Therapists in Atlanta, GA

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Photo of Christina Hunter, Licensed Professional Counselor in Atlanta, GA
Christina Hunter
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Atlanta, GA 30312
Hi there! Transitioning into college, finding a new job, or even learning that you have a newly diagnosed, chronic illness? You do not have to walk this journey alone! I am here to create a safe space for each client to find strength, process their emotions within their new exploration, and regain balance in their life. I have expertise in anxiety and stress management, college counseling, self-esteem building, career development, and counseling for chronic illness. As your counselor, my plan is to meet you where you are, with encouragement and non-judgment.
Hi there! Transitioning into college, finding a new job, or even learning that you have a newly diagnosed, chronic illness? You do not have to walk this journey alone! I am here to create a safe space for each client to find strength, process their emotions within their new exploration, and regain balance in their life. I have expertise in anxiety and stress management, college counseling, self-esteem building, career development, and counseling for chronic illness. As your counselor, my plan is to meet you where you are, with encouragement and non-judgment.
(470) 863-4475 View (470) 863-4475
Photo of Atia Butts, Pre-Licensed Professional in Atlanta, GA
Atia Butts
Pre-Licensed Professional, LMSW
Verified Verified
Atlanta, GA 30345
Trust. Compassion. Awareness. These words describe my approach to therapy. I assist families/couples, mothers, college students, youth, BIPOC, Latinx, and LGBTQIA+ folks. We help with depression, grief/loss, PTSD, anxiety, and trauma. If you are wrestling with the pressures of life and need a trusted professional to help you walk through some difficult moments, please give us a call.
Trust. Compassion. Awareness. These words describe my approach to therapy. I assist families/couples, mothers, college students, youth, BIPOC, Latinx, and LGBTQIA+ folks. We help with depression, grief/loss, PTSD, anxiety, and trauma. If you are wrestling with the pressures of life and need a trusted professional to help you walk through some difficult moments, please give us a call.
(470) 397-5601 View (470) 397-5601
Photo of Wakela Lytle, Counselor in Atlanta, GA
Wakela Lytle
Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Atlanta, GA 30331  (Online Only)
Have you been thinking about starting therapy for awhile? Haven't been feeling like yourself lately? Are you feeling depressed and or anxious and you don't know why? Do you feel like you haven’t recovered from the breakup of a relationship? Are you a couple whose relationship is currently struggling? We often have an idea of what our best life would look like but need the tools and support to get there. Let me help you re-frame your thinking and develop interpersonal skills useful in your everyday life.
Have you been thinking about starting therapy for awhile? Haven't been feeling like yourself lately? Are you feeling depressed and or anxious and you don't know why? Do you feel like you haven’t recovered from the breakup of a relationship? Are you a couple whose relationship is currently struggling? We often have an idea of what our best life would look like but need the tools and support to get there. Let me help you re-frame your thinking and develop interpersonal skills useful in your everyday life.
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Photo of Marjorie E Blum, Psychologist in Atlanta, GA
Marjorie E Blum
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Atlanta, GA 30345
I work with individuals, couples, and families in an engaged and interactive fashion. I see our work together as collaborative and respectful. I enjoy using humor and creativity in the service of healing and problem solving. Even before these tough economic times, I believe in working quickly and efficiently (whenever possible). Therapy is a temporary state with life long impact!
I work with individuals, couples, and families in an engaged and interactive fashion. I see our work together as collaborative and respectful. I enjoy using humor and creativity in the service of healing and problem solving. Even before these tough economic times, I believe in working quickly and efficiently (whenever possible). Therapy is a temporary state with life long impact!
(404) 369-7202 View (404) 369-7202
Photo of Lynn Zyskowski, Counselor in Atlanta, GA
Lynn Zyskowski
Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Atlanta, GA 30324
Lynn is a Licensed Professional Counselor with a specialty in trauma therapies, including EMDR and TF-CBT. An Atlanta native, Lynn holds a Masters in Clinical Rehabilitation Counseling from Georgia State University and works with adults, children, and adolescents experiencing depression, anxiety, addiction, and post-traumatic stress disorder. As a CRC, Lynn also has expertise in supporting clients with disabilities. Lynn is a member of EMDRIA and a founding member of the International Association for Resilience and Trauma Counseling.
