Therapists in Chicago, IL

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Photo of Yessenia Gonzalez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Yessenia Gonzalez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60622
Yessenia Gonzalez is a Licensed Social Worker who specializes in providing therapeutic services to children and families. Based in Chicago, Illinois, Yessenia employs Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Play Therapy in her approach, tailoring her methods to meet the unique needs of each individual. Her professional journey was inspired by her personal experiences with a supportive therapist during her younger years, which instilled in her the power of being heard and understood.
Yessenia Gonzalez is a Licensed Social Worker who specializes in providing therapeutic services to children and families. Based in Chicago, Illinois, Yessenia employs Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Play Therapy in her approach, tailoring her methods to meet the unique needs of each individual. Her professional journey was inspired by her personal experiences with a supportive therapist during her younger years, which instilled in her the power of being heard and understood.
(773) 492-8233 View (773) 492-8233
Photo of Kristin Englund, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Kristin Englund
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60613
Do you recognize the acronyms TTC, IVF, GC, or TFMR? Are you on a reproductive journey? Maybe you've had a pregnancy loss or things haven't gone the way you expected along the way. Perhaps you have experienced grief while growing your family or in relationship with your own parents. You may be navigating your journey alone or with a chosen family. Intended parents, pregnant people, and non-birthing partners need support during these important life changes and challenges. If any of this resonates with you, let's talk more.
Do you recognize the acronyms TTC, IVF, GC, or TFMR? Are you on a reproductive journey? Maybe you've had a pregnancy loss or things haven't gone the way you expected along the way. Perhaps you have experienced grief while growing your family or in relationship with your own parents. You may be navigating your journey alone or with a chosen family. Intended parents, pregnant people, and non-birthing partners need support during these important life changes and challenges. If any of this resonates with you, let's talk more.
(773) 207-6820 View (773) 207-6820
Photo of Jessica Miro, Marriage & Family Therapist in Chicago, IL
Jessica Miro
Marriage & Family Therapist, MSMFT, LMFT
Verified Verified
16 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60602
Not accepting new clients
Are you looking to repair or improve your relationship? I am a licensed marriage and family therapist specialized in treating couples' issues, specifically around life cycle transitions in the relationship (engagement, fertility, coparenting, divorce, etc), as well as issues around trust and communication. I use a systemic and strengths-based approach in working with my clients and their relationships. I begin focusing therapy on a behavioral level to work on tangible changes, and if the client continues to feel stuck, we continue by addressing cognitions and underlying emotions to the problem to identify where they are constrained.
Are you looking to repair or improve your relationship? I am a licensed marriage and family therapist specialized in treating couples' issues, specifically around life cycle transitions in the relationship (engagement, fertility, coparenting, divorce, etc), as well as issues around trust and communication. I use a systemic and strengths-based approach in working with my clients and their relationships. I begin focusing therapy on a behavioral level to work on tangible changes, and if the client continues to feel stuck, we continue by addressing cognitions and underlying emotions to the problem to identify where they are constrained.
(312) 698-3701 View (312) 698-3701
Julia G. Hall
Pre-Licensed Professional, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60606  (Online Only)
As a clinician, I believe that therapy should be a mutual process in which the client and therapist work together to address the concerns and needs of each unique individual client. I believe each person has a unique capacity for growth and drive for self-actualization. When done with empathy and acceptance for an individual, therapy can be a process by which the client achieves their perception of change, growth, and healing.
As a clinician, I believe that therapy should be a mutual process in which the client and therapist work together to address the concerns and needs of each unique individual client. I believe each person has a unique capacity for growth and drive for self-actualization. When done with empathy and acceptance for an individual, therapy can be a process by which the client achieves their perception of change, growth, and healing.
(312) 820-8328 View (312) 820-8328
Photo of Lotus Trauma Care, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Lotus Trauma Care
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CFTP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60620  (Online Only)
At Lotus Trauma Care, each of our clients experience genuine engagement tailored to fit their individual needs. Our therapists are curious of your interests, your strengths, your passion, your motives, and your desires. We are eager to support you in being your best you. We don't assume that we have all the answers to what your path looks like. We know that your experiences are unique and your path needs to be too.
At Lotus Trauma Care, each of our clients experience genuine engagement tailored to fit their individual needs. Our therapists are curious of your interests, your strengths, your passion, your motives, and your desires. We are eager to support you in being your best you. We don't assume that we have all the answers to what your path looks like. We know that your experiences are unique and your path needs to be too.
