Therapists in San Antonio, TX

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Photo of Michael Owen, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Antonio, TX
Michael Owen
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, LMFT-A
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78204
manifestwellnesstx.com When people ask you how you’re doing, is the first thing you say, “I’m tired but I’m good” but you know you’re really not. Whether at work or in your home life, when anyone needs help or support of any kind, people rely on you because they know they can count on you. You’ve always prided yourself on being there for the people in your life and putting everyone else first. But lately, you’ve noticed how exhausted you are all the time, how you really need to learn to say no and set some boundaries but you don’t even know where to start. The thought of it makes you feel paralyzed with guilt.
manifestwellnesstx.com When people ask you how you’re doing, is the first thing you say, “I’m tired but I’m good” but you know you’re really not. Whether at work or in your home life, when anyone needs help or support of any kind, people rely on you because they know they can count on you. You’ve always prided yourself on being there for the people in your life and putting everyone else first. But lately, you’ve noticed how exhausted you are all the time, how you really need to learn to say no and set some boundaries but you don’t even know where to start. The thought of it makes you feel paralyzed with guilt.
(210) 871-1172 View (210) 871-1172
Photo of Katey Polansky, LPC Associate in San Antonio, TX
Katey Polansky
LPC Associate, MA, LPC-A
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78217
Whether you are on a journey of grief and healing, coping with trauma, going through hard life transitions, or just need an unbiased support person, I am here to help to the best of my ability. I am to help foster and maintain healthy coping patterns for clients 5 and up.
Whether you are on a journey of grief and healing, coping with trauma, going through hard life transitions, or just need an unbiased support person, I am here to help to the best of my ability. I am to help foster and maintain healthy coping patterns for clients 5 and up.
(210) 934-9616 View (210) 934-9616
Photo of Lara Conrad-Shearburn, Psychologist in San Antonio, TX
Lara Conrad-Shearburn
Psychologist, PhD, LP, NCSP
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78218
Waitlist for new clients
Hey there! Do you have concerns about possible Autism, ADHD, anxiety/depression, or general learning or behavioral difficulties for your child or teen? Or are looking for someone to work with your child to develop coping strategies to manage the big feelings that come up? I have over 10 years of experience working with children from birth to 18 in the community and schools completing comprehensive psychological evaluations and providing evidence-based therapy. I am happy to speak with you to see if I would be a good fit for your family! I look forward to hearing from you!
Hey there! Do you have concerns about possible Autism, ADHD, anxiety/depression, or general learning or behavioral difficulties for your child or teen? Or are looking for someone to work with your child to develop coping strategies to manage the big feelings that come up? I have over 10 years of experience working with children from birth to 18 in the community and schools completing comprehensive psychological evaluations and providing evidence-based therapy. I am happy to speak with you to see if I would be a good fit for your family! I look forward to hearing from you!
(210) 934-3850 View (210) 934-3850
Photo of Karen Cecilia Keating, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Antonio, TX
Karen Cecilia Keating
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, DCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Antonio, TX 78209  (Online Only)
I understand that seeking therapy can be intimidating, whether this is your fist time or you have had therapy at other times in your life. I’m happy you are here. I approach my work through an integrative and client-centered lens. It is my intent to help people who have experienced life stressors or trauma. I help clients to learn to perceive themselves as peaceful, complete, and safe. My philosophy is that every individual possesses the innate ability to heal and that the therapist is the guide throughout the process of realization and self-empowerment
I understand that seeking therapy can be intimidating, whether this is your fist time or you have had therapy at other times in your life. I’m happy you are here. I approach my work through an integrative and client-centered lens. It is my intent to help people who have experienced life stressors or trauma. I help clients to learn to perceive themselves as peaceful, complete, and safe. My philosophy is that every individual possesses the innate ability to heal and that the therapist is the guide throughout the process of realization and self-empowerment
(512) 237-7210 View (512) 237-7210
Photo of Unica Garcia, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Unica Garcia
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Antonio, TX 78216
Trying to make sense of life transitions? Maybe self-doubt, depression, or anxiety getting in the way of what is important to you? Choosing to talk to someone in a safe, empathetic, and judgement-free place can be the first step to where you want to be. In therapy, we can work together to help provide tools to learn skills to help reduce those intense feelings. I can provide encouragement and support along with an empathetic ear. To work along beside you while you gain insight and build on your already existing strengths.
Trying to make sense of life transitions? Maybe self-doubt, depression, or anxiety getting in the way of what is important to you? Choosing to talk to someone in a safe, empathetic, and judgement-free place can be the first step to where you want to be. In therapy, we can work together to help provide tools to learn skills to help reduce those intense feelings. I can provide encouragement and support along with an empathetic ear. To work along beside you while you gain insight and build on your already existing strengths.
