Therapists in Grass Valley, CA

Photo of Julia Conrad, Marriage & Family Therapist in Grass Valley, CA
Julia Conrad
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
Grass Valley, CA 95949
Do you find that your life and relationships are currently being effected negatively by trauma from your past? Are you ready to feel more fully healed from your past and start living the life you feel you were meant to have? Unresolved trauma can show up in our lives as many things including (but not limited to) depression, anxiety, insecurity, panic, chaotic relationships, anger, addiction. And the list goes on. I use EMDR to help my clients work through and fully process the experiences that are at the root of their current struggles.
Do you find that your life and relationships are currently being effected negatively by trauma from your past? Are you ready to feel more fully healed from your past and start living the life you feel you were meant to have? Unresolved trauma can show up in our lives as many things including (but not limited to) depression, anxiety, insecurity, panic, chaotic relationships, anger, addiction. And the list goes on. I use EMDR to help my clients work through and fully process the experiences that are at the root of their current struggles.
(408) 872-9568 View (408) 872-9568
Photo of Amelia Gough, Marriage & Family Therapist in Grass Valley, CA
Amelia Gough
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA
Verified Verified
Grass Valley, CA 95945
I’m am one of the few therapists seeing in person clients for EMDR therapy in Nevada County. Whether you're struggling with an issue, or just can't shake the feeling that there should be more to life, I can help. I provide a caring environment where you can identify and explore those issues that may be getting in the way of more rewarding relationships. The goal is to help provide you with insight and tools you need to move beyond old, limiting beliefs and behaviors. I have over 25 years experience. I will help you identify limiting beliefs and unhealthy coping mechanisms that are standing in the way of reaching your goals.
I’m am one of the few therapists seeing in person clients for EMDR therapy in Nevada County. Whether you're struggling with an issue, or just can't shake the feeling that there should be more to life, I can help. I provide a caring environment where you can identify and explore those issues that may be getting in the way of more rewarding relationships. The goal is to help provide you with insight and tools you need to move beyond old, limiting beliefs and behaviors. I have over 25 years experience. I will help you identify limiting beliefs and unhealthy coping mechanisms that are standing in the way of reaching your goals.
(530) 554-9319 View (530) 554-9319
Photo of Crystal Clune, Marriage & Family Therapist in Grass Valley, CA
Crystal Clune
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, cEFT-M
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Grass Valley, CA 95945  (Online Only)
My name is Crystal Clune and I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist who specializes in working with children and adolescents and teens. I have worked with school-age children since 2009. My approach to therapy is very client-centered and strength-based. I believe that the client is the expert of themselves and sometimes they just need guidance in re-finding their true selves. I work with all school-age children (ages 5-19) that are struggling with depression, anxiety, family issues, school issues, behavioral issues at home and at school, self-esteem, and trauma.
My name is Crystal Clune and I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist who specializes in working with children and adolescents and teens. I have worked with school-age children since 2009. My approach to therapy is very client-centered and strength-based. I believe that the client is the expert of themselves and sometimes they just need guidance in re-finding their true selves. I work with all school-age children (ages 5-19) that are struggling with depression, anxiety, family issues, school issues, behavioral issues at home and at school, self-esteem, and trauma.
(530) 322-8391 View (530) 322-8391
Photo of Sylvia Wenninger, Marriage & Family Therapist in Grass Valley, CA
Sylvia Wenninger
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Grass Valley, CA 95945
Waitlist for new clients
If you feel stuck -- whether it's the loneliness of an unfulfilling relationship, the dark hole of depression, or the bewilderment of grief -- I would welcome the chance to connect with you. In my fifteen years of practice, I have helped clients to emerge renewed from some of life's hardest places.
If you feel stuck -- whether it's the loneliness of an unfulfilling relationship, the dark hole of depression, or the bewilderment of grief -- I would welcome the chance to connect with you. In my fifteen years of practice, I have helped clients to emerge renewed from some of life's hardest places.
(415) 799-4207 View (415) 799-4207
Photo of Meg Luce, Marriage & Family Therapist in Grass Valley, CA
Meg Luce
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Grass Valley, CA 95945