(872) 814-7004 View (872) 814-7004
Photo of Jean Campbell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Jean Campbell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW, MEd
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60660
Feeling lost or invisible? Feeling overwhelmed ? Feeling alone and like nobody cares? Your feelings, needs and dreams are of primary importance in the therapeutic process. I believe that the relationship between the therapist and client must be based on mutual respect, trust, and acceptance. I have worked with clients over 20yrs. with issues such as, anxiety, depression, grief, self-identity, and conflicting relationships. I am willing to provide you with a safe, supportive space to help you explore what's meaningful to you, what you want to do with your life and how to have have fulfilling relationships.
Feeling lost or invisible? Feeling overwhelmed ? Feeling alone and like nobody cares? Your feelings, needs and dreams are of primary importance in the therapeutic process. I believe that the relationship between the therapist and client must be based on mutual respect, trust, and acceptance. I have worked with clients over 20yrs. with issues such as, anxiety, depression, grief, self-identity, and conflicting relationships. I am willing to provide you with a safe, supportive space to help you explore what's meaningful to you, what you want to do with your life and how to have have fulfilling relationships.
(224) 302-4973 View (224) 302-4973
Photo of Amber Walker, Pre-Licensed Professional in Chicago, IL
Amber Walker
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60601
Amber Walker is a graduate from The Chicago School of Professional Psychology and is currently obtaining her licensure as a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) in the state of Illinois. She received her M.A. in Counseling Psychology with a concentration in child and adolescent treatment from The Chicago School of Professional Psychology. Before CCBH, Amber worked closely with children and families residing in underserved populations. Amber provided continuous support and used strength-based and evidence-based models such as the Parent as Teacher model to strengthen family engagement, family dynamics, and parenting practice.
Amber Walker is a graduate from The Chicago School of Professional Psychology and is currently obtaining her licensure as a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) in the state of Illinois. She received her M.A. in Counseling Psychology with a concentration in child and adolescent treatment from The Chicago School of Professional Psychology. Before CCBH, Amber worked closely with children and families residing in underserved populations. Amber provided continuous support and used strength-based and evidence-based models such as the Parent as Teacher model to strengthen family engagement, family dynamics, and parenting practice.
(312) 800-9032 View (312) 800-9032
Photo of Gloria Bell Behavioral Health Counseling Services, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Gloria Bell Behavioral Health Counseling Services
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CADC, PCGC
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60637  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Are you tired of not living your best life? Are you overwhelmed with uncontrollable stressed and anxiety due to trauma, family problems, interpersonal relationships, violence, alcohol and or substance abuse? Do you want to learn coping skills to manage daily stress? If you answered yes, to any of these questions, help is available. I can help you build, restore and live the life you deserve as well as desire. I utilize a Strength and Resilience Based, Therapeutic Coaching Model. My clients learn to focus, recharge, and build on their inner strengths. Let's work together to build your mental health wealth.​
Are you tired of not living your best life? Are you overwhelmed with uncontrollable stressed and anxiety due to trauma, family problems, interpersonal relationships, violence, alcohol and or substance abuse? Do you want to learn coping skills to manage daily stress? If you answered yes, to any of these questions, help is available. I can help you build, restore and live the life you deserve as well as desire. I utilize a Strength and Resilience Based, Therapeutic Coaching Model. My clients learn to focus, recharge, and build on their inner strengths. Let's work together to build your mental health wealth.​
(773) 295-1383 View (773) 295-1383
Photo of Jessica Eun Chung, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Jessica Eun Chung
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, ATR
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60661
My working model is positioned from a trauma informed, holistic, strength-based approach to understanding how we are able to cope with life and grow to be resilient. I base my clinical interventions in art therapy principles and both traditional / non-traditional approaches to understand clients' inner world and foster self-expression and trauma processing.
My working model is positioned from a trauma informed, holistic, strength-based approach to understanding how we are able to cope with life and grow to be resilient. I base my clinical interventions in art therapy principles and both traditional / non-traditional approaches to understand clients' inner world and foster self-expression and trauma processing.
(312) 756-0201 View (312) 756-0201
Photo of Briana Heneghan, Pre-Licensed Professional in Chicago, IL
Briana Heneghan
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60622
Therapy can be challenging yet also incredibly rewarding. Often what makes the greatest difference is the relationship between therapist and the individual, family or couple. I take the strength of this relationship to heart and strive to create a space that feels comfortable for all. I value working from a strengths based approach, which utilizes your inherent strengths and skills to facilitate change.
Therapy can be challenging yet also incredibly rewarding. Often what makes the greatest difference is the relationship between therapist and the individual, family or couple. I take the strength of this relationship to heart and strive to create a space that feels comfortable for all. I value working from a strengths based approach, which utilizes your inherent strengths and skills to facilitate change.
