Therapists in Indianapolis, IN

View neighborhoods in Indianapolis
Photo of Marcia Boring, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Indianapolis, IN
Marcia Boring
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Indianapolis, IN 46260
In over 30 years of clinical practice, I have had a wide range of experiences providing services to a clients who struggle with both long term and acute mental health needs. My experience includes treating individuals, families and groups with mood disorders (bipolar), depression, anxiety, trauma, grief and loss,ADHD, Asperger's, etc. My goal is to create an environment where a client feels comfortable, safe and heard. I make every effort to meet the client where they are in the treatment process always focusing on what best meets the current needs.
In over 30 years of clinical practice, I have had a wide range of experiences providing services to a clients who struggle with both long term and acute mental health needs. My experience includes treating individuals, families and groups with mood disorders (bipolar), depression, anxiety, trauma, grief and loss,ADHD, Asperger's, etc. My goal is to create an environment where a client feels comfortable, safe and heard. I make every effort to meet the client where they are in the treatment process always focusing on what best meets the current needs.
(317) 427-5204 x1 View (317) 427-5204 x1
Photo of Amy Ikerd, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Indianapolis, IN
Amy Ikerd
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LCAC
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Indianapolis, IN 46226
NOTE: At this time, I am only offering EMDR Intensives or EMDR for a recent traumatic event. Through my experience working in mental health and addiction treatment, I've adopted a style of therapy that is both direct AND empowering and supportive. My experience allows for me to be flexible in my treatment approach, ensuring that I am providing counseling services that are individualized to meet your needs. My therapy strengths are in treating addictive disorders, PTSD/complex trauma, anxiety disorders, chronic pain, and working with first responders.
NOTE: At this time, I am only offering EMDR Intensives or EMDR for a recent traumatic event. Through my experience working in mental health and addiction treatment, I've adopted a style of therapy that is both direct AND empowering and supportive. My experience allows for me to be flexible in my treatment approach, ensuring that I am providing counseling services that are individualized to meet your needs. My therapy strengths are in treating addictive disorders, PTSD/complex trauma, anxiety disorders, chronic pain, and working with first responders.
(317) 943-8817 View (317) 943-8817
Photo of Alicia Cooley, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Indianapolis, IN
Alicia Cooley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Indianapolis, IN 46240
Waitlist for new clients
You’ve listened to the podcasts, bookmarked the articles, read the guides, and scoured the internet for hours; eager to implement their valuable insights into your life. Yet, despite your motivation for change, some of those well-intentioned strategies are falling short or not resonating. If this sounds familiar, rest assured, I'm here to help. My approach is centered around you, meaning I am committed to working collaboratively, developing a plan that helps you thrive and is based on YOUR unique needs via traditional therapy, life coaching, holistic approaches and animal therapy with my adorable therapy dog, Levi (pic below).
You’ve listened to the podcasts, bookmarked the articles, read the guides, and scoured the internet for hours; eager to implement their valuable insights into your life. Yet, despite your motivation for change, some of those well-intentioned strategies are falling short or not resonating. If this sounds familiar, rest assured, I'm here to help. My approach is centered around you, meaning I am committed to working collaboratively, developing a plan that helps you thrive and is based on YOUR unique needs via traditional therapy, life coaching, holistic approaches and animal therapy with my adorable therapy dog, Levi (pic below).
(317) 593-9002 View (317) 593-9002
Photo of Autumn D Brown, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Indianapolis, IN
Autumn D Brown
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Indianapolis, IN 46229  (Online Only)
My primary focus is on helping you embrace resiliency and daily practices such as confidence, courage, peace, relationships, self-compassion, and honoring what you believe in. Doing this will help you to transform into the self you want to be.
My primary focus is on helping you embrace resiliency and daily practices such as confidence, courage, peace, relationships, self-compassion, and honoring what you believe in. Doing this will help you to transform into the self you want to be.
