Therapists in Southfield, MI

Photo of Andrew Jay Smith, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Southfield, MI
Andrew Jay Smith
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LLMSW
Verified Verified
Southfield, MI 48076  (Online Only)
I believe people do things for good reasons. When things do not work out, we work together to find effective methods to resolve the challenges we face. I offer unconditional positive regard to all of my clients. Therapy is a cooperative endeavor conducted in a safe and welcoming environment.
I believe people do things for good reasons. When things do not work out, we work together to find effective methods to resolve the challenges we face. I offer unconditional positive regard to all of my clients. Therapy is a cooperative endeavor conducted in a safe and welcoming environment.
(248) 290-8953 View (248) 290-8953
Photo of LaShawn Myers, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Southfield, MI
LaShawn Myers
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Southfield, MI 48075
Well hello! Thank you for visiting me today!!! Feeling like you just need to talk? I am here for you! Most clients I work with say I am personable and easy to talk to. It has often been said my witty and compassionate nature is helpful when working through difficult situations. Individuals have said working with me is more like talking to a friend than a therapist.
Well hello! Thank you for visiting me today!!! Feeling like you just need to talk? I am here for you! Most clients I work with say I am personable and easy to talk to. It has often been said my witty and compassionate nature is helpful when working through difficult situations. Individuals have said working with me is more like talking to a friend than a therapist.
(586) 238-3525 View (586) 238-3525
Photo of Brandi S Butler, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Southfield, MI
Brandi S Butler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, LCSW
Not Verified Not Verified
1 Endorsed
Southfield, MI 48076  (Online Only)
Do you feel alone? Are you isolating from others or not feeling like yourself, or in general feeling overwhelmed with everyday life stressors? Is it tough to deal with relationships, employment, career direction, stress, emotions, and/or self-esteem? Or do you just need someone to listen and assist you along the journey? My hope for my client is to feel they are in a safe, positive space with me. Throughout our journey I strive to maintain a non-judgmental, person centered therapeutic approach while utilizing EMDR, CBT, Mindfulness based therapy, and more. My goal is to support you along the way.
Do you feel alone? Are you isolating from others or not feeling like yourself, or in general feeling overwhelmed with everyday life stressors? Is it tough to deal with relationships, employment, career direction, stress, emotions, and/or self-esteem? Or do you just need someone to listen and assist you along the journey? My hope for my client is to feel they are in a safe, positive space with me. Throughout our journey I strive to maintain a non-judgmental, person centered therapeutic approach while utilizing EMDR, CBT, Mindfulness based therapy, and more. My goal is to support you along the way.
(248) 653-1963 View (248) 653-1963
Photo of Taylour K Lee, Limited Licensed Psychologist in Southfield, MI
Taylour K Lee
Limited Licensed Psychologist, MA, LLP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Southfield, MI 48075  (Online Only)
Now more than ever taking good care of our mental health is important. I strive to create a safe and non- judgmental place where my clients may explore their feelings, work through past or present concerns, learn new coping skills, manage anxiety provoking thoughts and grow to be the best version of themselves. Therapy can seem like an overwhelming process and I am sure to meet the client where they are and work at the pace of their choosing.
Now more than ever taking good care of our mental health is important. I strive to create a safe and non- judgmental place where my clients may explore their feelings, work through past or present concerns, learn new coping skills, manage anxiety provoking thoughts and grow to be the best version of themselves. Therapy can seem like an overwhelming process and I am sure to meet the client where they are and work at the pace of their choosing.
(248) 595-7504 View (248) 595-7504
Photo of Roselyn J. Traylor, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Southfield, MI
Roselyn J. Traylor
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Southfield, MI 48075  (Online Only)
Honestly, life sometimes deals us a hand we don't think is fair, and it doesn't matter how old we are. This proverbial hand may appear in our infancy, early childhood, teenage years, young adult years, middle age or golden years; and sometimes hand after hand they may last a lifetime. These hands may appear at home, school or work and involve a variety of other systems/institutions: foster care, residential, hospitalization, or correctional, all of which separates families. The optimum outcome it seems would be healing from the trauma; peace, acceptance, some understanding and effective coping skills at last.