Lynn is a Licensed Professional Counselor with a specialty in trauma therapies, including EMDR and TF-CBT. An Atlanta native, Lynn holds a Masters in Clinical Rehabilitation Counseling from Georgia State University and works with adults, children, and adolescents experiencing depression, anxiety, addiction, and post-traumatic stress disorder. As a CRC, Lynn also has expertise in supporting clients with disabilities. Lynn is a member of EMDRIA and a founding member of the International Association for Resilience and Trauma Counseling.
(404) 476-7006 View (404) 476-7006
Photo of Tameika Cheek, Licensed Professional Counselor in Atlanta, GA
Tameika Cheek
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CPCS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Atlanta, GA 30338  (Online Only)
I'm a down-to-earth, millennial therapist who specializes in helping young women develop healthier relationships with themselves and others. Together, we work through difficult experiences & life transitions with the lack of self-esteem, self-worth, and self-love being the root of the issue: depression & anxiety, the break-up you can’t get over, your overbearing parent, unhealthy expectations, feeling stuck in life, the killer of joy-comparison, boundary issues in relationships, self-defeating negative thoughts, poor self-care, or even just needing a mental health check up. Any of this sound familiar? I can help!
I'm a down-to-earth, millennial therapist who specializes in helping young women develop healthier relationships with themselves and others. Together, we work through difficult experiences & life transitions with the lack of self-esteem, self-worth, and self-love being the root of the issue: depression & anxiety, the break-up you can’t get over, your overbearing parent, unhealthy expectations, feeling stuck in life, the killer of joy-comparison, boundary issues in relationships, self-defeating negative thoughts, poor self-care, or even just needing a mental health check up. Any of this sound familiar? I can help!
(678) 671-5654 View (678) 671-5654
Photo of Brian Teal, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Atlanta, GA
Brian Teal
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Atlanta, GA 30318  (Online Only)
Sometimes worry can feel like a never ending battle in one's head. Not feeling like yourself can lead to feeling stuck or lost. My work centers on supporting clients to recognize how the challenges of their lives impact their perspective and view of the world. My goal is to establish honesty and trust as we seek to understand which patterns are creating emotional discomfort. I work with clients on understanding how life stressors can managed and overcome through healing, developing skills, and living consciously.
Sometimes worry can feel like a never ending battle in one's head. Not feeling like yourself can lead to feeling stuck or lost. My work centers on supporting clients to recognize how the challenges of their lives impact their perspective and view of the world. My goal is to establish honesty and trust as we seek to understand which patterns are creating emotional discomfort. I work with clients on understanding how life stressors can managed and overcome through healing, developing skills, and living consciously.
(901) 329-3771 View (901) 329-3771
Photo of Marquita S. Myrick, Licensed Professional Counselor in Atlanta, GA
Marquita S. Myrick
Licensed Professional Counselor, NCC, LPC, LMHC
Verified Verified
Atlanta, GA 30310  (Online Only)
You may be here because you've been looking for support in all the wrong places. The people around you just don't understand your needs and you're ready to share your inner fears with someone who can help guide you past them. You want to feel less depressed, anxious and burned out in your personal and professional life. You desire more life satisfaction all around and you're currently feeling like that might not exist. BUT you landed on my page today and I'm here to tell you that it does. I have years of experience helping people just like you. It's possible to turn things around and sometimes you just need additional help.
You may be here because you've been looking for support in all the wrong places. The people around you just don't understand your needs and you're ready to share your inner fears with someone who can help guide you past them. You want to feel less depressed, anxious and burned out in your personal and professional life. You desire more life satisfaction all around and you're currently feeling like that might not exist. BUT you landed on my page today and I'm here to tell you that it does. I have years of experience helping people just like you. It's possible to turn things around and sometimes you just need additional help.
