Therapists in Round Rock, TX

Photo of Deissy Rosenbaum, Marriage & Family Therapist in Round Rock, TX
Deissy Rosenbaum
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Round Rock, TX 78665  (Online Only)
Deissy Rosenbaum is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in the states of Nevada and Texas and Supervisor in the State of Texas, as well as an AAMFT Supervisor candidate. She is fluent in English and Spanish. She was born and raised in Colombia, South America. Deissy has experience working in mental health for more than 10 years and have lived in three continents North, South America and Asia. She enjoys working with immigrants, expats, released Hostages and multiracial/multicultural clients, supervisees, and consultees.
Deissy Rosenbaum is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in the states of Nevada and Texas and Supervisor in the State of Texas, as well as an AAMFT Supervisor candidate. She is fluent in English and Spanish. She was born and raised in Colombia, South America. Deissy has experience working in mental health for more than 10 years and have lived in three continents North, South America and Asia. She enjoys working with immigrants, expats, released Hostages and multiracial/multicultural clients, supervisees, and consultees.
(512) 798-4844 View (512) 798-4844
Photo of Ellen Payne, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Round Rock, TX
Ellen Payne
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Round Rock, TX 78665
I believe that your past does not define you and everyone deserves to heal and feel better. No one should have to go through life's toughest moments alone. The people I work with usually want something about themselves or their life to be different. Painful and overwhelming experiences tend to impact who they are, how they feel about themselves, and effect their relationships with others. Healing usually includes caring for wounds, learning lots, and doing things a little differently than before. People feel better about themselves - stronger, more secure, calmer, and more peaceful - as a result of therapy and healing work.
I believe that your past does not define you and everyone deserves to heal and feel better. No one should have to go through life's toughest moments alone. The people I work with usually want something about themselves or their life to be different. Painful and overwhelming experiences tend to impact who they are, how they feel about themselves, and effect their relationships with others. Healing usually includes caring for wounds, learning lots, and doing things a little differently than before. People feel better about themselves - stronger, more secure, calmer, and more peaceful - as a result of therapy and healing work.
(512) 881-8673 View (512) 881-8673
Photo of Jing (Crystal) Shi, Licensed Professional Counselor in Round Rock, TX
Jing (Crystal) Shi
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Round Rock, TX 78664
Crystal enjoys working with individual adults and couples. As a therapist, Crystal provides services in a caring and non-judgmental environment where clients can feel safe to share life's deepest hurts. Crystal tailors treatment to meet each person's specific needs by taking into consideration the uniqueness of each person's background, life experience, culture, and worldview. She desires to empower each person to face life's challenges, as well as develop strength, hope, and the additional skills needed to find healing and achieve their desired goals.
Crystal enjoys working with individual adults and couples. As a therapist, Crystal provides services in a caring and non-judgmental environment where clients can feel safe to share life's deepest hurts. Crystal tailors treatment to meet each person's specific needs by taking into consideration the uniqueness of each person's background, life experience, culture, and worldview. She desires to empower each person to face life's challenges, as well as develop strength, hope, and the additional skills needed to find healing and achieve their desired goals.
(214) 225-9806 View (214) 225-9806
Photo of Austin City Family Practice in Round Rock, TX
Austin City Family Practice
MD
Verified Verified
Round Rock, TX 78664
I'm a doctor, (MD) who enjoys Psych medication management as well as supportive counseling. Like to work with Depression, Anxiety, Bipolar Disorder, ADHD, PTSD, Substance Abuse issues, Schizophrenia, other.
I'm a doctor, (MD) who enjoys Psych medication management as well as supportive counseling. Like to work with Depression, Anxiety, Bipolar Disorder, ADHD, PTSD, Substance Abuse issues, Schizophrenia, other.
(512) 942-0398 View (512) 942-0398
Photo of Danielle Linders, Licensed Professional Counselor in Round Rock, TX
Danielle Linders
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, LCDC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Round Rock, TX 78664
Not accepting new clients