Honestly, life sometimes deals us a hand we don't think is fair, and it doesn't matter how old we are. This proverbial hand may appear in our infancy, early childhood, teenage years, young adult years, middle age or golden years; and sometimes hand after hand they may last a lifetime. These hands may appear at home, school or work and involve a variety of other systems/institutions: foster care, residential, hospitalization, or correctional, all of which separates families. The optimum outcome it seems would be healing from the trauma; peace, acceptance, some understanding and effective coping skills at last.
(248) 265-3858 View (248) 265-3858
Photo of Silver Lining Organization LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Southfield, MI
Silver Lining Organization LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA , LLPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Southfield, MI 48075
Hello, I'm Sandra. I have dedicated my life to giving back and helping others. I am a Limited License Professional Counselor, and am pleased to be of service to you. Counseling is my passion, and it is also a road I have taken in dealing with divorce, work transitions, and children among other things. As your therapist, I am not only bringing my internship, educational, and work experiences to you,but also life's experiences.
Hello, I'm Sandra. I have dedicated my life to giving back and helping others. I am a Limited License Professional Counselor, and am pleased to be of service to you. Counseling is my passion, and it is also a road I have taken in dealing with divorce, work transitions, and children among other things. As your therapist, I am not only bringing my internship, educational, and work experiences to you,but also life's experiences.
(248) 831-0534 View (248) 831-0534
Photo of Autumn M Taylor-Kareem, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Southfield, MI
Autumn M Taylor-Kareem
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Southfield, MI 48034
I believe that we are all broken vessels, just like glass that can be restored, when we learn new behaviors and techniques to help us heal from the inside out. It will take time, dedication, and hard work, but no work of art is a masterpiece without first starting from clay. The environment will be judgement free, empathic, and warm all while staying focused on getting to the root of the problem.
I believe that we are all broken vessels, just like glass that can be restored, when we learn new behaviors and techniques to help us heal from the inside out. It will take time, dedication, and hard work, but no work of art is a masterpiece without first starting from clay. The environment will be judgement free, empathic, and warm all while staying focused on getting to the root of the problem.
(947) 800-4141 View (947) 800-4141
Photo of Cedric Brooks, Counselor in Southfield, MI
Cedric Brooks
Counselor, MA, LLPC
Verified Verified
Southfield, MI 48033
I am a Clinical Therapist at True Thoughts Counseling LLC. My therapeutic approach includes meeting clients where they are while working in partnership to identify internal strengths and resources to best approach life’s challenges. I have experience working with individuals living with depression, anxiety, substance abuse issues and dealing with childhood trauma. I use a combination of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Solution Focused Therapy (SFT) techniques to promote self-love and client growth.
I am a Clinical Therapist at True Thoughts Counseling LLC. My therapeutic approach includes meeting clients where they are while working in partnership to identify internal strengths and resources to best approach life’s challenges. I have experience working with individuals living with depression, anxiety, substance abuse issues and dealing with childhood trauma. I use a combination of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Solution Focused Therapy (SFT) techniques to promote self-love and client growth.
(947) 888-5853 View (947) 888-5853
Photo of Steve Ware, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Southfield, MI
Steve Ware
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Southfield, MI 48076
Hi, I'm Steve. If you are reading this, maybe it is because you are feeling lost, stressed out, or overwhelmed. Maybe you feel shutdown, and you can’t remember the last time you were really happy. Whatever it is, I'd like to hear about it. I've been there too, and it doesn't have to be this hard. I have watched hundreds of people transform their lives through the therapy process. It is possible for everyone to heal, grow, and have hope for the future.
Hi, I'm Steve. If you are reading this, maybe it is because you are feeling lost, stressed out, or overwhelmed. Maybe you feel shutdown, and you can’t remember the last time you were really happy. Whatever it is, I'd like to hear about it. I've been there too, and it doesn't have to be this hard. I have watched hundreds of people transform their lives through the therapy process. It is possible for everyone to heal, grow, and have hope for the future.
(248) 479-3579 View (248) 479-3579
Photo of Jakita Criswell-Reed, Marriage & Family Therapist in Southfield, MI
Jakita Criswell-Reed
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LLMFT
Verified Verified
Southfield, MI 48034
Are you ready to heal from relationship trauma? Do you have challenges trusting yourself and knowing if you're making a big deal out of issues or if you are right about how you feel? Are you tired and burnt out from dating people who either waste your time or aren’t compatible? It’s time to learn your dating patterns and start making healthier choices for your mind, body, and soul.
