Therapists in Denver, CO

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Photo of Ariel Steinweg-Woods, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Denver, CO
Ariel Steinweg-Woods
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LMFT
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80202  (Online Only)
Change is hard. Either change happens to us (as with the Covid pandemic) and adapting can be difficult and painful, or we want change and making that happen can be overwhelming and challenging. I have several years of experience helping clients create change in the ways they are hoping for. I have worked with clients from various age groups, teens through older adults, and have assisted them with a wide range of presenting difficulties including: depression; anxiety; relationship struggles/couples; family dynamics; life transitions; parenting challenges; postpartum depression; and trauma.
Change is hard. Either change happens to us (as with the Covid pandemic) and adapting can be difficult and painful, or we want change and making that happen can be overwhelming and challenging. I have several years of experience helping clients create change in the ways they are hoping for. I have worked with clients from various age groups, teens through older adults, and have assisted them with a wide range of presenting difficulties including: depression; anxiety; relationship struggles/couples; family dynamics; life transitions; parenting challenges; postpartum depression; and trauma.
(720) 709-2759 View (720) 709-2759
Photo of Laura Elizabeth Olaniyi, Clinical Social Work Candidate in Denver, CO
Laura Elizabeth Olaniyi
Clinical Social Work Candidate
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80211  (Online Only)
With 9 years of local and international experience, Laura has honed her skills in supporting individuals of all ages - adults, adolescents, and children - in various settings, from child welfare environments to direct care scenarios. Her extensive background enables her to address a wide range of mental health concerns, including anxiety, depression, bipolar disorders, and life transitions. You can expect a warm and non-judgmental atmosphere, where your concerns are heard and understood. Her genuine care and expertise create a trusting environment, making it easier for clients to open up and embark on a transformative journey.
With 9 years of local and international experience, Laura has honed her skills in supporting individuals of all ages - adults, adolescents, and children - in various settings, from child welfare environments to direct care scenarios. Her extensive background enables her to address a wide range of mental health concerns, including anxiety, depression, bipolar disorders, and life transitions. You can expect a warm and non-judgmental atmosphere, where your concerns are heard and understood. Her genuine care and expertise create a trusting environment, making it easier for clients to open up and embark on a transformative journey.
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Photo of Andy Archer, Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate in Denver, CO
Andy Archer
Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80222  (Online Only)
Do you ever feel lost, overwhelmed, anxious...maybe even hopeless? It happens to everyone at times. And it can be hard to outthink our problems and face them on our own. My approach to counseling prioritizes a focus on connection, collaboration, and authenticity. You are the expert on your own life, and together we will work to better understand the struggles you face, the life you want to live, and the steps to take to get there.
Do you ever feel lost, overwhelmed, anxious...maybe even hopeless? It happens to everyone at times. And it can be hard to outthink our problems and face them on our own. My approach to counseling prioritizes a focus on connection, collaboration, and authenticity. You are the expert on your own life, and together we will work to better understand the struggles you face, the life you want to live, and the steps to take to get there.
(303) 529-4554 View (303) 529-4554
Photo of Dawn Crosswhite, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Denver, CO
Dawn Crosswhite
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80205
I have been in practice for over 30 years. I specialize in working with adolescent females, and LGBTQIA-identified clients and their families who are often times involved in the juvenile justice system and child welfare. I also work with female and LGBTQIA military personnel and veterans. Working with these systems has afforded me the opportunity to build my skills so that I am very proficient in many areas, such as trauma and PTSD, adoption, permanency, military personnel, and addiction concerns. I work from a strength-based, solution-focused perspective and utilize cognitive behavioral therapy and experiential treatment models.
I have been in practice for over 30 years. I specialize in working with adolescent females, and LGBTQIA-identified clients and their families who are often times involved in the juvenile justice system and child welfare. I also work with female and LGBTQIA military personnel and veterans. Working with these systems has afforded me the opportunity to build my skills so that I am very proficient in many areas, such as trauma and PTSD, adoption, permanency, military personnel, and addiction concerns. I work from a strength-based, solution-focused perspective and utilize cognitive behavioral therapy and experiential treatment models.