(210) 940-2870 x6 View (210) 940-2870 x6
Photo of Megan Patrick, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Megan Patrick
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC-S, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Antonio, TX 78232
I am a family systems therapist who can help you discover your strengths and enable you to leverage what is going well in your life to bring about change. In therapy we will work on "re-framing" situations to give you a fresh perspective and discover healthier, more productive options. Vital parts of treatment are: learning how to problem solve, developing coping mechanisms that work for you, and honing clear communication skills.
I am a family systems therapist who can help you discover your strengths and enable you to leverage what is going well in your life to bring about change. In therapy we will work on "re-framing" situations to give you a fresh perspective and discover healthier, more productive options. Vital parts of treatment are: learning how to problem solve, developing coping mechanisms that work for you, and honing clear communication skills.
(210) 281-1928 View (210) 281-1928
Photo of Lyndsy Duet, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Lyndsy Duet
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, MA
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78256  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
The heart of counseling is a warm, non-judgmental relationship focused on meeting life's many demands. I enjoy collaborating with individuals, couples, and families to meet the challenges they are currently experiencing and to build the skills and confidence needed to navigate the future with resilience.
The heart of counseling is a warm, non-judgmental relationship focused on meeting life's many demands. I enjoy collaborating with individuals, couples, and families to meet the challenges they are currently experiencing and to build the skills and confidence needed to navigate the future with resilience.
(830) 396-6179 View (830) 396-6179
Photo of Wynne Melland, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Wynne Melland
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78259  (Online Only)
I specialize in empowering individuals to break free from habits holding them back, guiding them towards a fulfilling life they truly enjoy. With expertise in leading behavioral change groups and a focus on mindfulness, I’ve supported clients dealing with a range of challenges—from alcohol use to stress and anger management. Currently, I offer an online self-paced 12-week alcohol-free challenge from a mental health lens and a mindfulness course, designed to unlock your greatest potential. While I’m not currently taking on new clients for individual sessions, I’m excited to launch group coaching soon. Get in touch to learn more!
I specialize in empowering individuals to break free from habits holding them back, guiding them towards a fulfilling life they truly enjoy. With expertise in leading behavioral change groups and a focus on mindfulness, I’ve supported clients dealing with a range of challenges—from alcohol use to stress and anger management. Currently, I offer an online self-paced 12-week alcohol-free challenge from a mental health lens and a mindfulness course, designed to unlock your greatest potential. While I’m not currently taking on new clients for individual sessions, I’m excited to launch group coaching soon. Get in touch to learn more!
(210) 876-2052 View (210) 876-2052
Photo of The Vine Wellness Group, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
The Vine Wellness Group
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S, LMFT-S, RPT-S, LPC, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Antonio, TX 78247
Life in Balance. Health. Healing. Growth. The Vine Wellness Group, co-owned by Annie Viers and Celeste Inman, is here for you. We understand that life can throw us all a few curves, and sometimes the challenges can shake the very foundations of who we are. Our core belief is that every person can live a well rounded, fulfilling life that has purpose. We want to help you in your journey toward healing and growth. We have multiple counselors within our practice who specialize in different areas.
Life in Balance. Health. Healing. Growth. The Vine Wellness Group, co-owned by Annie Viers and Celeste Inman, is here for you. We understand that life can throw us all a few curves, and sometimes the challenges can shake the very foundations of who we are. Our core belief is that every person can live a well rounded, fulfilling life that has purpose. We want to help you in your journey toward healing and growth. We have multiple counselors within our practice who specialize in different areas.
(210) 441-3241 View (210) 441-3241
Deep Eddy's Pschotherapy
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78259
Do you live with depression, bipolar disorder, or experiencing psychosis? Do you have a teenager that feels alone, depressed, or in a slump? Have you recently been diagnosed with a mental health condition that you do not understand or know where to turn to for resources? Have you experience trauma through a traumatic event, childhood, adolescents, or a relationship? Do you need help?
Do you live with depression, bipolar disorder, or experiencing psychosis? Do you have a teenager that feels alone, depressed, or in a slump? Have you recently been diagnosed with a mental health condition that you do not understand or know where to turn to for resources? Have you experience trauma through a traumatic event, childhood, adolescents, or a relationship? Do you need help?
(830) 283-3740 View (830) 283-3740
Photo of Kyle R. Keller, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Kyle R. Keller
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
San Antonio, TX 78258
Do you find yourself reliving unpleasant memories from your past? These could be situations of childhood abuse/neglect, the horrors of war, or single traumatic events (such as car accidents, assaults, or any situations in which your life or the life of a loved one was threatened). If this is the case, you might have Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, which is common in civilian and military populations. THE GOOD NEWS IS THERE IS A SOLUTION. There is a powerful therapy called EMDR which has proven to be effective with not only PTSD, but also many other mental health disorders, because more often than not, trauma is the core issue.