(773) 862-8477 View (773) 862-8477
Photo of Katarzyna (Kasia) Zak, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Katarzyna (Kasia) Zak
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CADC
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60601  (Online Only)
There are many ways we learn to cope with hurt, stress, and loss and, given our past experiences and upbringing, these ways can often involve avoidance – wanting to escape or numb the pain. This may look like excessive screen use, emotional eating, self-medicating, isolating, self-harm, etc. If you’re noticing that what helped you get by until now no longer works, if it’s impacting your ability to show up in your life and engage with the things you care about most, then I want to be your ally and support you through the process of change.
There are many ways we learn to cope with hurt, stress, and loss and, given our past experiences and upbringing, these ways can often involve avoidance – wanting to escape or numb the pain. This may look like excessive screen use, emotional eating, self-medicating, isolating, self-harm, etc. If you’re noticing that what helped you get by until now no longer works, if it’s impacting your ability to show up in your life and engage with the things you care about most, then I want to be your ally and support you through the process of change.
(312) 535-9874 View (312) 535-9874
Photo of Carly Rosenberg, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Carly Rosenberg
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60611
Carly is a postdoctoral psychotherapist. Carly earned a masters degree in counseling at Loyola University in 2015, and a doctorate in psychology at The Chicago School of Professional Psychology in 2022.
Carly is a postdoctoral psychotherapist. Carly earned a masters degree in counseling at Loyola University in 2015, and a doctorate in psychology at The Chicago School of Professional Psychology in 2022.
(872) 204-0136 View (872) 204-0136
Photo of Kaitlin Blakeney, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Kaitlin Blakeney
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CRC, MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60622
Kaitlin Blakeney's work has included supporting young adults managing major life decisions such as being new to the city, career uncertainty, managing dating stressors, setting boundaries in relationships, and increasing independence from parents. She also has worked extensively in supporting others through crisis, managing adults working on life skills and stressors, as well as those who have sustained traumatic brain injuries.
Kaitlin Blakeney's work has included supporting young adults managing major life decisions such as being new to the city, career uncertainty, managing dating stressors, setting boundaries in relationships, and increasing independence from parents. She also has worked extensively in supporting others through crisis, managing adults working on life skills and stressors, as well as those who have sustained traumatic brain injuries.
(773) 250-0535 View (773) 250-0535
Photo of Mary Beth Johnson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Mary Beth Johnson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60626  (Online Only)
We often start the healing process feeling lost, unsure if we’ll ever feel better. Or maybe when life has knocked us down and we don’t know which way to go next, maybe it feels too hard to keep going. If any of these resonate with you, I’m glad you’re here. As a therapist, I work as a guide for my clients. I do my best to help you get in touch with that deep knowledge of what you need to do to heal by providing space to explore and dig deeper. I offer myself as a witness to your story, your life, your experiences, and as a mirror to your inherent worth.
We often start the healing process feeling lost, unsure if we’ll ever feel better. Or maybe when life has knocked us down and we don’t know which way to go next, maybe it feels too hard to keep going. If any of these resonate with you, I’m glad you’re here. As a therapist, I work as a guide for my clients. I do my best to help you get in touch with that deep knowledge of what you need to do to heal by providing space to explore and dig deeper. I offer myself as a witness to your story, your life, your experiences, and as a mirror to your inherent worth.
(872) 395-6438 View (872) 395-6438
Photo of Heidi Schmelter, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Heidi Schmelter
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60640  (Online Only)
Hello! I hope your search is going well. I know how overwhelming it can be to sift through different profiles when it involves something so deeply personal. It is important you find what you are looking for. Psychotherapy can look different for everybody. I am trauma informed, and I practice individual psychotherapy with adults ages 18 and up, who are experiencing anxiety and depression, complex trauma, grief and loss, and loneliness and life transitions. My approach is engaging and warm, and I enjoy using humor, and integrating creativity whenever possible.
Hello! I hope your search is going well. I know how overwhelming it can be to sift through different profiles when it involves something so deeply personal. It is important you find what you are looking for. Psychotherapy can look different for everybody. I am trauma informed, and I practice individual psychotherapy with adults ages 18 and up, who are experiencing anxiety and depression, complex trauma, grief and loss, and loneliness and life transitions. My approach is engaging and warm, and I enjoy using humor, and integrating creativity whenever possible.
(872) 529-3137 View (872) 529-3137
Photo of Leon Xue, Marriage & Family Therapist in Chicago, IL
Leon Xue
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LPC, ALMFT
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60602
You may find yourself grappling with relationship challenges, feeling disconnected, or navigating the impact of generational trauma. Your desire for understanding, healing, and renewed hope is palpable. You seek to overcome barriers, heal from trauma, and cultivate healthier communication patterns, longing to rediscover joy and vitality in your relationships and life.
You may find yourself grappling with relationship challenges, feeling disconnected, or navigating the impact of generational trauma. Your desire for understanding, healing, and renewed hope is palpable. You seek to overcome barriers, heal from trauma, and cultivate healthier communication patterns, longing to rediscover joy and vitality in your relationships and life.