(720) 897-3017 View (720) 897-3017
Photo of Kiani Mitchell, Licensed Professional Counselor in Denver, CO
Kiani Mitchell
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, EMDR, Trained
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80203
Are you feeling held back by experiences of low motivation, loss of interest, constant worrying, and being inauthentic to yourself and others? Do you struggle with past experiences that no longer serve you, and are you searching for a more fulfilling path where you can shine as your most authentic self? If so, I am honored to support and guide your personal growth and fulfillment journey. I specialize in working with diverse communities, and I'm committed to an anti-racist, decolonial, sex, body-positive, queer, and trans-affirming stance.
Are you feeling held back by experiences of low motivation, loss of interest, constant worrying, and being inauthentic to yourself and others? Do you struggle with past experiences that no longer serve you, and are you searching for a more fulfilling path where you can shine as your most authentic self? If so, I am honored to support and guide your personal growth and fulfillment journey. I specialize in working with diverse communities, and I'm committed to an anti-racist, decolonial, sex, body-positive, queer, and trans-affirming stance.
(720) 802-5488 View (720) 802-5488
Photo of Karin Curtiss, Psychologist in Denver, CO
Karin Curtiss
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80202
In my practice I typically work with adults individually (in one-on-one sessions). Many of my clients have experienced problems with mood, particularly anxiety, depression, and other mood disorders. I especially enjoy working with individuals who are needing assistance with difficult relationships, trauma recovery, transitional life issues, and stress management.
In my practice I typically work with adults individually (in one-on-one sessions). Many of my clients have experienced problems with mood, particularly anxiety, depression, and other mood disorders. I especially enjoy working with individuals who are needing assistance with difficult relationships, trauma recovery, transitional life issues, and stress management.
(303) 997-2062 View (303) 997-2062
Photo of Lori Morse, Licensed Professional Counselor in Denver, CO
Lori Morse
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80209
Do you or a loved one struggle with trauma, grief/loss, depression/anxiety, or disturbing memories? I would be honored to join with you on your journey toward healing by together, developing a deeper awareness of life’s issues, guide you into your body with kindness and awareness, teach you how to be mindful and live in the present moment, establish effective coping skills, and move beyond all forms of trauma. I would love the opportunity to show you how strength based holistic counseling, neurofeedback, somatic therapy and EMDR, can help remove barriers to healing and move towards Inner Peace. The power of healing lies from within.
Do you or a loved one struggle with trauma, grief/loss, depression/anxiety, or disturbing memories? I would be honored to join with you on your journey toward healing by together, developing a deeper awareness of life’s issues, guide you into your body with kindness and awareness, teach you how to be mindful and live in the present moment, establish effective coping skills, and move beyond all forms of trauma. I would love the opportunity to show you how strength based holistic counseling, neurofeedback, somatic therapy and EMDR, can help remove barriers to healing and move towards Inner Peace. The power of healing lies from within.
(303) 647-9312 View (303) 647-9312
Photo of Rebecca H Lubin, Psychologist in Denver, CO
Rebecca H Lubin
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80203
I am a Licensed Clinical Psychologist with more than 25 years of experience treating Children, Adolescents and Adults. I am passionate in the belief that therapy works. My experience allows me to guide you through the process of therapy.
I am a Licensed Clinical Psychologist with more than 25 years of experience treating Children, Adolescents and Adults. I am passionate in the belief that therapy works. My experience allows me to guide you through the process of therapy.
(720) 650-6762 View (720) 650-6762
Photo of Nicole K Roberts, Licensed Professional Counselor in Denver, CO
Nicole K Roberts
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LAC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80231
I'm very passionate about working with those who have been blindsided by grief, trauma, and transition issues. I believe psychological pain dwells within the brain, nervous system, and the body so elements of effective treatment must include them as well. I don't think any single approach to therapy will be enough so I use my understanding of several types of approaches to aid in collaborating with clients to best address their concerns and aspirations. I work with adult individuals and couples.