Do you have moments that you feel like you just can't take one more thing going wrong? Feel like you have to push yourself everyday? Feel like no one understands? Struggling to transition in your life? The journey of counseling, is one that I look forward to taking with you. Along the way, I hope to empower you to be your own advocate and to provide you with coping skills in order to allow you to continue to add to your means of handling situations as they arise.
Do you have moments that you feel like you just can't take one more thing going wrong? Feel like you have to push yourself everyday? Feel like no one understands? Struggling to transition in your life? The journey of counseling, is one that I look forward to taking with you. Along the way, I hope to empower you to be your own advocate and to provide you with coping skills in order to allow you to continue to add to your means of handling situations as they arise.
(512) 957-2906 View (512) 957-2906
Photo of Tom Stephan, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Round Rock, TX
Tom Stephan
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, LMFT-A
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Round Rock, TX 78665
We are, all of us, part of bigger systems, whether we are a partner, a parent, an employee, a child, or all of those roles. Therapy is a precious space to review your role in those systems, to determine what's helping, what's holding you back and what needs to be strengthened so you can move forward. My role as your therapist begins with creating a safe, non-judgmental space to explore your journey so far. You'll guide me through your choices, why you made them and where, what and who you want to be next, and together we'll find ways to get from where you are now to where you want to be.
We are, all of us, part of bigger systems, whether we are a partner, a parent, an employee, a child, or all of those roles. Therapy is a precious space to review your role in those systems, to determine what's helping, what's holding you back and what needs to be strengthened so you can move forward. My role as your therapist begins with creating a safe, non-judgmental space to explore your journey so far. You'll guide me through your choices, why you made them and where, what and who you want to be next, and together we'll find ways to get from where you are now to where you want to be.
(737) 637-4276 View (737) 637-4276
Photo of Pamela Shelnutt, Licensed Professional Counselor in Round Rock, TX
Pamela Shelnutt
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Round Rock, TX 78664
Many individuals suffer under the heaviness of their worry, sadness, anger and trauma; others battle to feel anything at all. Self worth, relationships, school or work can suffer. I am honored when I am invited to work with individuals to regain their sense of empowerment.
Many individuals suffer under the heaviness of their worry, sadness, anger and trauma; others battle to feel anything at all. Self worth, relationships, school or work can suffer. I am honored when I am invited to work with individuals to regain their sense of empowerment.
(512) 580-7287 View (512) 580-7287
Photo of Samuel J Robison, Licensed Professional Counselor in Round Rock, TX
Samuel J Robison
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S
Verified Verified
Round Rock, TX 78665
I am honored to work with any individual with the need for expert guidance and support that is motivated for change. The goals are to improve relationships with others, heal wounds, build new skills, find new insights and realize one's unique purpose and potential.
I am honored to work with any individual with the need for expert guidance and support that is motivated for change. The goals are to improve relationships with others, heal wounds, build new skills, find new insights and realize one's unique purpose and potential.
(512) 675-5649 View (512) 675-5649
Photo of Jennifer Reedy, Marriage & Family Therapist in Round Rock, TX
Jennifer Reedy
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LPC-S, LMFT-S, PMH-C, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Round Rock, TX 78664  (Online Only)
Is your transition to parenthood not turning out the way you imagined? Are anxiety, depression, or issues from your past interfering with you becoming the parent you know you can be? My specialty is Perinatal Mental Health, and I provide support to parents at all points in their parenting journey. You may be pregnant or postpartum, dealing with anxiety or depression. Or perhaps extended family members are making it difficult for you to establish healthy boundaries around your new family. Maybe you’ve chosen to parent peacefully, but are struggling with what that means, and how to balance your needs with those of your child(ren).
Is your transition to parenthood not turning out the way you imagined? Are anxiety, depression, or issues from your past interfering with you becoming the parent you know you can be? My specialty is Perinatal Mental Health, and I provide support to parents at all points in their parenting journey. You may be pregnant or postpartum, dealing with anxiety or depression. Or perhaps extended family members are making it difficult for you to establish healthy boundaries around your new family. Maybe you’ve chosen to parent peacefully, but are struggling with what that means, and how to balance your needs with those of your child(ren).