(404) 905-1015 View (404) 905-1015
Photo of Kwame Frimpong, Licensed Professional Counselor in Atlanta, GA
Kwame Frimpong
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Atlanta, GA 30329
Hi there, I’m Dr. Kwame! My name is Dr. Kwame Frimpong, and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) based in Atlanta, Georgia, and working with clients statewide via telehealth. I work with Couples and those who are dating and specialize porn addiction, infidelity, building trust, intimacy, communication, and conflict resolution, using Prepare-enriched, Gottman method and symbols for relationship enrichments, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and EMDR to help my clients make progress and start feeling better.
Hi there, I’m Dr. Kwame! My name is Dr. Kwame Frimpong, and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) based in Atlanta, Georgia, and working with clients statewide via telehealth. I work with Couples and those who are dating and specialize porn addiction, infidelity, building trust, intimacy, communication, and conflict resolution, using Prepare-enriched, Gottman method and symbols for relationship enrichments, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and EMDR to help my clients make progress and start feeling better.
(470) 594-6493 View (470) 594-6493
Photo of Kat Kassman, Counselor in Atlanta, GA
Kat Kassman
Counselor, LPC, MS
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Atlanta, GA 30305
If you find yourself stuck in a cycle of conflict or repeating patterns that you so badly want to break free from, I'm here to help. I'm passionate about helping you build healthy, meaningful relationships, whether that's with your romantic partner, family, or friendships. Whether it's couples therapy, premarital counseling, or individual therapy, together we can identify the cycle that keeps us stuck and move towards what we all deserve and long for: a more secure and loving relationship. When you leave a session, I want you to feel empowered and equipped with the tools you need that can help you achieve your goals.
If you find yourself stuck in a cycle of conflict or repeating patterns that you so badly want to break free from, I'm here to help. I'm passionate about helping you build healthy, meaningful relationships, whether that's with your romantic partner, family, or friendships. Whether it's couples therapy, premarital counseling, or individual therapy, together we can identify the cycle that keeps us stuck and move towards what we all deserve and long for: a more secure and loving relationship. When you leave a session, I want you to feel empowered and equipped with the tools you need that can help you achieve your goals.
(404) 941-4036 View (404) 941-4036
Photo of Felicia Berry-Mitchell, Psychologist in Atlanta, GA
Felicia Berry-Mitchell
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Atlanta, GA 30339  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I am a Licensed Psychologist who specializes in working with trauma survivors in individual, group, & couples therapy (Gottman Method). I received extensive training in trauma therapy at the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). I only use treatments proven to reduce trauma & Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Trauma therapy is not easy, but I will walk alongside you as you build courage and resilience to heal and thrive! You must do the work if you want to get better. It's OK to be hesitant or ambivalent. However, you must be committed to getting better, which requires some significant changes. Are you ready?
I am a Licensed Psychologist who specializes in working with trauma survivors in individual, group, & couples therapy (Gottman Method). I received extensive training in trauma therapy at the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). I only use treatments proven to reduce trauma & Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Trauma therapy is not easy, but I will walk alongside you as you build courage and resilience to heal and thrive! You must do the work if you want to get better. It's OK to be hesitant or ambivalent. However, you must be committed to getting better, which requires some significant changes. Are you ready?
(678) 929-2324 View (678) 929-2324
Photo of Amy Buesing, PsyD, BCC - Trauma Psychologist, Psychologist in Atlanta, GA
Amy Buesing, PsyD, BCC - Trauma Psychologist
Psychologist, PsyD, BCC
Verified Verified
Atlanta, GA 30309  (Online Only)
When an individual experiences trauma, they may naturally develop ways of managing challenging emotions and stress. However, over time, coping mechanisms that were once helpful, can become maladaptive and begin negatively impacting one's relationships and other areas of life. Together we'll explore how your defenses are keeping you stuck. We'll challenge negative patterns, build healthier habits, and create a life of purpose and fulfillment.