I'm very passionate about working with those who have been blindsided by grief, trauma, and transition issues. I believe psychological pain dwells within the brain, nervous system, and the body so elements of effective treatment must include them as well. I don't think any single approach to therapy will be enough so I use my understanding of several types of approaches to aid in collaborating with clients to best address their concerns and aspirations. I work with adult individuals and couples.
(720) 477-6681 View (720) 477-6681
Photo of Shirley J Asher, Psychologist in Denver, CO
Shirley J Asher
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80246  (Online Only)
For the past 25 years, I have helped people heal from the emotional pain that frequently results from divorce, trauma, abuse, the death of loved ones, and physical illness. I have helped people make changes so that they can lead happier and more rewarding lives. In my practice, the focus of therapy is on YOU, so that together we can increase your awareness about YOUR life patterns, build on YOUR strengths, and help YOU develop new coping strategies. I believe that problems can be solved when we learn to focus on our strengths while appreciating and dealing with our past.
For the past 25 years, I have helped people heal from the emotional pain that frequently results from divorce, trauma, abuse, the death of loved ones, and physical illness. I have helped people make changes so that they can lead happier and more rewarding lives. In my practice, the focus of therapy is on YOU, so that together we can increase your awareness about YOUR life patterns, build on YOUR strengths, and help YOU develop new coping strategies. I believe that problems can be solved when we learn to focus on our strengths while appreciating and dealing with our past.
(303) 900-7205 View (303) 900-7205
Photo of Dr. Amber Chambless, Licensed Professional Counselor in Denver, CO
Dr. Amber Chambless
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80246  (Online Only)
Therapy is all about you-you're the expert. I take a client-centered, solution-focused approach to therapy. I view the therapeutic relationship as a collaborative one in which you are the expert on yourself, and I come into the session with the experience and skills to help. I have a laid back style and like using humor, when appropriate. I enjoy working with children, adolescent, and adult clients who are struggling with eating disorders, mood issues, life transitions, and chronic health issues.
Therapy is all about you-you're the expert. I take a client-centered, solution-focused approach to therapy. I view the therapeutic relationship as a collaborative one in which you are the expert on yourself, and I come into the session with the experience and skills to help. I have a laid back style and like using humor, when appropriate. I enjoy working with children, adolescent, and adult clients who are struggling with eating disorders, mood issues, life transitions, and chronic health issues.
(720) 778-8034 View (720) 778-8034
Photo of Tawny Hiatt, Psychologist in Denver, CO
Tawny Hiatt
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80212
My goal as a therapist is to help my clients enact meaningful change to improve the quality of their lives. I use a variety of modalities customized to your concerns and presenting problems so that therapy is not only effective but efficient as well. I believe it is ultimately my job to make myself obsolete and I am always happy when my clients feel they have integrated enough of therapy that they no longer "need" it.
My goal as a therapist is to help my clients enact meaningful change to improve the quality of their lives. I use a variety of modalities customized to your concerns and presenting problems so that therapy is not only effective but efficient as well. I believe it is ultimately my job to make myself obsolete and I am always happy when my clients feel they have integrated enough of therapy that they no longer "need" it.
(720) 902-6753 View (720) 902-6753
Photo of Cindy DaRugna, Licensed Professional Counselor in Denver, CO
Cindy DaRugna
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80209
By virtue of exploring this site and seeking out a therapist or coach, you are already opening to a path towards reaching your goals. In fact, you may consider visualizing your intention, be it healing from pain or trauma (physical or emotional), anxiety, depression, coping with grief/loss, improving a relationship, adjusting through a transition, managing work/life stress, exploring a meaningful purpose and direction in your life, exploring your spiritual life, manifesting your dreams, or whatever may be motivating you at this time.