Do you find yourself reliving unpleasant memories from your past? These could be situations of childhood abuse/neglect, the horrors of war, or single traumatic events (such as car accidents, assaults, or any situations in which your life or the life of a loved one was threatened). If this is the case, you might have Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, which is common in civilian and military populations. THE GOOD NEWS IS THERE IS A SOLUTION. There is a powerful therapy called EMDR which has proven to be effective with not only PTSD, but also many other mental health disorders, because more often than not, trauma is the core issue.
(210) 879-6249 x5 View (210) 879-6249 x5
Photo of Haley Savage, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Antonio, TX
Haley Savage
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78247
Not accepting new clients
It’s been a rough few years, hasn’t it? Or maybe challenging times go way further back than that for you. You’re carrying the weight of a painful childhood, still reeling from the effects of COVID anxiety, or trying to navigate a world that doesn’t welcome your authentic self. You feel frazzled and frantic….or maybe you’re so numb and shut down that it’s hard to connect with others—and your relationship with yourself is suffering too. You want to shed the shame you’re tired of lugging around, feel comfortable in your own skin, and show up more present in your own life.
It’s been a rough few years, hasn’t it? Or maybe challenging times go way further back than that for you. You’re carrying the weight of a painful childhood, still reeling from the effects of COVID anxiety, or trying to navigate a world that doesn’t welcome your authentic self. You feel frazzled and frantic….or maybe you’re so numb and shut down that it’s hard to connect with others—and your relationship with yourself is suffering too. You want to shed the shame you’re tired of lugging around, feel comfortable in your own skin, and show up more present in your own life.
(210) 941-2540 View (210) 941-2540
Photo of Michelle Mullin, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Michelle Mullin
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S, LCDC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Antonio, TX 78232
I have enthusiastically worked with individuals experiencing a variety of life struggles and mental health challenges such as domestic violence, grief and loss, addiction, depression, and anxiety throughout my career. I also have experience working with couples struggling with communication difficulties, infidelity, and emotional distance. Early on I chose to focus on trauma when I noticed both the prevalence of traumatic experiences in the lives of my clients, and the profound effects of untreated trauma. I am certified in EMDR to promote healing and and help clients build lives full of authenticity, purpose, and meaning.
I have enthusiastically worked with individuals experiencing a variety of life struggles and mental health challenges such as domestic violence, grief and loss, addiction, depression, and anxiety throughout my career. I also have experience working with couples struggling with communication difficulties, infidelity, and emotional distance. Early on I chose to focus on trauma when I noticed both the prevalence of traumatic experiences in the lives of my clients, and the profound effects of untreated trauma. I am certified in EMDR to promote healing and and help clients build lives full of authenticity, purpose, and meaning.
(210) 361-6336 View (210) 361-6336
Photo of Sloane Carlson, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Sloane Carlson
Licensed Professional Counselor, LMHC, LPC
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78205  (Online Only)
I am a Florida Licensed Mental Health Counselor (LMHC) and Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) in the state of Oregon and Texas. I have 12 experience working in the field of mental health and substance abuse addiction/recovery, as well as experience with severe and persistently mentally ill population and children with developmental disabilities.
I am a Florida Licensed Mental Health Counselor (LMHC) and Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) in the state of Oregon and Texas. I have 12 experience working in the field of mental health and substance abuse addiction/recovery, as well as experience with severe and persistently mentally ill population and children with developmental disabilities.
(561) 448-6825 View (561) 448-6825
Photo of Raisa Núñez, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Antonio, TX
Raisa Núñez
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MS, LMFT A
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Antonio, TX 78209
Maybe you’re feeling down, overwhelmed, anxious, stressed, or maybe you don’t have the words for what you are feeling. I believe everyone goes through challenges at one point or another – I am here to help you navigate through those challenges and support you showing up as your authentic self. I work with individuals, couples and families (chosen/blood).
Maybe you’re feeling down, overwhelmed, anxious, stressed, or maybe you don’t have the words for what you are feeling. I believe everyone goes through challenges at one point or another – I am here to help you navigate through those challenges and support you showing up as your authentic self. I work with individuals, couples and families (chosen/blood).
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Photo of Bioenergetic Healing Psychotherapist, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Bioenergetic Healing Psychotherapist
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, CHT
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78228
My role in psychotherapy is simple. I work as a guide to help lead clients from 3rd dimensional consciousness to new levels of awareness. With the support of my guiding system and those of my clients', I act as a conduit to bring the information and energies that are needed in that point in time for the client's highest good. My approach is spiritual and energy psychology. It is based on the premise that all illness is mental illness and all healing must begin in psychotherapy.