(512) 595-3495 View (512) 595-3495
Photo of Jennifer Yoon, Licensed Professional Counselor in Round Rock, TX
Jennifer Yoon
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Round Rock, TX 78664
Looking for some peace? Joy? Making the decision to start counseling is a brave one. With all the unknowns, it's important to know what your counselor brings to the table. I offer compassion, truth, structure, and accountability. We will work together to create a plan that meets your needs, highlights your strengths, and encourages growth. That being said, my clients should come prepared to engage, learn, and work through new skills and techniques. Counseling may be challenging at times, but I am always rooting for you to succeed. Lasting change is the goal. There is no need to tiptoe around any issues, let's get to work!
Looking for some peace? Joy? Making the decision to start counseling is a brave one. With all the unknowns, it's important to know what your counselor brings to the table. I offer compassion, truth, structure, and accountability. We will work together to create a plan that meets your needs, highlights your strengths, and encourages growth. That being said, my clients should come prepared to engage, learn, and work through new skills and techniques. Counseling may be challenging at times, but I am always rooting for you to succeed. Lasting change is the goal. There is no need to tiptoe around any issues, let's get to work!
(512) 337-1106 View (512) 337-1106
Photo of ATX Mental Health, Licensed Professional Counselor in Round Rock, TX
ATX Mental Health
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S, LCSW-S
Verified Verified
Round Rock, TX 78665
A therapy home base where you can feel safe, be yourself, and finally experience growth and healing. As a multicultural team led by husband and wife owner-clinicians, Sarah and Damien, we bring a diverse range of experiences, skill sets, and specialties to the table. Our team of talented, highly-qualified counselors meets you where you are to create a customized plan of action to get you to the other side, where you want to be. And although our clients often stay with us for a long time, we’re passionate about arming you with the tools you need and showing you how to use them independently, to heal, grow, and succeed. We don’t do cookie cutter. Because your treatment goals are unique— like you. Most importantly, we’re here to reassure you that there is hope ahead of you. If you’re feeling: overwhelmed and searching for peace, like you’re at a fork in the road, desperate for change in your life...We understand how you feel. Seriously. We don’t say that lightly. The great part is, you don’t have to stay stuck in that place forever.
A therapy home base where you can feel safe, be yourself, and finally experience growth and healing. As a multicultural team led by husband and wife owner-clinicians, Sarah and Damien, we bring a diverse range of experiences, skill sets, and specialties to the table. Our team of talented, highly-qualified counselors meets you where you are to create a customized plan of action to get you to the other side, where you want to be. And although our clients often stay with us for a long time, we’re passionate about arming you with the tools you need and showing you how to use them independently, to heal, grow, and succeed. We don’t do cookie cutter. Because your treatment goals are unique— like you. Most importantly, we’re here to reassure you that there is hope ahead of you. If you’re feeling: overwhelmed and searching for peace, like you’re at a fork in the road, desperate for change in your life...We understand how you feel. Seriously. We don’t say that lightly. The great part is, you don’t have to stay stuck in that place forever.
(512) 648-4919 View (512) 648-4919
Photo of Presley Black, Licensed Professional Counselor Associate in Round Rock, TX
Presley Black
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, LPC-A
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Round Rock, TX 78665
Are you tired of having meds thrown at you or counseling sessions where you talk a lot, but never really feel better? My name is Presley, and I meet my clients where you are. I would describe my style as gentle with a focus on safety to start. But if you want to cuss, laugh, or really dig in, I’m there for that, too.
Are you tired of having meds thrown at you or counseling sessions where you talk a lot, but never really feel better? My name is Presley, and I meet my clients where you are. I would describe my style as gentle with a focus on safety to start. But if you want to cuss, laugh, or really dig in, I’m there for that, too.
(737) 345-4474 View (737) 345-4474
Photo of Patricia Olachea, Licensed Professional Counselor in Round Rock, TX
Patricia Olachea
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Round Rock, TX 78681