By virtue of exploring this site and seeking out a therapist or coach, you are already opening to a path towards reaching your goals. In fact, you may consider visualizing your intention, be it healing from pain or trauma (physical or emotional), anxiety, depression, coping with grief/loss, improving a relationship, adjusting through a transition, managing work/life stress, exploring a meaningful purpose and direction in your life, exploring your spiritual life, manifesting your dreams, or whatever may be motivating you at this time.
(720) 650-2694 View (720) 650-2694
Photo of Bernadette Barton, Licensed Professional Counselor in Denver, CO
Bernadette Barton
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80209  (Online Only)
There is life after loss. I work with adolescents, young adults, and adults to find healing, hope, and growth. I support clients as they tap into their resilience and ability to cope with life experiences, like past trauma, death, or difficult life transitions. In my approach to therapy, I see the relationship as the vehicle for healing. At the foundation of my work is an unwavering compassion, care, and respect for each individual’s experience. There is no ‘one size fits all’ when it comes to the uniqueness of pain, suffering, trauma… Your story matters and it is beautifully, uniquely yours.
There is life after loss. I work with adolescents, young adults, and adults to find healing, hope, and growth. I support clients as they tap into their resilience and ability to cope with life experiences, like past trauma, death, or difficult life transitions. In my approach to therapy, I see the relationship as the vehicle for healing. At the foundation of my work is an unwavering compassion, care, and respect for each individual’s experience. There is no ‘one size fits all’ when it comes to the uniqueness of pain, suffering, trauma… Your story matters and it is beautifully, uniquely yours.
(720) 782-2754 View (720) 782-2754
Photo of Cherie Couvillon, Pre-Licensed Professional in Denver, CO
Cherie Couvillon
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80239
Are you a woman stuck in an endless loop of diets, dreaming of the day you feel good in your body? If you're tired of a diet culture that doesn't work for you, I am honored to apply my 20 years of expertise as a health and wellness professional to support you in achieving the well-being that has been elusive to you. Together, we will identify strategies that empower you to navigate life's peaks and valleys as you grow into greater self-love, personal power, fulfillment, and well-being.
Are you a woman stuck in an endless loop of diets, dreaming of the day you feel good in your body? If you're tired of a diet culture that doesn't work for you, I am honored to apply my 20 years of expertise as a health and wellness professional to support you in achieving the well-being that has been elusive to you. Together, we will identify strategies that empower you to navigate life's peaks and valleys as you grow into greater self-love, personal power, fulfillment, and well-being.
(720) 782-5652 View (720) 782-5652
Photo of Tom Gaus, Psychologist in Denver, CO
Tom Gaus
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80222
I am a therapist at Anxiety Solutions of Denver specializing in anxiety and OCD treatment. My clients often come to me exhausted and frustrated by the suffering anxiety disorders and OCD can entail. They not only want to be listened to and understood, but want a specialized professional to guide them in exactly what they can do to achieve long-term relief. The treatment my colleagues and I provide is considered the gold-standard approach for anxiety disorders and OCD. If you are looking to break free from the grips of these disorders in pursuit of a more free, fulfilling, and meaningful life, we are here to help.
I am a therapist at Anxiety Solutions of Denver specializing in anxiety and OCD treatment. My clients often come to me exhausted and frustrated by the suffering anxiety disorders and OCD can entail. They not only want to be listened to and understood, but want a specialized professional to guide them in exactly what they can do to achieve long-term relief. The treatment my colleagues and I provide is considered the gold-standard approach for anxiety disorders and OCD. If you are looking to break free from the grips of these disorders in pursuit of a more free, fulfilling, and meaningful life, we are here to help.
(720) 712-2407 View (720) 712-2407
Photo of Connie Luce, Licensed Professional Counselor in Denver, CO
Connie Luce
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80211
I believe counseling provides a safe space to work through challenges, facilitate healing and promote growth. There are times when we experience trauma, life transitions, loss, and have difficulty coping. I will support you in living a more harmonious, self-aware and satisfying life. Healing begins with awareness of your thoughts, feelings and emotions and healing is possible in the context of safe and supportive relationships. It is my intention to create an environment that is empathetic and compassionate as you work through challenges now, but also to teach you ways to work with difficult thoughts and feelings in your future.
