Therapists in Northampton, MA

Photo of Katharine Addleson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Northampton, MA
Katharine Addleson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Northampton, MA 01060
Not accepting new clients
I see my role as a guide in the process of acquiring the self-knowledge necessary to lessen suffering and increase freedom and flexibility in your life. A space of privacy and non-judgment helps us get to know both your vulnerabilities and strengths. The value of therapy lies in a consistent relationship with someone who is actively working to understand you, who accepts you for who you are, and who can help you to make meaningful changes.
I see my role as a guide in the process of acquiring the self-knowledge necessary to lessen suffering and increase freedom and flexibility in your life. A space of privacy and non-judgment helps us get to know both your vulnerabilities and strengths. The value of therapy lies in a consistent relationship with someone who is actively working to understand you, who accepts you for who you are, and who can help you to make meaningful changes.
(413) 931-3187 View (413) 931-3187
Photo of Hannah Fleischmann, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Northampton, MA
Hannah Fleischmann
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Northampton, MA 01060
New openings June, 2024 for short-term individual, family or couples clients. This is a good option for busy people who may struggle to fit therapy into their lives. The ideal client(s) for this type of work is insightful and interested in working on a specific issue or area of growth. I specialize in working with people between the ages of 15-30 with a focus on navigating educational systems, but have worked with clients of different ages in a variety of settings. My clients often face difficulties with depression, anxiety, body image, trauma, and relationship challenges.
New openings June, 2024 for short-term individual, family or couples clients. This is a good option for busy people who may struggle to fit therapy into their lives. The ideal client(s) for this type of work is insightful and interested in working on a specific issue or area of growth. I specialize in working with people between the ages of 15-30 with a focus on navigating educational systems, but have worked with clients of different ages in a variety of settings. My clients often face difficulties with depression, anxiety, body image, trauma, and relationship challenges.
(857) 419-3493 View (857) 419-3493
Photo of Stacey L Novack, Psychologist in Northampton, MA
Stacey L Novack
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Northampton, MA 01060
Not accepting new clients
Providing psychodynamic psychotherapy and psychoanalysis to individuals and couples.
Providing psychodynamic psychotherapy and psychoanalysis to individuals and couples.
(413) 315-4174 View (413) 315-4174
Photo of Anna Frontiero, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Northampton, MA
Anna Frontiero
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Northampton, MA 01060
Waitlist for new clients
I approach each therapeutic relationship with curiosity and compassion. I believe that therapy can be a space to give voice to the innermost parts of yourself, navigate and make meaning of difficult and painful experiences, and disentangle yourself from narratives and patterns that are no longer serving you. Through this process you may grow to experience deeper and more authentic relationships with yourself and others. I will center your strengths, wisdom, and innate intuition as we collaborate on your goals for our work together.
I approach each therapeutic relationship with curiosity and compassion. I believe that therapy can be a space to give voice to the innermost parts of yourself, navigate and make meaning of difficult and painful experiences, and disentangle yourself from narratives and patterns that are no longer serving you. Through this process you may grow to experience deeper and more authentic relationships with yourself and others. I will center your strengths, wisdom, and innate intuition as we collaborate on your goals for our work together.
(413) 216-3303 View (413) 216-3303
Photo of Ben Weiss, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Northampton, MA
Ben Weiss
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Northampton, MA 01060
I believe that therapy unfolds differently for everyone. Where for some, the process is about acknowledging painful aspects of life, for others it is about developing coping skills so that the painful aspects of life cease to be so overwhelming. Because of this variation, I offer a therapy relationship that is open and attentive. I balance being empathic and challenging, because ultimately good therapy is about feeling supported in making positive life changes.
I believe that therapy unfolds differently for everyone. Where for some, the process is about acknowledging painful aspects of life, for others it is about developing coping skills so that the painful aspects of life cease to be so overwhelming. Because of this variation, I offer a therapy relationship that is open and attentive. I balance being empathic and challenging, because ultimately good therapy is about feeling supported in making positive life changes.