(463) 223-1728 View (463) 223-1728
Photo of Kathleen Brannen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Indianapolis, IN
Kathleen Brannen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LCAC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Indianapolis, IN 46260  (Online Only)
Are you feeling overwhelmed by the ups and downs of life? Whether you're grappling with loss, battling stress, or facing significant life changes, you don't have to navigate these challenges alone. Whether this is your first time talking with someone or a return to therapy, I'll meet you where you are on your life journey. I provide a safe, nonjudgmental space where you can explore your challenges and pursue personal growth. Together, we'll work towards healing, empowerment, and authenticity.
Are you feeling overwhelmed by the ups and downs of life? Whether you're grappling with loss, battling stress, or facing significant life changes, you don't have to navigate these challenges alone. Whether this is your first time talking with someone or a return to therapy, I'll meet you where you are on your life journey. I provide a safe, nonjudgmental space where you can explore your challenges and pursue personal growth. Together, we'll work towards healing, empowerment, and authenticity.
(463) 243-5844 View (463) 243-5844
Photo of Dr. Deep Kaur Battu, Counselor in Indianapolis, IN
Dr. Deep Kaur Battu
Counselor, PsyD, LMHC
Verified Verified
Indianapolis, IN 46240  (Online Only)
I decided that I wanted to give back and help my own community so here I am. I know all too well how it feels to grow up in "two different worlds" and feeling like I didn't belong in either (Indian or American). I also understand how it feels to be a female in the South Asian society. I recognize the pressures, stressors, and competitiveness that our culture/religion brings and expects. As well as the guilt and shame one experiences to constantly, please our families and others and always feel like "you are not enough" or "I have to be perfect."
I decided that I wanted to give back and help my own community so here I am. I know all too well how it feels to grow up in "two different worlds" and feeling like I didn't belong in either (Indian or American). I also understand how it feels to be a female in the South Asian society. I recognize the pressures, stressors, and competitiveness that our culture/religion brings and expects. As well as the guilt and shame one experiences to constantly, please our families and others and always feel like "you are not enough" or "I have to be perfect."
(317) 648-9016 View (317) 648-9016
Photo of Darla Payne, Marriage & Family Therapist in Indianapolis, IN
Darla Payne
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Indianapolis, IN 46250  (Online Only)
I would consider it a privilege for you to entrust me with your life journey of twists and turns. Each of our lives have their own individual challenges that can serve as opportunities for positive growth and change. I have a passion for helping clients through emotional challenges and guiding them towards hope and a stronger sense of self. I believe in building healthy coping skills with a focus on self-acceptance and self-compassion. There are many things that surface in life which, at times, can cause anxiety, depression or just confusion. As a result, this can impact our outlook as well as how we relate to others.
I would consider it a privilege for you to entrust me with your life journey of twists and turns. Each of our lives have their own individual challenges that can serve as opportunities for positive growth and change. I have a passion for helping clients through emotional challenges and guiding them towards hope and a stronger sense of self. I believe in building healthy coping skills with a focus on self-acceptance and self-compassion. There are many things that surface in life which, at times, can cause anxiety, depression or just confusion. As a result, this can impact our outlook as well as how we relate to others.
(317) 666-6530 View (317) 666-6530
Photo of Brian Grant, Psychologist in Indianapolis, IN
Brian Grant
Psychologist, PhD, HSPP, LMFT
Verified Verified
Indianapolis, IN 46240
I want to work with you if you’re facing long-standing personality issues or relationship struggles growing out of them. Though not a psychoanalyst, I am strongly informed by psychoanalytic theory, particularly object relations and intersubjectivity. I like to work with individuals once or twice a week over periods of at least a year or two, and weekly with couples, focusing on the overlap between emotional issues that arise in the therapy room, in your life outside of therapy, and in your family of origin. I'm interested in concerns growing out of cultural difference, religious commitment, and immigration.