My role in psychotherapy is simple. I work as a guide to help lead clients from 3rd dimensional consciousness to new levels of awareness. With the support of my guiding system and those of my clients', I act as a conduit to bring the information and energies that are needed in that point in time for the client's highest good. My approach is spiritual and energy psychology. It is based on the premise that all illness is mental illness and all healing must begin in psychotherapy.
(210) 625-7633 View (210) 625-7633
Photo of Angela Denise Casanova, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Angela Denise Casanova
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC-S, CCTMH
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Antonio, TX 78213  (Online Only)
My role as your therapist is to provide an environment of safety, support, and growth. I am experienced in helping you understand where your issues originate from, and then working together in collaboration to make changes that will help you move forward.I am also an open-minded person and will provide a nonjudgmental atmosphere in which to confide in. I am certified as a Clinical Anxiety Treatment Professional (CCATP) and a proud professional member of the International OCD Foundation as a provider (IOCDF.ORG). I am now licensed to provide treatment to clients in the states of Texas and Florida.
My role as your therapist is to provide an environment of safety, support, and growth. I am experienced in helping you understand where your issues originate from, and then working together in collaboration to make changes that will help you move forward.I am also an open-minded person and will provide a nonjudgmental atmosphere in which to confide in. I am certified as a Clinical Anxiety Treatment Professional (CCATP) and a proud professional member of the International OCD Foundation as a provider (IOCDF.ORG). I am now licensed to provide treatment to clients in the states of Texas and Florida.
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Photo of Allison Ray Benavides, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Antonio, TX
Allison Ray Benavides
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78209  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
If you are in pain & feel left out of life, I could be a good fit for you. If you watch everyone else wondering "what am I doing wrong?" "when will it be my turn?" Often we withdraw when we don't feel well, even when longing for connection. Sometimes we are coping w/a medical condition, in addition to trauma, chronic pain or fatigue. Often this is bundled w/depression, anxiety, panic & PTSD. In addition to your own stressors, maybe you also care for a loved one w/a disability or illness. When it's all too much, when our symptoms & stressors push us toward our window of tolerance or decrease feelings of self worth, I'm here for you.
If you are in pain & feel left out of life, I could be a good fit for you. If you watch everyone else wondering "what am I doing wrong?" "when will it be my turn?" Often we withdraw when we don't feel well, even when longing for connection. Sometimes we are coping w/a medical condition, in addition to trauma, chronic pain or fatigue. Often this is bundled w/depression, anxiety, panic & PTSD. In addition to your own stressors, maybe you also care for a loved one w/a disability or illness. When it's all too much, when our symptoms & stressors push us toward our window of tolerance or decrease feelings of self worth, I'm here for you.
(210) 971-4414 View (210) 971-4414
Photo of Elevated Counseling Services, LLC., Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Antonio, TX
Elevated Counseling Services, LLC.
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Antonio, TX 78217
Elevated Counseling Services, LLC. provides therapeutic services to individuals, couples, and families. We assist with addressing life issues, anxiety, depression, trauma, resolving conflict and increasing positive communication skills. We utilize evidence-based approaches tailored to each client’s unique needs.
Elevated Counseling Services, LLC. provides therapeutic services to individuals, couples, and families. We assist with addressing life issues, anxiety, depression, trauma, resolving conflict and increasing positive communication skills. We utilize evidence-based approaches tailored to each client’s unique needs.
(210) 972-1294 x101 View (210) 972-1294 x101
Photo of Hope and Harmony Counseling Center, Licensed Professional Counselor in San Antonio, TX
Hope and Harmony Counseling Center
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S
Verified Verified
San Antonio, TX 78232
Are you feeling STRESSED and OVERWHELMED? Is your life not going as planned? Tired of living with ANXIETY? Tired of the lack of COMMUNICATION with your loved ones? We can help! At Hope and Harmony Counseling Center we offer a variety of tools and techniques that will help you take action and achieve results. We are aware doing the work alone is not easy, therefore, we would like to be given the opportunity to work with you and/or your loved ones and together find resolution to what is keeping you from living life in peace and harmony.
Are you feeling STRESSED and OVERWHELMED? Is your life not going as planned? Tired of living with ANXIETY? Tired of the lack of COMMUNICATION with your loved ones? We can help! At Hope and Harmony Counseling Center we offer a variety of tools and techniques that will help you take action and achieve results. We are aware doing the work alone is not easy, therefore, we would like to be given the opportunity to work with you and/or your loved ones and together find resolution to what is keeping you from living life in peace and harmony.
(210) 920-8233 View (210) 920-8233

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in San Antonio, TX

2,000+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in San Antonio, TX who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
88% Depression
73% Self Esteem
71% Coping Skills
70% Relationship Issues
69% Trauma and PTSD
69% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

85% Aetna
78% BlueCross and BlueShield
77% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in San Antonio, TX see their clients

53% In Person and Online
47% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in San Antonio?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.