(413) 341-6965 View (413) 341-6965
Photo of Lindsay Weremay, Counselor in Northampton, MA
Lindsay Weremay
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Northampton, MA 01060
I offer pychotherapy to individuals who have experienced loss, trauma, relationship difficulties, as well as those who would like the opportunity to learn more about themselves within a therapeutic relationship. I have diverse experience working with many clients, including adults diagnosed with labels such as: PTSD, anxiety, bipolar, depression, dual diagnosis, OCD, eating and personality disorders. I aim to provide a creative space where I can help you cultivate a felt sense of inner vitality, increase your connections to self and other, and discover your full potential.
I offer pychotherapy to individuals who have experienced loss, trauma, relationship difficulties, as well as those who would like the opportunity to learn more about themselves within a therapeutic relationship. I have diverse experience working with many clients, including adults diagnosed with labels such as: PTSD, anxiety, bipolar, depression, dual diagnosis, OCD, eating and personality disorders. I aim to provide a creative space where I can help you cultivate a felt sense of inner vitality, increase your connections to self and other, and discover your full potential.
(413) 320-4488 View (413) 320-4488
Photo of Marlo C. Henderson, LMHC, Counselor in Northampton, MA
Marlo C. Henderson, LMHC
Counselor, MS, LMHC
Verified Verified
Northampton, MA 01060  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
UNFORTUNATELY I HAVE NO OPENINGS AT THIS TIME. Whatever your difficulties, you need a therapist you feel comfortable with--someone who sees you and really "gets" you. I strive to create a safe space in which my patients feel secure and accepted so that they can begin to grapple with the issues that brought them to therapy. My approach is collaborative. This is your therapy, and you are the expert on your experience. My job is to use my clinical expertise to facilitate your journey and help you get to where you want to be.
UNFORTUNATELY I HAVE NO OPENINGS AT THIS TIME. Whatever your difficulties, you need a therapist you feel comfortable with--someone who sees you and really "gets" you. I strive to create a safe space in which my patients feel secure and accepted so that they can begin to grapple with the issues that brought them to therapy. My approach is collaborative. This is your therapy, and you are the expert on your experience. My job is to use my clinical expertise to facilitate your journey and help you get to where you want to be.
(413) 241-8434 View (413) 241-8434
Photo of Tiffany Shotwell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Northampton, MA
Tiffany Shotwell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Northampton, MA 01060  (Online Only)
Hi there! You can call me Tiff. I am an ally and your safe place. I have a deep personal passion for mental health care and removing the stigma from seeking help. I am inclined to help people recover from Trauma, Grief and Loss, Anxiety, Depression, Eating and Mood disorders, and support to help you navigate sexual orientation and gender identity. I believe in a strengths-based approach that respects client autonomy. If you are looking for therapeutic support, please email me right away. I currently have just four spots left available on Saturday morning. I look forward to connecting with you.
Hi there! You can call me Tiff. I am an ally and your safe place. I have a deep personal passion for mental health care and removing the stigma from seeking help. I am inclined to help people recover from Trauma, Grief and Loss, Anxiety, Depression, Eating and Mood disorders, and support to help you navigate sexual orientation and gender identity. I believe in a strengths-based approach that respects client autonomy. If you are looking for therapeutic support, please email me right away. I currently have just four spots left available on Saturday morning. I look forward to connecting with you.
(413) 216-9067 View (413) 216-9067
Photo of Laresa Wood, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Northampton, MA
Laresa Wood
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Northampton, MA 01060  (Online Only)
I started my career working with children and families in residential, in-home and outpatient settings. My work as a relational psychodynamic therapist is dedicated to supporting individuals of all ages in their journey toward healing, growth, and connection. With a special focus on working with adults, children, and families, I offer a unique blend of therapeutic approaches to my practice, including play therapy, humor, and strength-based interventions. Together we can explore and understand the root causes of your struggles, navigate complex emotions, and develop healthier ways of relating to yourself and others.