Whether you are searching for resources to help with your personal growth, finding solutions to a difficult situation, recovering peace of mind, reaching out to build self-esteem, or in the midst of a personal crisis, Epifanías offers a variety of options to assist you in taking that first step, (often the hardest one to take) towards reaching out for assistance to improve the quality of your life.
Whether you are searching for resources to help with your personal growth, finding solutions to a difficult situation, recovering peace of mind, reaching out to build self-esteem, or in the midst of a personal crisis, Epifanías offers a variety of options to assist you in taking that first step, (often the hardest one to take) towards reaching out for assistance to improve the quality of your life.
(512) 412-3626 View (512) 412-3626
Photo of Rachael Longoria, Licensed Professional Counselor in Round Rock, TX
Rachael Longoria
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Round Rock, TX 78665
Waitlist for new clients
In facing change, we may be forced to grow. I am here to help you grow AND hold a safe space for you to do so. I strive to provide direction as you navigate, understand, and explore who you are and who you aspire to be. An important component in this work is being kind to ourselves. We cannot facilitate change without first implementing self-compassion.
In facing change, we may be forced to grow. I am here to help you grow AND hold a safe space for you to do so. I strive to provide direction as you navigate, understand, and explore who you are and who you aspire to be. An important component in this work is being kind to ourselves. We cannot facilitate change without first implementing self-compassion.
(512) 675-7997 View (512) 675-7997
Photo of Dr. Antonio D Specht Sr in Round Rock, TX
Dr. Antonio D Specht Sr
PsyD, LPCT
Verified Verified
Round Rock, TX 78665
I have to admit...I’m a robber. I rob people of the excuse of why they can’t have something, do something, or be something. Hey! My name is Dr. Antonio D. Specht, Sr. and I’m a Licensed Professional Christian Therapist. I strive to be an example of a mentally and spiritually healthy life and I want you to achieve the same success. I see our daily issues and see the needs for our teens as well as our men to have a safe, fun, and honest place to come where I provide real solutions to your issues.
I have to admit...I’m a robber. I rob people of the excuse of why they can’t have something, do something, or be something. Hey! My name is Dr. Antonio D. Specht, Sr. and I’m a Licensed Professional Christian Therapist. I strive to be an example of a mentally and spiritually healthy life and I want you to achieve the same success. I see our daily issues and see the needs for our teens as well as our men to have a safe, fun, and honest place to come where I provide real solutions to your issues.
(512) 890-2224 View (512) 890-2224
Photo of Renee Thanos, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Round Rock, TX
Renee Thanos, MA, LPC
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
Round Rock, TX 78664
You may be struggling with stress, anxiety, depression, relationship issues, loss or adjusting to recent changes in your life. Let's work together in a collaborative relationship to identify the challenges you face and problem solve how to create more space and energy for joy in your life. I will provide compassionate support in a safe space to guide you in reaching your personal goals.
You may be struggling with stress, anxiety, depression, relationship issues, loss or adjusting to recent changes in your life. Let's work together in a collaborative relationship to identify the challenges you face and problem solve how to create more space and energy for joy in your life. I will provide compassionate support in a safe space to guide you in reaching your personal goals.
(512) 213-2974 View (512) 213-2974
Photo of Rudo Nyamapfumba, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Round Rock, TX
Rudo Nyamapfumba
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DSW, LCSW-S
Verified Verified
Round Rock, TX 78681  (Online Only)
Life as we know it is never a straight path. We all come across hurdles, ups and downs that we have to navigate to get to the other side. I provide a safe space for people to come and share their unique life challenges, receive practical tools to overcome the same, and unleash their greatest potential. I am a strong believer in meeting the client where they are. We all experience circumstances differently and my goal is to make sure your specific needs are met. Tired of feeling "stuck"? Feeling like things will never change? I am here to help you move forward with life and offer the tools you need to live a wholesome life.