Caring, compassionate counseling to help clients move forward through challenges and make positive life changes. I work with individuals and couples to address relationship difficulties, depression, anxiety, trauma, stress management, low self-esteem, perfectionism, and new pathways for personal growth. While working with individuals, clients set the goals that they wish to address. My role is to listen, encourage, and guide clients in a process of self-discovery and self-mastery. Sometimes clients are trying to heal from past trauma and move forward. Sessions offer support for healing and learning new healthy ways to live.
Caring, compassionate counseling to help clients move forward through challenges and make positive life changes. I work with individuals and couples to address relationship difficulties, depression, anxiety, trauma, stress management, low self-esteem, perfectionism, and new pathways for personal growth. While working with individuals, clients set the goals that they wish to address. My role is to listen, encourage, and guide clients in a process of self-discovery and self-mastery. Sometimes clients are trying to heal from past trauma and move forward. Sessions offer support for healing and learning new healthy ways to live.
(530) 419-4557 View (530) 419-4557
Photo of Laila Julietta Murfin, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Grass Valley, CA
Laila Julietta Murfin
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, LPCC, R-DMT
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Grass Valley, CA 95945
Waitlist for new clients
I am currently accepting adult clients for Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy. Are you struggling to find center in a world that is constantly moving out from under your feet? It is possible to find stability in chaos. Are you straining to find pleasure in your daily experience? Do you find yourself pushing away the people you love most while you yearn for the soft heart of connection? It can be terrifying to share your pain with another. While life may feel overwhelming and impossible despite your best efforts, it doesn’t have to be this way forever. You can live with greater inner stability, more joy, and nourishing relationships.
I am currently accepting adult clients for Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy. Are you struggling to find center in a world that is constantly moving out from under your feet? It is possible to find stability in chaos. Are you straining to find pleasure in your daily experience? Do you find yourself pushing away the people you love most while you yearn for the soft heart of connection? It can be terrifying to share your pain with another. While life may feel overwhelming and impossible despite your best efforts, it doesn’t have to be this way forever. You can live with greater inner stability, more joy, and nourishing relationships.
(530) 212-7267 View (530) 212-7267
Photo of Christopher Shirey, Associate Professional Clinical Counselor in Grass Valley, CA
Christopher Shirey
Associate Professional Clinical Counselor, APCC
Not Verified Not Verified
1 Endorsed
Grass Valley, CA 95945
Not accepting new clients
Now part of Kindred Heart Therapy Group. Many people know where they would like to be, but are unsure of how to get there. You may find yourself worrying about different parts of your life and looking for help. Together, we can process different aspects of your life and work toward reaching your goals. Meeting with a therapist can be an intimidating experience, but I hope you can take the time to give yourself an opportunity to see how I can help.
Now part of Kindred Heart Therapy Group. Many people know where they would like to be, but are unsure of how to get there. You may find yourself worrying about different parts of your life and looking for help. Together, we can process different aspects of your life and work toward reaching your goals. Meeting with a therapist can be an intimidating experience, but I hope you can take the time to give yourself an opportunity to see how I can help.
(530) 236-6873 View (530) 236-6873
Photo of Cate Taylor, Pre-Licensed Professional in Grass Valley, CA
Cate Taylor
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Grass Valley, CA 95945
Waitlist for new clients
I honor the trials and challenges that bring us to the point of choosing to make a change. From this place, we can become empowered to be who we truly are. I am passionate about meeting people where they’re at and supporting their unique path of self-discovery as they feel guided. I welcome working with individuals in any phase of life, couples, and families from diverse, multicultural backgrounds, sexual orientations, and gender identities on any issues.
I honor the trials and challenges that bring us to the point of choosing to make a change. From this place, we can become empowered to be who we truly are. I am passionate about meeting people where they’re at and supporting their unique path of self-discovery as they feel guided. I welcome working with individuals in any phase of life, couples, and families from diverse, multicultural backgrounds, sexual orientations, and gender identities on any issues.