I started my career working with children and families in residential, in-home and outpatient settings. My work as a relational psychodynamic therapist is dedicated to supporting individuals of all ages in their journey toward healing, growth, and connection. With a special focus on working with adults, children, and families, I offer a unique blend of therapeutic approaches to my practice, including play therapy, humor, and strength-based interventions. Together we can explore and understand the root causes of your struggles, navigate complex emotions, and develop healthier ways of relating to yourself and others.
(413) 216-6420 View (413) 216-6420
Photo of Jill I. Cohen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Northampton, MA
Jill I. Cohen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Northampton, MA 01060
At the heart we all long for feelings of closeness, care and connection with our partner. When we experience these feelings we are able to relax in the field of that closeness through life’s challenges and joys. The days feel easier, softer, more manageable. Naturally, relationships go through difficult times, but it can be tough when we get caught up in negative emotional cycles with our partner. When we feel our needs don't matter, or that no matter what we do we just can’t get it right, frustration and anger can dominate. This can lead to us to lash out or pull away, creating even more distance just when we long to feel close!
At the heart we all long for feelings of closeness, care and connection with our partner. When we experience these feelings we are able to relax in the field of that closeness through life’s challenges and joys. The days feel easier, softer, more manageable. Naturally, relationships go through difficult times, but it can be tough when we get caught up in negative emotional cycles with our partner. When we feel our needs don't matter, or that no matter what we do we just can’t get it right, frustration and anger can dominate. This can lead to us to lash out or pull away, creating even more distance just when we long to feel close!
(413) 402-6018 View (413) 402-6018
Photo of Liam Lattrell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Northampton, MA
Liam Lattrell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MSW, MA
Verified Verified
Northampton, MA 01060  (Online Only)
Life can be difficult--sometimes, unnecessarily hard. People do their best to cope with challenges, but often these coping strategies are destructive, hindering our emotional health and interpersonal relations. I specialize in depression, relationship issues, anxiety, and substance and behavioral addictions. Ideally, I can help you find your true self, and through this journey you can begin to discover what you truly deserve in life.
Life can be difficult--sometimes, unnecessarily hard. People do their best to cope with challenges, but often these coping strategies are destructive, hindering our emotional health and interpersonal relations. I specialize in depression, relationship issues, anxiety, and substance and behavioral addictions. Ideally, I can help you find your true self, and through this journey you can begin to discover what you truly deserve in life.
(413) 251-5027 View (413) 251-5027
Photo of Jane H Katz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Northampton, MA
Jane H Katz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Northampton, MA 01060
I believe that we are works in progress, having endless possibilities for the direction of our growth. I support clients in finding the potential for growth in challenges, to use creativity and flexibility to work productively with difficulty. I assist clients in developing clarity to identify options and expand the vision of themselves and the world. I encourage them to identify interests and pursue creative activities that help regenerate energy. I promote clients identifying both their strengths and long-held beliefs that limit growth. Developing increased awareness and positive action supports healing and the manifestation of life goals.
I believe that we are works in progress, having endless possibilities for the direction of our growth. I support clients in finding the potential for growth in challenges, to use creativity and flexibility to work productively with difficulty. I assist clients in developing clarity to identify options and expand the vision of themselves and the world. I encourage them to identify interests and pursue creative activities that help regenerate energy. I promote clients identifying both their strengths and long-held beliefs that limit growth. Developing increased awareness and positive action supports healing and the manifestation of life goals.
(413) 357-1764 View (413) 357-1764
Photo of Tetty Gorfine, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Northampton, MA
Tetty Gorfine
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LMHC
Verified Verified
Northampton, MA 01060  (Online Only)
Life is hard and life can be beautiful. Your symptoms perfectly reflect your distress. Gentleness, curiosity and developing awareness create a foundation for healing. Life need not be situations and feelings that keep repeating. I work to create positive ways of relating to yourself and others. Real change is possible with respect, courage and an open heart. I am not a managed care therapist - my commitment is to lasting change. I work with heterosexual, non-binary and LGBTQA+ individuals and couples. I also specialize in working with end of life, grief and loss, autism and deaf and hard of hearing issues.