I want to work with you if you’re facing long-standing personality issues or relationship struggles growing out of them. Though not a psychoanalyst, I am strongly informed by psychoanalytic theory, particularly object relations and intersubjectivity. I like to work with individuals once or twice a week over periods of at least a year or two, and weekly with couples, focusing on the overlap between emotional issues that arise in the therapy room, in your life outside of therapy, and in your family of origin. I'm interested in concerns growing out of cultural difference, religious commitment, and immigration.
(317) 883-7837 View (317) 883-7837
Photo of Bailey Trotter, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Indianapolis, IN
Bailey Trotter
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMHC
Verified Verified
Indianapolis, IN 46280
Bailey Trotter is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor with a focus in trauma and substance abuse in Indiana who has been practicing since 2015. She has been trained in EMDR. Bailey's experience is widespread, but the core is often in substance use and exploring how a use disorder ripples out to affect other areas of our life and relationships. She works with individuals from adolescence into late adulthood and have training to assess and address trauma- acute and sustained.
Bailey Trotter is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor with a focus in trauma and substance abuse in Indiana who has been practicing since 2015. She has been trained in EMDR. Bailey's experience is widespread, but the core is often in substance use and exploring how a use disorder ripples out to affect other areas of our life and relationships. She works with individuals from adolescence into late adulthood and have training to assess and address trauma- acute and sustained.
(317) 900-4457 View (317) 900-4457
Photo of Melissa Ulewicz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Indianapolis, IN
Melissa Ulewicz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, RBC, CCTP, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Indianapolis, IN 46256
I have direct experience working with families, groups, and individuals. I have a passion for Perinatal Mental Health. I enjoy working with individuals who are struggling with Anxiety, Depression, Grief and Loss, and Trauma Recovery. All of my therapy sessions are held on a secure online platform. This allows you to have therapy in the comfort of your own space and be able to access therapy from anywhere in Indiana.
I have direct experience working with families, groups, and individuals. I have a passion for Perinatal Mental Health. I enjoy working with individuals who are struggling with Anxiety, Depression, Grief and Loss, and Trauma Recovery. All of my therapy sessions are held on a secure online platform. This allows you to have therapy in the comfort of your own space and be able to access therapy from anywhere in Indiana.
(317) 342-0593 View (317) 342-0593
Photo of Andrea Aichele, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Indianapolis, IN
Andrea Aichele
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Indianapolis, IN 46234  (Online Only)
Specializing in working with kids, perinatal mental health, trauma, and grief- meet Andrea Aichele, a compassionate and dedicated virtual therapist on the Thrive for Life team, currently accepting new clients in Indiana & Florida. With a client-centered and evidence-based approach, Andrea fosters a safe and supportive environment for individuals seeking personal growth and healing. Andrea utilizes her extensive experience to guide clients towards achieving their unique therapeutic goals. As a skilled and empathetic counselor, Andrea is committed to empowering individuals on their journey to emotional well-being.
Specializing in working with kids, perinatal mental health, trauma, and grief- meet Andrea Aichele, a compassionate and dedicated virtual therapist on the Thrive for Life team, currently accepting new clients in Indiana & Florida. With a client-centered and evidence-based approach, Andrea fosters a safe and supportive environment for individuals seeking personal growth and healing. Andrea utilizes her extensive experience to guide clients towards achieving their unique therapeutic goals. As a skilled and empathetic counselor, Andrea is committed to empowering individuals on their journey to emotional well-being.
(463) 232-6537 View (463) 232-6537
Photo of Gary Nelson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Indianapolis, IN
Gary Nelson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Indianapolis, IN 46204
I love working with ADHD clients to foster more opportunites and manage challenges. I also enjoy the LGBTQ+ community and gender affirming care. I have decades of experience and bring curiosity and kindness to your session.
I love working with ADHD clients to foster more opportunites and manage challenges. I also enjoy the LGBTQ+ community and gender affirming care. I have decades of experience and bring curiosity and kindness to your session.