I believe counseling provides a safe space to work through challenges, facilitate healing and promote growth. There are times when we experience trauma, life transitions, loss, and have difficulty coping. I will support you in living a more harmonious, self-aware and satisfying life. Healing begins with awareness of your thoughts, feelings and emotions and healing is possible in the context of safe and supportive relationships. It is my intention to create an environment that is empathetic and compassionate as you work through challenges now, but also to teach you ways to work with difficult thoughts and feelings in your future.
(970) 237-3634 View (970) 237-3634
Photo of Kayle Elliott, Counselor in Denver, CO
Kayle Elliott
Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80203
All of us have acquired habits of mind, body, and thought as a means of seeking safety and connection throughout times of stress, chaos, or trauma in our lives. My intention is to help you shift any unwanted habits or patterns as we mutually explore alternative ways for you to manage your mind, regulate your nervous system, and attend to your body with self-love and acceptance. Therapy isn’t about ‘fixing’ oneself; rather, it is a journey from insight to integration, a reclamation of everything you have lost along the way, a practice of gentleness, and a return to wholeness.
All of us have acquired habits of mind, body, and thought as a means of seeking safety and connection throughout times of stress, chaos, or trauma in our lives. My intention is to help you shift any unwanted habits or patterns as we mutually explore alternative ways for you to manage your mind, regulate your nervous system, and attend to your body with self-love and acceptance. Therapy isn’t about ‘fixing’ oneself; rather, it is a journey from insight to integration, a reclamation of everything you have lost along the way, a practice of gentleness, and a return to wholeness.
(720) 386-4281 View (720) 386-4281
Photo of Ryan Manning, Marriage & Family Therapist in Denver, CO
Ryan Manning
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFTC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Denver, CO 80246
I cherish the power that relationships can have—how we create, preserve and nurture them with one another and with ourselves. Thought out my personal journey, I have experienced the firsthand power of a secure space to delve into, revisit and examine the complexities of life and the relationships included throughout. With care and kindness, I look to provide the same secure environment to those seeking a deeper understanding and connection toward self as well as with others.
I cherish the power that relationships can have—how we create, preserve and nurture them with one another and with ourselves. Thought out my personal journey, I have experienced the firsthand power of a secure space to delve into, revisit and examine the complexities of life and the relationships included throughout. With care and kindness, I look to provide the same secure environment to those seeking a deeper understanding and connection toward self as well as with others.
(720) 782-6719 View (720) 782-6719
Photo of Deborah Kay Thompson, Marriage & Family Therapist in Denver, CO
Deborah Kay Thompson
Marriage & Family Therapist, PsyD, LMFT, CAC, III
Verified Verified
Denver, CO 80222
The issues which I enjoy working with the most are those related to relationships and family dynamics. One of the areas of most interest to me is working with individuals who are coming out of a relationship with a partner who had narcissistic personality traits. I became licensed as a marriage and family therapist in 1998 and have worked as a family therapist in substance abuse treatment programs, residential treatment programs for children and adolescents, and residential treatment programs for women. I also work with many individuals struggling with anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorders, and trauma.
The issues which I enjoy working with the most are those related to relationships and family dynamics. One of the areas of most interest to me is working with individuals who are coming out of a relationship with a partner who had narcissistic personality traits. I became licensed as a marriage and family therapist in 1998 and have worked as a family therapist in substance abuse treatment programs, residential treatment programs for children and adolescents, and residential treatment programs for women. I also work with many individuals struggling with anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorders, and trauma.
(303) 536-3443 View (303) 536-3443

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Denver, CO

3,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Denver, CO who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
86% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
75% Trauma and PTSD
70% Stress
67% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

75% Aetna
67% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
63% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Denver, CO see their clients

64% In Person and Online
36% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
19% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Denver?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.