(773) 900-7136 View (773) 900-7136
Photo of Riley Gramza, Marriage & Family Therapist in Chicago, IL
Riley Gramza
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60610
Maybe things are breaking through and making sense, but you still don't feel good. Maybe you feel frustrated, not really understanding how you got here. Maybe there are worries and conflicts and needs that you just can't avoid anymore. Or maybe you've been working so hard to try and see change and wonder how much longer you can keep going like this. If you're looking for a safe, warm, accepting space to process your feelings and experiences one-on-one, or a place for you and your partner to meaningfully connect and figure out what else is possible, I'd love to meet, hear your story, and help you create something new in the present.
Maybe things are breaking through and making sense, but you still don't feel good. Maybe you feel frustrated, not really understanding how you got here. Maybe there are worries and conflicts and needs that you just can't avoid anymore. Or maybe you've been working so hard to try and see change and wonder how much longer you can keep going like this. If you're looking for a safe, warm, accepting space to process your feelings and experiences one-on-one, or a place for you and your partner to meaningfully connect and figure out what else is possible, I'd love to meet, hear your story, and help you create something new in the present.
(312) 809-0298 View (312) 809-0298
Photo of Brenna Zimmerman, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Brenna Zimmerman
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60642
Maybe you’re coming to therapy as a first-timer and you’re scared of being known by someone else. Maybe you’re a seasoned client and you’re looking to dig deeper into your feelings and struggles. You could be challenged with taking care of yourself. Perhaps you’re sad and you can’t figure out why. You might have a difficult relationship with food and your body. You may want help conquering one specific hurdle, or maybe you’re not sure yet where you want to go in therapy. Whatever you bring to our session, you’ll be greeted with warmth and understanding.
Maybe you’re coming to therapy as a first-timer and you’re scared of being known by someone else. Maybe you’re a seasoned client and you’re looking to dig deeper into your feelings and struggles. You could be challenged with taking care of yourself. Perhaps you’re sad and you can’t figure out why. You might have a difficult relationship with food and your body. You may want help conquering one specific hurdle, or maybe you’re not sure yet where you want to go in therapy. Whatever you bring to our session, you’ll be greeted with warmth and understanding.
(708) 834-6543 View (708) 834-6543
Photo of Helen Odessky, Psychologist in Chicago, IL
Helen Odessky
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60602  (Online Only)
Do you need help with overcoming fears,OCD, worry, panic or anxiety? It's time to feel better! I specialize in helping you beat stress and anxiety. I use innovative, research based methods that teach you tools starting from the very first session. Together we can work to find solutions that lead to rapid relief from chronic anxiety and stress. My approach is warm and practical. I am an anxiety expert and author of "Stop Anxiety From Stopping You". I aspire to help you find solutions that lead to the life you desire and envision for yourself.
Do you need help with overcoming fears,OCD, worry, panic or anxiety? It's time to feel better! I specialize in helping you beat stress and anxiety. I use innovative, research based methods that teach you tools starting from the very first session. Together we can work to find solutions that lead to rapid relief from chronic anxiety and stress. My approach is warm and practical. I am an anxiety expert and author of "Stop Anxiety From Stopping You". I aspire to help you find solutions that lead to the life you desire and envision for yourself.
(847) 529-8600 View (847) 529-8600
Photo of April L. Wilburne, Counselor in Chicago, IL
April L. Wilburne
Counselor, MA, LCPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60602  (Online Only)
We often try to deny and reject our past instead of embracing it, sometimes leading to self-doubt, negative thoughts and memories that can hinder us. Through collaboration and self-determination, we can reignite the drive that still lies within, so that we can increase your self-esteem, replace negative thoughts with positive thinking, and process those memories together. You are not alone. April has always been passionate about helping others achieve their goals for better mental health. From assistance with daily stressors to feelings of hopelessness, each client is unique and deserves a therapeutic journey tailored to them.
We often try to deny and reject our past instead of embracing it, sometimes leading to self-doubt, negative thoughts and memories that can hinder us. Through collaboration and self-determination, we can reignite the drive that still lies within, so that we can increase your self-esteem, replace negative thoughts with positive thinking, and process those memories together. You are not alone. April has always been passionate about helping others achieve their goals for better mental health. From assistance with daily stressors to feelings of hopelessness, each client is unique and deserves a therapeutic journey tailored to them.
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Chicago, IL

3,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Chicago, IL who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
77% Self Esteem
71% Trauma and PTSD
67% Coping Skills
67% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

95% BlueCross and BlueShield
60% Aetna
49% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Chicago, IL see their clients

63% In Person and Online
37% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
18% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Chicago?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.