When an individual experiences trauma, they may naturally develop ways of managing challenging emotions and stress. However, over time, coping mechanisms that were once helpful, can become maladaptive and begin negatively impacting one's relationships and other areas of life. Together we'll explore how your defenses are keeping you stuck. We'll challenge negative patterns, build healthier habits, and create a life of purpose and fulfillment.
(404) 850-8249 View (404) 850-8249
Photo of Laura Way, Pre-Licensed Professional in Atlanta, GA
Laura Way
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW, Intern
Verified Verified
Atlanta, GA 30308  (Online Only)
Are you struggling with the heavy burden of relational difficulties, low self-esteem, depression, or anxiety? As a therapist, I intimately know the depths of these challenges and the negative cultural stigmas that can exist alongside them. If so, it's time to lighten that load. I offer a safe haven where you can explore your experiences and start your journey towards healing. Every individual's path is unique, so I tailor my therapeutic approach to cater to your specific needs.
Are you struggling with the heavy burden of relational difficulties, low self-esteem, depression, or anxiety? As a therapist, I intimately know the depths of these challenges and the negative cultural stigmas that can exist alongside them. If so, it's time to lighten that load. I offer a safe haven where you can explore your experiences and start your journey towards healing. Every individual's path is unique, so I tailor my therapeutic approach to cater to your specific needs.
(470) 828-3368 View (470) 828-3368
Photo of Tori Clear Thompson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Atlanta, GA
Tori Clear Thompson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CST, CMFT
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Atlanta, GA 30305  (Online Only)
It is important to find a therapist you connect with. My clients find that my warm and compassionate approach to therapy makes it easy to connect with me. As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) and AASECT certified sex therapist (CST), I counsel couples looking to improve their relationship, find ways to re-connect and build a healthier, more satisfying relationship. I specialize in working with individuals and couples experiencing sexual difficulties such as low/high sexual desire, painful sex (i.e. vaginismus, vulvodynia, etc.), orgasm difficulties, and intimacy issues after cancer.
It is important to find a therapist you connect with. My clients find that my warm and compassionate approach to therapy makes it easy to connect with me. As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) and AASECT certified sex therapist (CST), I counsel couples looking to improve their relationship, find ways to re-connect and build a healthier, more satisfying relationship. I specialize in working with individuals and couples experiencing sexual difficulties such as low/high sexual desire, painful sex (i.e. vaginismus, vulvodynia, etc.), orgasm difficulties, and intimacy issues after cancer.
(678) 929-5211 View (678) 929-5211
Photo of Jason Thompson, Counselor in Atlanta, GA
Jason Thompson
Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Atlanta, GA 30308  (Online Only)
You wake up in the morning and wonder if today is the day you'll be exposed as a "fraud". Your twisting and turning on the inside. Everything inside you hurts. Your head is spinning with thoughts of what your life should be like.
You wake up in the morning and wonder if today is the day you'll be exposed as a "fraud". Your twisting and turning on the inside. Everything inside you hurts. Your head is spinning with thoughts of what your life should be like.
(470) 594-5340 View (470) 594-5340
Photo of Savyon Sordean, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Atlanta, GA
Savyon Sordean
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Atlanta, GA 30308  (Online Only)
I am here to be present with you as you are. In this positive relationship, you can heal. In my practice I hope to provide a space for you to begin the journey of self-discovery, self-reflection, and growth. Together, we will address the barriers you may face to enhance your life in the ways that are most meaningful to you. My philosophy focuses on the healing nature of connection between people, and I strive to bring empathy, compassion, and presence into the therapeutic space. I am currently accepting clients ages 17 and up. I work with adults ages 18-70 using various treatment modalities and theoretical orientations.
I am here to be present with you as you are. In this positive relationship, you can heal. In my practice I hope to provide a space for you to begin the journey of self-discovery, self-reflection, and growth. Together, we will address the barriers you may face to enhance your life in the ways that are most meaningful to you. My philosophy focuses on the healing nature of connection between people, and I strive to bring empathy, compassion, and presence into the therapeutic space. I am currently accepting clients ages 17 and up. I work with adults ages 18-70 using various treatment modalities and theoretical orientations.