Life is hard and life can be beautiful. Your symptoms perfectly reflect your distress. Gentleness, curiosity and developing awareness create a foundation for healing. Life need not be situations and feelings that keep repeating. I work to create positive ways of relating to yourself and others. Real change is possible with respect, courage and an open heart. I am not a managed care therapist - my commitment is to lasting change. I work with heterosexual, non-binary and LGBTQA+ individuals and couples. I also specialize in working with end of life, grief and loss, autism and deaf and hard of hearing issues.
(413) 206-9996 View (413) 206-9996
Photo of Barbara J Dreyer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Northampton, MA
Barbara J Dreyer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, BCD
Verified Verified
Northampton, MA 01060
You want a therapist who works well with the problem(s) you are having. I have 40+ years experience and am proficient with relationship problems and loss, workplace problems, and emotional turmoil. I am particularly interested in challenges to self-fulfillment. We meet initially to understand the key problems and strengths you bring and the goals and directions for our work. I've taught brief and long term psychotherapy, crisis intervention, and trained students and professional therapists for Smith College School for Social Work and at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in NYC.
You want a therapist who works well with the problem(s) you are having. I have 40+ years experience and am proficient with relationship problems and loss, workplace problems, and emotional turmoil. I am particularly interested in challenges to self-fulfillment. We meet initially to understand the key problems and strengths you bring and the goals and directions for our work. I've taught brief and long term psychotherapy, crisis intervention, and trained students and professional therapists for Smith College School for Social Work and at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in NYC.
(413) 366-1943 View (413) 366-1943
Photo of Nikki Gamache, Counselor in Northampton, MA
Nikki Gamache
Counselor, MA, LMHC, CGT
Verified Verified
Northampton, MA 01060
Unhealed trauma and loss can significantly impact our lives, making it challenging to experience happiness, clarity, compassion, and joy. These experiences can trap us in cycles of negative thoughts, behaviors, and feelings. You may yearn to break free from this cycle, but hopelessness and feeling trapped can be common. Trauma therapy can help! I specialize in intensive trauma therapy with weekly 90-minute sessions designed to help you address past traumas and break free from these cycles.
Unhealed trauma and loss can significantly impact our lives, making it challenging to experience happiness, clarity, compassion, and joy. These experiences can trap us in cycles of negative thoughts, behaviors, and feelings. You may yearn to break free from this cycle, but hopelessness and feeling trapped can be common. Trauma therapy can help! I specialize in intensive trauma therapy with weekly 90-minute sessions designed to help you address past traumas and break free from these cycles.
(413) 304-2253 View (413) 304-2253
Photo of Bambi M Rattner, Psychologist in Northampton, MA
Bambi M Rattner
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Northampton, MA 01060
We all have the capacity to experience joy and happiness, but when we carry unresolved trauma of any type, life can become a constant struggle. I specialize in private intensive therapy retreats that offer significant results in days, not years. My retreats combine recent advances in neuroscience and attachment research with Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Progressive Counting (PC) and Internal Family Systems (IFS), enabling us to work with your underlying core issues – to get right to the heart of the problem – so that your symptoms are totally eliminated or significantly decreased.
We all have the capacity to experience joy and happiness, but when we carry unresolved trauma of any type, life can become a constant struggle. I specialize in private intensive therapy retreats that offer significant results in days, not years. My retreats combine recent advances in neuroscience and attachment research with Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Progressive Counting (PC) and Internal Family Systems (IFS), enabling us to work with your underlying core issues – to get right to the heart of the problem – so that your symptoms are totally eliminated or significantly decreased.
(413) 327-9376 View (413) 327-9376
Photo of Fanny Chalfin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Northampton, MA
Fanny Chalfin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, SEP
Verified Verified
Northampton, MA 01060  (Online Only)
Social and political distress are causing fear and alienation, along with feelings of disempowerment and personal inadequacy with less community for us to count on. My way of working with this is to help clients become more aware of their own internal wisdom and connection to all things. I work with adults experiencing anxiety, depression, relational difficulties or just feeling overwhelmed. Listening to your story and using Somatic Experiencing, a mind/body approach, I work to help you find your sense of balance, curiosity, resilience, engagement, and vitality.
