. In addition, I focus on acknowledging the humanness of our experience as essential for growth of the individual.
(872) 213-7833 x12 View (872) 213-7833 x12
Photo of Dr. Paula A Freedman, Psychologist in Chicago, IL
Dr. Paula A Freedman
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60614
I can help you get off that annoying wire hamster wheel you've been running around in, watching the wheels spin faster and yet going nowhere, staying stuck. When we get caught up looking for answers and solutions, we feel hopeless. It's easy to forget that we humans are strong, brave, and resilient beings, capable of growth and change. In treatment, I will join you in facing the challenge of letting go of the search for answers or a quick fix, in favor of finding freedom and fulfillment in life.
I can help you get off that annoying wire hamster wheel you've been running around in, watching the wheels spin faster and yet going nowhere, staying stuck. When we get caught up looking for answers and solutions, we feel hopeless. It's easy to forget that we humans are strong, brave, and resilient beings, capable of growth and change. In treatment, I will join you in facing the challenge of letting go of the search for answers or a quick fix, in favor of finding freedom and fulfillment in life.
(773) 825-5070 View (773) 825-5070
Photo of Britt Raphling, Counselor in Chicago, IL
Britt Raphling
Counselor, LCPC, CGP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60640
My goal is to help clients feel less alone in their struggles and more understood, as they work on what they wish to change in their lives and relationships. I believe that what has happened in our past shapes who we are today, and I help the people I work with explore the influence of the past in order to create a more fulfilling present. Within the therapeutic relationship, clients can practice and integrate more balanced ways to express themselves and connect with others. I integrate ideas and practices from relational psychodynamic, interpersonal, and modern psychoanalytic orientations.
My goal is to help clients feel less alone in their struggles and more understood, as they work on what they wish to change in their lives and relationships. I believe that what has happened in our past shapes who we are today, and I help the people I work with explore the influence of the past in order to create a more fulfilling present. Within the therapeutic relationship, clients can practice and integrate more balanced ways to express themselves and connect with others. I integrate ideas and practices from relational psychodynamic, interpersonal, and modern psychoanalytic orientations.
(773) 599-1908 View (773) 599-1908
Photo of Natasha Bhatt, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Natasha Bhatt
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MA
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60611  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
People seek therapy for a variety of reasons: are you feeling stuck? Dissatisfied with your job? Feeling overwhelmed or sad? Whatever your needs may be, Restore is here to support and guide you along the way. Each treatment plan is uniquely designed to meet your goals and needs. I strive to create a warm and supportive space for you to feel comfortable sharing your story. I believe in a collaborative therapeutic relationship with my clients focusing on your strengths and resilience. I have diverse experience working with adults, couples, and families using evidence-based, strengths focused, and goal oriented modalities.
People seek therapy for a variety of reasons: are you feeling stuck? Dissatisfied with your job? Feeling overwhelmed or sad? Whatever your needs may be, Restore is here to support and guide you along the way. Each treatment plan is uniquely designed to meet your goals and needs. I strive to create a warm and supportive space for you to feel comfortable sharing your story. I believe in a collaborative therapeutic relationship with my clients focusing on your strengths and resilience. I have diverse experience working with adults, couples, and families using evidence-based, strengths focused, and goal oriented modalities.
(312) 379-8762 View (312) 379-8762
Photo of Chelly Calandra, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Chelly Calandra
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60661  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Life is challenging and seems to grow more challenging by the day. I offer a warm and non judgmental space to explore the pulls on our lives- parenthood, work, adult parents with personality disorders. We may explore how your childhood impacts today or process through a trauma that has been a barrier to moving forward. I offer both a space to explore feelings as well as solutions to the challenges we face.
Life is challenging and seems to grow more challenging by the day. I offer a warm and non judgmental space to explore the pulls on our lives- parenthood, work, adult parents with personality disorders. We may explore how your childhood impacts today or process through a trauma that has been a barrier to moving forward. I offer both a space to explore feelings as well as solutions to the challenges we face.
(312) 548-1122 View (312) 548-1122
Photo of Bridges to Wellness, Psychologist in Chicago, IL
Bridges to Wellness
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60643
We believe that being the best version of ourselves requires work. Many things can obstruct our path toward self-improvement. We enjoy accompanying our clients on their path and helping them to overcome their challenges. Individuals often become entrenched in patterns of behavior and relationships that are difficult to escape. But if we can assist our clients in honestly assessing their motivations, we believe they can live authentic, meaningful lives every day.
We believe that being the best version of ourselves requires work. Many things can obstruct our path toward self-improvement. We enjoy accompanying our clients on their path and helping them to overcome their challenges. Individuals often become entrenched in patterns of behavior and relationships that are difficult to escape. But if we can assist our clients in honestly assessing their motivations, we believe they can live authentic, meaningful lives every day.
(773) 796-3984 View (773) 796-3984

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Chicago, IL

3,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Chicago, IL who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
77% Self Esteem
71% Trauma and PTSD
67% Coping Skills
67% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

95% BlueCross and BlueShield
60% Aetna
49% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Chicago, IL see their clients

63% In Person and Online
37% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
18% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Chicago?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.