(470) 594-2710 View (470) 594-2710
Photo of Catherine McKendrick, Licensed Professional Counselor in Atlanta, GA
Catherine McKendrick
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Atlanta, GA 30328
Hello, I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) with experience helping adults, teens, and couples with a variety of mental health concerns such as: anxiety, depression, grief, stress management, relational issues, substance abuse, and trauma. My goal as a therapist, is to create a safe and non-judgmental environment where you can feel better understood, supported, and confident.
Hello, I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) with experience helping adults, teens, and couples with a variety of mental health concerns such as: anxiety, depression, grief, stress management, relational issues, substance abuse, and trauma. My goal as a therapist, is to create a safe and non-judgmental environment where you can feel better understood, supported, and confident.
(404) 737-7095 View (404) 737-7095
Photo of Erica D Walker, Psychologist in Atlanta, GA
Erica D Walker
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Atlanta, GA 30339
Are you having difficulty managing your child's behavior at home? Does your child's teacher have concerns about listening skills, impulsivity, or social awkwardness? Has your child experienced a significant change in mood, appetite, or sleep patterns? Has your child experienced a major life stressor (e.g., sexual abuse, death of loved one, parental divorce) or transition (e.g., a recent move)? If your child is experiencing any of these issues, together we can find a solution.
Are you having difficulty managing your child's behavior at home? Does your child's teacher have concerns about listening skills, impulsivity, or social awkwardness? Has your child experienced a significant change in mood, appetite, or sleep patterns? Has your child experienced a major life stressor (e.g., sexual abuse, death of loved one, parental divorce) or transition (e.g., a recent move)? If your child is experiencing any of these issues, together we can find a solution.
(404) 994-5215 View (404) 994-5215
Photo of Michelle O Burns, Licensed Professional Counselor in Atlanta, GA
Michelle O Burns
Licensed Professional Counselor, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
Atlanta, GA 30308  (Online Only)
If you are looking for hope, healing and recovery, you are in the right. I have over 20 years of counseling experience. I work with clients to create an open and safe environment where thoughts and feelings can be shared without fear of judgment. Taking the first step to reach out for therapy take courage and I am proud of you for getting started!
If you are looking for hope, healing and recovery, you are in the right. I have over 20 years of counseling experience. I work with clients to create an open and safe environment where thoughts and feelings can be shared without fear of judgment. Taking the first step to reach out for therapy take courage and I am proud of you for getting started!
(839) 222-6011 View (839) 222-6011
Photo of Kellie Solliday, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Atlanta, GA
Kellie Solliday
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Atlanta, GA 30350
Are you seeking to overcome trauma, attachment issues, low self-worth, emotional instability, or a history of bullying or abuse? If so, I'd love to meet you. I have a down-to-earth way of relating to clients and I use my training in Ego State Therapy and other evidence-based interventions to create safety, support your growth, and facilitate long-term healing. I'm a proud member of the LBGTQIA community and an affirming provider for queer folks and people who are neurodivergent.
Are you seeking to overcome trauma, attachment issues, low self-worth, emotional instability, or a history of bullying or abuse? If so, I'd love to meet you. I have a down-to-earth way of relating to clients and I use my training in Ego State Therapy and other evidence-based interventions to create safety, support your growth, and facilitate long-term healing. I'm a proud member of the LBGTQIA community and an affirming provider for queer folks and people who are neurodivergent.
(678) 661-4352 View (678) 661-4352

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Atlanta, GA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Atlanta, GA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
87% Depression
76% Self Esteem
73% Relationship Issues
70% Coping Skills
67% Stress
62% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

85% Aetna
76% Cigna and Evernorth
72% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Atlanta, GA see their clients

59% In Person and Online
41% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Atlanta?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.