Life as we know it is never a straight path. We all come across hurdles, ups and downs that we have to navigate to get to the other side. I provide a safe space for people to come and share their unique life challenges, receive practical tools to overcome the same, and unleash their greatest potential. I am a strong believer in meeting the client where they are. We all experience circumstances differently and my goal is to make sure your specific needs are met. Tired of feeling "stuck"? Feeling like things will never change? I am here to help you move forward with life and offer the tools you need to live a wholesome life.
(512) 827-7549 View (512) 827-7549
Photo of Sana Raza Hussain, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Round Rock, TX
Sana Raza Hussain
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, NCC, LMFT-A, LPC-A
Verified Verified
11 Endorsed
Round Rock, TX 78681
Humans are wired for social connection; we learn how to survive in the world based on the relational experiences we've had throughout our lifetime. Sometimes, these patterns of interaction become ingrained in our brains and bodies and prevent us from authentically connecting with ourselves and others. Through our work together, we will shift these patterns into more adaptive ways of being, work toward emotional regulation, and develop a positive view of self and others.
Humans are wired for social connection; we learn how to survive in the world based on the relational experiences we've had throughout our lifetime. Sometimes, these patterns of interaction become ingrained in our brains and bodies and prevent us from authentically connecting with ourselves and others. Through our work together, we will shift these patterns into more adaptive ways of being, work toward emotional regulation, and develop a positive view of self and others.
(512) 890-3475 View (512) 890-3475
Photo of New Patterns Counseling, Licensed Professional Counselor in Round Rock, TX
New Patterns Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
Round Rock, TX 78664
Our practice is home to a variety of counselors and social workers from different backgrounds all working together to help each other learn and grow. Our clinicians cover a wide range of specialties like LGBTQ+, couples, children/adolescents, aging issues, educators, trauma, anger management, life adjustments, and more. Nuestra práctica es hogar de diversos consejeros y trabajadores sociales de diferentes orígenes, trabajamos juntos para aprender y crecer. Abarcamos una amplia gama de especialidades, como LGBTQ+, parejas, niños/adolescentes, problemas relacionados con el envejecimiento, educadores, trauma, y ajustes de vida.
Our practice is home to a variety of counselors and social workers from different backgrounds all working together to help each other learn and grow. Our clinicians cover a wide range of specialties like LGBTQ+, couples, children/adolescents, aging issues, educators, trauma, anger management, life adjustments, and more. Nuestra práctica es hogar de diversos consejeros y trabajadores sociales de diferentes orígenes, trabajamos juntos para aprender y crecer. Abarcamos una amplia gama de especialidades, como LGBTQ+, parejas, niños/adolescentes, problemas relacionados con el envejecimiento, educadores, trauma, y ajustes de vida.
(737) 373-4634 View (737) 373-4634
Photo of Victoria Lewallen, Licensed Professional Counselor in Round Rock, TX
Victoria Lewallen
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LSOTP
Verified Verified
Round Rock, TX 78681  (Online Only)
Starting that healing journey can be incredibly daunting, but it is worth it. I know you might not know where to start and there is nothing wrong with that. I'm here to help guide and support you through this journey. To assist clients in developing skills for: Healthy Relationships and Boundaries, Positive Communication, Managing emotions, Increasing Self-Esteem & Self-Awareness, Maintaining or Creating Healthy Goals and Developing Coping Skills. Currently only provide Telehealth/Online services at the moment. Have no in-person availability.
Starting that healing journey can be incredibly daunting, but it is worth it. I know you might not know where to start and there is nothing wrong with that. I'm here to help guide and support you through this journey. To assist clients in developing skills for: Healthy Relationships and Boundaries, Positive Communication, Managing emotions, Increasing Self-Esteem & Self-Awareness, Maintaining or Creating Healthy Goals and Developing Coping Skills. Currently only provide Telehealth/Online services at the moment. Have no in-person availability.
(512) 882-1386 View (512) 882-1386

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Round Rock, TX

700+

Average cost per session

$145

Therapists in Round Rock, TX who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
90% Depression
75% Self Esteem
70% Relationship Issues
69% Trauma and PTSD
67% Coping Skills
64% Grief

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

79% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
76% Aetna
70% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Round Rock, TX see their clients

71% In Person and Online
29% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Round Rock?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.