Social and political distress are causing fear and alienation, along with feelings of disempowerment and personal inadequacy with less community for us to count on. My way of working with this is to help clients become more aware of their own internal wisdom and connection to all things. I work with adults experiencing anxiety, depression, relational difficulties or just feeling overwhelmed. Listening to your story and using Somatic Experiencing, a mind/body approach, I work to help you find your sense of balance, curiosity, resilience, engagement, and vitality.
(413) 206-2120 View (413) 206-2120
Photo of Madeline Nussbaum, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Northampton, MA
Madeline Nussbaum
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Northampton, MA 01060
I believe that therapy should help you access your innate intuition and insight, and that the therapist's role is to provide support and guidance through that process. My work is deeply informed by social justice and I am committed to helping people feel empowered while examining the structures and systems in place that create marginalization. I draw on narrative, relational, feminist, and transfeminist approaches in therapy and I weave in evidence based practices such as EMDR and CBT when needed.
I believe that therapy should help you access your innate intuition and insight, and that the therapist's role is to provide support and guidance through that process. My work is deeply informed by social justice and I am committed to helping people feel empowered while examining the structures and systems in place that create marginalization. I draw on narrative, relational, feminist, and transfeminist approaches in therapy and I weave in evidence based practices such as EMDR and CBT when needed.
(413) 553-1328 View (413) 553-1328
Photo of Jonathan P Levin, Counselor in Northampton, MA
Jonathan P Levin
Counselor, MA, LMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
Northampton, MA 01060
Not accepting new clients
I AM NOT ACCEPTING NEW PATIENTS CURRENTLY Everyone comes to therapy for different reasons. It may be difficulties with friends, or with family, or not being able to get things done at work, or feeling depressed or immobilized with anxiety. I work with people to identify whatever it is that's getting in the way, and to develop strategies, skills, and resources that will get you to the point where you're no longer limited by those obstacles.
I AM NOT ACCEPTING NEW PATIENTS CURRENTLY Everyone comes to therapy for different reasons. It may be difficulties with friends, or with family, or not being able to get things done at work, or feeling depressed or immobilized with anxiety. I work with people to identify whatever it is that's getting in the way, and to develop strategies, skills, and resources that will get you to the point where you're no longer limited by those obstacles.
(413) 628-1084 View (413) 628-1084
Photo of Davis Chandler, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Northampton, MA
Davis Chandler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Northampton, MA 01060
I offer individual, relationship and family therapy. My areas of interest include: nonbinary and trans identities, alternative family structures, issues concerning sexuality or sexual practices, queer family planning, fertility issues, trauma, grief and loss. I was clinically trained at Smith and have recently worked at a nonprofit primarily with adults with extreme mind states and major life disruptions. Additionally, I am the co-director of Translate Gender Inc, we offer trainings and education around gender identity and expression as well as run psychotherapy groups for trans and nonbinary individuals, relationships and families.
I offer individual, relationship and family therapy. My areas of interest include: nonbinary and trans identities, alternative family structures, issues concerning sexuality or sexual practices, queer family planning, fertility issues, trauma, grief and loss. I was clinically trained at Smith and have recently worked at a nonprofit primarily with adults with extreme mind states and major life disruptions. Additionally, I am the co-director of Translate Gender Inc, we offer trainings and education around gender identity and expression as well as run psychotherapy groups for trans and nonbinary individuals, relationships and families.
(404) 620-3480 View (404) 620-3480

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Northampton, MA

500+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Northampton, MA who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
87% Depression
80% Relationship Issues
73% Trauma and PTSD
73% Self Esteem
65% Grief
65% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

14 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

89% BlueCross and BlueShield
47% Optum
46% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Northampton, MA see their clients

61% In Person and Online
39% Online Only

Gender breakdown

72% Female
23% Male
5% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Northampton?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.