(530) 451-0607 View (530) 451-0607
Photo of Windy DiPietro, Marriage & Family Therapist in Grass Valley, CA
Windy DiPietro
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, Coach, RYT
Verified Verified
Grass Valley, CA 95949
Tired of tying yourself into knots just to get others to like you? Do you ever feel trapped in a relentless emotional storm, where every disagreement threatens your relationship and overwhelms you? The constant fear of abandonment, the need for constant reassurance – these burdens weigh heavily on your heart. It's like walking an emotional tightrope, longing for love and connection. These patterns, etched into our souls from an early age can lead to unending emotional turmoil and strained relationships. But I understand your deep yearning for love and connection.
Tired of tying yourself into knots just to get others to like you? Do you ever feel trapped in a relentless emotional storm, where every disagreement threatens your relationship and overwhelms you? The constant fear of abandonment, the need for constant reassurance – these burdens weigh heavily on your heart. It's like walking an emotional tightrope, longing for love and connection. These patterns, etched into our souls from an early age can lead to unending emotional turmoil and strained relationships. But I understand your deep yearning for love and connection.
(530) 734-3180 View (530) 734-3180
Photo of Susan Garner, Marriage & Family Therapist in Grass Valley, CA
Susan Garner
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Grass Valley, CA 95945  (Online Only)
I have been a practicing psychotherapist for 20 years, working primarily with individuals and couples (including same sex couples): including individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds, parents and adult children seeking to heal old wounds and improve communication. My work with individual adult clients has focussed primarily on anxiety, panic attacks, depression, adjusting to life transitions and problems in primary relationships. Whatever your objectives, whether to identify and change self-limiting narratives, heal trauma and losses, improve communication skills and/or need couples therapy, I can help you.
I have been a practicing psychotherapist for 20 years, working primarily with individuals and couples (including same sex couples): including individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds, parents and adult children seeking to heal old wounds and improve communication. My work with individual adult clients has focussed primarily on anxiety, panic attacks, depression, adjusting to life transitions and problems in primary relationships. Whatever your objectives, whether to identify and change self-limiting narratives, heal trauma and losses, improve communication skills and/or need couples therapy, I can help you.
(530) 285-2508 View (530) 285-2508
Photo of Bonnie Lee Eskie, Marriage & Family Therapist in Grass Valley, CA
Bonnie Lee Eskie
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, CHT, CMT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Grass Valley, CA 95945
Life can be challenging. Are you feeling depressed, anxious, overwhelmed, and stuck? Would you like life to be more fulfilling, and feel happy, empowered, and satisfied in your close relationships? Would you like to learn communication techniques and stress management skills that really work? Are you interested in transformation. If so I can help. My aim is to help you get quick relief in your life now, and empower you with skills, and tools to discover your innate wisdom, in the face of life challenges. I will help you create the life you want and love the life you live.
Life can be challenging. Are you feeling depressed, anxious, overwhelmed, and stuck? Would you like life to be more fulfilling, and feel happy, empowered, and satisfied in your close relationships? Would you like to learn communication techniques and stress management skills that really work? Are you interested in transformation. If so I can help. My aim is to help you get quick relief in your life now, and empower you with skills, and tools to discover your innate wisdom, in the face of life challenges. I will help you create the life you want and love the life you live.
(530) 235-5541 View (530) 235-5541
Photo of Kathleen Benson, Marriage & Family Therapist in Grass Valley, CA
Kathleen Benson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Grass Valley, CA 95945  (Online Only)
During difficult times, no matter how big or small the issue may be, I extend an invitation to provide support and guidance, while you and/or your family member(s) take steps towards healing. Everyone knows or understands what it means to suffer - whether one grew up in a volatile family system, carries the scars of traumatic life events or lives with feelings of self-doubt, inner discord or unhappiness. I can provide you with a client and trauma - centered approach to healing. I will help you acquire the balance, relief, or personal development you are seeking.