(463) 219-5111 View (463) 219-5111
Photo of Rinkoo Sidhu in Indianapolis, IN
Rinkoo Sidhu
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Indianapolis, IN 46260  (Online Only)
Hello, my name is Rinkoo Sidhu and I am a Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP) currently licensed in the states of Indiana, Texas, and California.
Hello, my name is Rinkoo Sidhu and I am a Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP) currently licensed in the states of Indiana, Texas, and California.
(463) 666-2636 View (463) 666-2636
Photo of Denise Hayes, Psychologist in Indianapolis, IN
Denise Hayes
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Indianapolis, IN 46268
I believe mental health counseling is key to overall wellness. In the safety of a counseling space you can address concerns that can contribute to depression and anxiety. Counseling can provide opportunities to unlearn unhelpful messages that reduce self confidence, process and heal from trauma and develop skills to express complex feelings and emotions.
I believe mental health counseling is key to overall wellness. In the safety of a counseling space you can address concerns that can contribute to depression and anxiety. Counseling can provide opportunities to unlearn unhelpful messages that reduce self confidence, process and heal from trauma and develop skills to express complex feelings and emotions.
(765) 562-8618 View (765) 562-8618
Photo of Richard Mills-Malangone, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Indianapolis, IN
Richard Mills-Malangone
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, EdD, LCSW, CST, CHT
Verified Verified
Indianapolis, IN 46202
Embarking on the journey of healing from trauma requires courage and compassion. In therapy, we'll navigate through the intricate layers of your experiences, gently unraveling the knots that trauma has woven into your life's narrative. Together, we'll create a safe space where you can explore, process, and integrate your past traumas, empowering you to reclaim your sense of self and move forward with renewed strength and resilience. Your healing journey is as unique as your experiences, and I'm here to support you every step of the way. Let's embark on this transformative path towards healing and wholeness together.
Embarking on the journey of healing from trauma requires courage and compassion. In therapy, we'll navigate through the intricate layers of your experiences, gently unraveling the knots that trauma has woven into your life's narrative. Together, we'll create a safe space where you can explore, process, and integrate your past traumas, empowering you to reclaim your sense of self and move forward with renewed strength and resilience. Your healing journey is as unique as your experiences, and I'm here to support you every step of the way. Let's embark on this transformative path towards healing and wholeness together.
(929) 325-1816 View (929) 325-1816
Photo of Julie A Timke, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Indianapolis, IN
Julie A Timke
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LAC
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Indianapolis, IN 46226
If you're looking for an advanced-trained EMDR Certified Therapist or Consultant (CIT), I would love the opportunity to work with you! I have shifted my practice to only EMDR work: Individual sessions and Intensives Experiences (3 or 4 hours). Intensives include diagnostics, our 8:3 Guidebook, therapy aides, and also include ILF Neurofeedback to decrease emotional dysregulation, dissociation and strengthen the Default Mode Network which plays a major role in our self-concept. Intensives are an excellent option to transform your life without weekly appointments.
If you're looking for an advanced-trained EMDR Certified Therapist or Consultant (CIT), I would love the opportunity to work with you! I have shifted my practice to only EMDR work: Individual sessions and Intensives Experiences (3 or 4 hours). Intensives include diagnostics, our 8:3 Guidebook, therapy aides, and also include ILF Neurofeedback to decrease emotional dysregulation, dissociation and strengthen the Default Mode Network which plays a major role in our self-concept. Intensives are an excellent option to transform your life without weekly appointments.
(317) 225-4867 View (317) 225-4867
Photo of Cardinal Counseling Services, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Indianapolis, IN
Cardinal Counseling Services, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LAC, LLC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Indianapolis, IN 46216
I enjoy working with anyone age 13 or older with struggles in the area of self-esteem, setting healthy boundaries with others, learning how to be self-respectful in words, thoughts & feelings, stress & managing anxiety as well as anyone who is healing from loss of either a loved one or pet(s). I also enjoy helping people during seasons of transition whether in young adulthood to increase independence or later years to adjust to decrease in independence resulting from illness, injury or the aging process. I especially enjoy working to provide faith-based struggles.