During difficult times, no matter how big or small the issue may be, I extend an invitation to provide support and guidance, while you and/or your family member(s) take steps towards healing. Everyone knows or understands what it means to suffer - whether one grew up in a volatile family system, carries the scars of traumatic life events or lives with feelings of self-doubt, inner discord or unhappiness. I can provide you with a client and trauma - centered approach to healing. I will help you acquire the balance, relief, or personal development you are seeking.
(530) 771-6615 View (530) 771-6615
Mervin Kril
MD
Verified Verified
Grass Valley, CA 95945
Dr. Mervin Kril works with individuals of all ages but focuses on children, adolescents, and young adults. Dr. Kril uses his experience as a parent, physician, and psychologist to help his patients and their families understand their diagnoses.
Dr. Mervin Kril works with individuals of all ages but focuses on children, adolescents, and young adults. Dr. Kril uses his experience as a parent, physician, and psychologist to help his patients and their families understand their diagnoses.
(855) 743-2006 View (855) 743-2006
Photo of Olivia Hardt, Marriage & Family Therapist in Grass Valley, CA
Olivia Hardt
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Grass Valley, CA 95945  (Online Only)
Therapy is a conscious and brave decision. Daily stressors can have the effect of snowballing into something more overtime, a life change can hit out of nowhere, and past experiences seem to seep into the present day when you least expect an arrival. So, the reason(s) for therapy is subjective to you: It could be to improve the relationship you have with yourself and/or others, changing behavioral patterns or habits, seeking alternative perspectives, or to just be heard and seen.
Therapy is a conscious and brave decision. Daily stressors can have the effect of snowballing into something more overtime, a life change can hit out of nowhere, and past experiences seem to seep into the present day when you least expect an arrival. So, the reason(s) for therapy is subjective to you: It could be to improve the relationship you have with yourself and/or others, changing behavioral patterns or habits, seeking alternative perspectives, or to just be heard and seen.
(530) 236-6792 View (530) 236-6792
Photo of Susan Byrne, Marriage & Family Therapist in Grass Valley, CA
Susan Byrne
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Grass Valley, CA 95949
These are challenging, even scary, times for many. People can feel at a loss about how and where to find support. Many people experience an increase in anxiety, depression and PTSD symptoms due to personal and global challenges. If you are struggling, please know there are resources that can help even if you are not able to go out into your community or to a therapist's office. I am offering phone and video chat sessions via Zoom. A recent episode on NPR.org titled, "How to Get Therapy When You Can't Leave the House" might be of interest and helpful. You can also go to www.NPR.org/Life Kit
These are challenging, even scary, times for many. People can feel at a loss about how and where to find support. Many people experience an increase in anxiety, depression and PTSD symptoms due to personal and global challenges. If you are struggling, please know there are resources that can help even if you are not able to go out into your community or to a therapist's office. I am offering phone and video chat sessions via Zoom. A recent episode on NPR.org titled, "How to Get Therapy When You Can't Leave the House" might be of interest and helpful. You can also go to www.NPR.org/Life Kit
(530) 738-5040 View (530) 738-5040
Photo of Ramona Beresford-Howe, Psychologist in Grass Valley, CA
Ramona Beresford-Howe
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Grass Valley, CA 95945
You are here because you are ready. You are ready to finally put your past to rest and take charge of those last lingering symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. You have been working hard on yourself but still feel the occasional panic or anger that seems out of proportion or is difficult to control. And it’s time. You know it, you feel it. And you’re ready. Conversely, you might be ready to find the right person or the right job, and despite all your work with self-help books or talk therapy you know there is still a deeper core of PTSD symptoms to work through so that you can move on to bigger and better things.
You are here because you are ready. You are ready to finally put your past to rest and take charge of those last lingering symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. You have been working hard on yourself but still feel the occasional panic or anger that seems out of proportion or is difficult to control. And it’s time. You know it, you feel it. And you’re ready. Conversely, you might be ready to find the right person or the right job, and despite all your work with self-help books or talk therapy you know there is still a deeper core of PTSD symptoms to work through so that you can move on to bigger and better things.
(530) 212-7223 View (530) 212-7223
Photo of Michelle M Tagg, Pre-Licensed Professional in Grass Valley, CA
Michelle M Tagg
Pre-Licensed Professional, ASW
Verified Verified
Grass Valley, CA 95945