I enjoy working with anyone age 13 or older with struggles in the area of self-esteem, setting healthy boundaries with others, learning how to be self-respectful in words, thoughts & feelings, stress & managing anxiety as well as anyone who is healing from loss of either a loved one or pet(s). I also enjoy helping people during seasons of transition whether in young adulthood to increase independence or later years to adjust to decrease in independence resulting from illness, injury or the aging process. I especially enjoy working to provide faith-based struggles.
(317) 961-2738 View (317) 961-2738
Photo of Sean Ross Williams, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Indianapolis, IN
Sean Ross Williams
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Indianapolis, IN 46240  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
You go through the motions day in and day out. You can't sleep. And no one understands, you can't do this anymore - you're tired of living. It's not uncommon for people in the "suicidal mode" to believe there are no options. My job is to help you understand there is a way to alleviate your pain without ending your life. You can return to feeling life is worth living. Usually people want to kill themselves because of a loss - loss of a relationship, finances, career, identity or even the loss of a loved one.
You go through the motions day in and day out. You can't sleep. And no one understands, you can't do this anymore - you're tired of living. It's not uncommon for people in the "suicidal mode" to believe there are no options. My job is to help you understand there is a way to alleviate your pain without ending your life. You can return to feeling life is worth living. Usually people want to kill themselves because of a loss - loss of a relationship, finances, career, identity or even the loss of a loved one.
(463) 220-0663 View (463) 220-0663
Photo of Michael John Maksimovich, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Indianapolis, IN
Michael John Maksimovich
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Indianapolis, IN 46220
My mental health knowledge base is derived from crisis care in the busiest emergency department in Indiana, residential treatment facilities, partial hospitalization programs, inpatient psychiatric hospitalization programs and traditional outpatient therapy settings. I now work independently and am happy to share office space at New Perspectives of Indiana. I focus on working with both adolescent and adult patients who are living and struggling with depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and interpersonal related issues.
My mental health knowledge base is derived from crisis care in the busiest emergency department in Indiana, residential treatment facilities, partial hospitalization programs, inpatient psychiatric hospitalization programs and traditional outpatient therapy settings. I now work independently and am happy to share office space at New Perspectives of Indiana. I focus on working with both adolescent and adult patients who are living and struggling with depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and interpersonal related issues.
(317) 586-4491 View (317) 586-4491
Photo of Tonya Schrougham, Counselor in Indianapolis, IN
Tonya Schrougham
Counselor, MACMHC, MDiv
Verified Verified
Indianapolis, IN 46208
Have you ever felt as if the identity you have been living out of does not really fit? Trauma, neurodivergence, and anxiety are just a few of the reasons we might find ourselves adapting to others expectations. We exist in our state of adapting for years and then one day our ways of coping and existing just do not work any longer. We want to connect with our true self and find a sense of belonging, but where to start? We have been defined by others for so long we are not even sure who we are any longer.
Have you ever felt as if the identity you have been living out of does not really fit? Trauma, neurodivergence, and anxiety are just a few of the reasons we might find ourselves adapting to others expectations. We exist in our state of adapting for years and then one day our ways of coping and existing just do not work any longer. We want to connect with our true self and find a sense of belonging, but where to start? We have been defined by others for so long we are not even sure who we are any longer.
(765) 789-5494 x5038 View (765) 789-5494 x5038

See more therapy options for Indianapolis

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Indianapolis, IN

1,000+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Indianapolis, IN who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
87% Depression
73% Trauma and PTSD
73% Self Esteem
69% Coping Skills
66% Relationship Issues
65% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

72% BlueCross and BlueShield
68% Anthem | Elevance
67% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Indianapolis, IN see their clients

64% In Person and Online
36% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Indianapolis?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.