My goal is to help others process through this journey of life in a supportive and healthy way. Much of my career has been working with children and families addressing generational substance abuse, poverty, and domestic violence. I also have over 9 years of experience working in the hospice field and working through end of life events.
My goal is to help others process through this journey of life in a supportive and healthy way. Much of my career has been working with children and families addressing generational substance abuse, poverty, and domestic violence. I also have over 9 years of experience working in the hospice field and working through end of life events.
(530) 444-1912 View (530) 444-1912
Photo of Veronica Monet in Grass Valley, CA
Veronica Monet
ACS
Verified Verified
Grass Valley, CA 95945
I want to help you. But are we a good fit? Here's what my clients appreciate most about me: 1. They KNOW they'll be accepted and valued no matter what they share with me. 2. They value my skills as an empath because I can get to the solutions they need much more precisely. 3. They want a dynamic combination of spiritual guidance and concrete steps to their desired goals. 4. They know they can obtain information about sex and sexuality that is not available from their doctor or even online. 5. They trust me to see and foster their personal best!
I want to help you. But are we a good fit? Here's what my clients appreciate most about me: 1. They KNOW they'll be accepted and valued no matter what they share with me. 2. They value my skills as an empath because I can get to the solutions they need much more precisely. 3. They want a dynamic combination of spiritual guidance and concrete steps to their desired goals. 4. They know they can obtain information about sex and sexuality that is not available from their doctor or even online. 5. They trust me to see and foster their personal best!
(415) 691-2832 View (415) 691-2832
Photo of Charline D Tocchi, Psychologist in Grass Valley, CA
Charline D Tocchi
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Grass Valley, CA 95945
My primary philosophy uses a humanistic, embodied approach to somatic psychology. Using developmental based theories, I focus on healing from the inside out. Increasing positive self-awareness motivates the individual to investigate soulful changes that produce more joy and satisfaction in their everyday lives. I continue to see adults, for both assessment and treatment of anxiety, depression, and other life cycle challenges.
My primary philosophy uses a humanistic, embodied approach to somatic psychology. Using developmental based theories, I focus on healing from the inside out. Increasing positive self-awareness motivates the individual to investigate soulful changes that produce more joy and satisfaction in their everyday lives. I continue to see adults, for both assessment and treatment of anxiety, depression, and other life cycle challenges.
(530) 432-2984 View (530) 432-2984
Photo of Laura L Sanchez-Lmft, Marriage & Family Therapist in Grass Valley, CA
Laura L Sanchez-Lmft
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Grass Valley, CA 95949  (Online Only)
Telehealth therapy is available for clients who live in California, including evening appointments. I am a compassionate, supportive, culturally competent, & an intelligent therapist with experience. I help clients set goals for therapy. I have experience working with clients from different cultures and backgrounds. I work with multiple clients who struggle with w/symptoms of depression, anxiety, life transitions, grief/loss, complex prolonged grief, sexual assault, complex trauma, communication issues, childless by choice or not by choice, IVF, parenting, PTSD, addictions and more. I offer couples or individual sessions.
Telehealth therapy is available for clients who live in California, including evening appointments. I am a compassionate, supportive, culturally competent, & an intelligent therapist with experience. I help clients set goals for therapy. I have experience working with clients from different cultures and backgrounds. I work with multiple clients who struggle with w/symptoms of depression, anxiety, life transitions, grief/loss, complex prolonged grief, sexual assault, complex trauma, communication issues, childless by choice or not by choice, IVF, parenting, PTSD, addictions and more. I offer couples or individual sessions.
(530) 444-6857 View (530) 444-6857

See more therapy options for Grass Valley

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Grass Valley, CA

100+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Grass Valley, CA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
89% Depression
82% Trauma and PTSD
80% Grief
79% Self Esteem
76% Relationship Issues
69% Stress

Average years in practice

15 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

44% Anthem | Elevance
42% Medi-Cal
40% MHN | Health Net

How Therapists in Grass Valley, CA see their clients

76% In Person and Online
24% Online Only

Gender breakdown

84% Female
16% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Grass Valley?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.