Are you ready to heal from relationship trauma? Do you have challenges trusting yourself and knowing if you're making a big deal out of issues or if you are right about how you feel? Are you tired and burnt out from dating people who either waste your time or aren’t compatible? It’s time to learn your dating patterns and start making healthier choices for your mind, body, and soul.
(248) 218-9802 View (248) 218-9802
Photo of Tiffany Pope, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Southfield, MI
Tiffany Pope
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LLMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Southfield, MI 48034  (Online Only)
Do you need Peace in your life? In my experience, numerous clients grapple with depression and anxiety, and I've consistently observed a profound connection between these struggles and issues of identity. Many clients express a sense of not knowing who they are, leading them to live for others, seek validation, and consequently, spiral into anxiety and depression. Are you currently navigating the challenges of anxiety and depression? Do questions about your identity and your role in life contribute to your struggles? If so, allow me to help you "MasterPeace" your life.
Do you need Peace in your life? In my experience, numerous clients grapple with depression and anxiety, and I've consistently observed a profound connection between these struggles and issues of identity. Many clients express a sense of not knowing who they are, leading them to live for others, seek validation, and consequently, spiral into anxiety and depression. Are you currently navigating the challenges of anxiety and depression? Do questions about your identity and your role in life contribute to your struggles? If so, allow me to help you "MasterPeace" your life.
(248) 955-2860 View (248) 955-2860
Photo of Lawrence W Rodgers, Pre-Licensed Professional in Southfield, MI
Lawrence W Rodgers
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Southfield, MI 48076
Not accepting new clients
Are you working towards clarity and purpose, or navigating the intricate journey of self-discovery and transformation? If you're grappling with life's pivotal decisions or the weight of unresolved past or current experiences hindering your progress, you're not alone. Together, we can chart a path toward your healing. As a clinician committed to your healing journey, my mission is to foster a nurturing and empathetic environment, guiding you toward healing, understanding, and the realization of your fullest potential.
Are you working towards clarity and purpose, or navigating the intricate journey of self-discovery and transformation? If you're grappling with life's pivotal decisions or the weight of unresolved past or current experiences hindering your progress, you're not alone. Together, we can chart a path toward your healing. As a clinician committed to your healing journey, my mission is to foster a nurturing and empathetic environment, guiding you toward healing, understanding, and the realization of your fullest potential.
(248) 487-1474 View (248) 487-1474
Photo of Secret Mitchell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Southfield, MI
Secret Mitchell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LLMSW
Verified Verified
Southfield, MI 48076
Hello! My name is Secret, and I am a limited-licensed therapist, a certified reiki master, and a certified crystal healer. I love working with clients to help guide them on their healing journey. I specialize in spirituality, depression, and anxiety disorders. I like to work with adolescents and young adults; however, I am open to working with all clients, no matter their backgrounds. I have a passion for helping clients get to the root of their mental health problems so that they will be liberated by ensuring that I provide a safe space for those who often feel unheard to feel seen, heard, and understood.
Hello! My name is Secret, and I am a limited-licensed therapist, a certified reiki master, and a certified crystal healer. I love working with clients to help guide them on their healing journey. I specialize in spirituality, depression, and anxiety disorders. I like to work with adolescents and young adults; however, I am open to working with all clients, no matter their backgrounds. I have a passion for helping clients get to the root of their mental health problems so that they will be liberated by ensuring that I provide a safe space for those who often feel unheard to feel seen, heard, and understood.
(248) 605-3971 View (248) 605-3971
Photo of Alicia Monique Lurry, Licensed Professional Counselor in Southfield, MI
Alicia Monique Lurry
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CRC
Verified Verified
Southfield, MI 48034
My experience includes treatment for anxiety, depression, trauma, and adjustment disorders. My clients include children, teens, and adults. I believe in providing a safe space and judgment free area for clients to focus on their individual needs. Therapy provides an opportunity to deal with those hidden areas that manifest and cause discomfort. my role as a therapist is to provide the client with the necessary tools to cope with those areas of difficulty they may face.
My experience includes treatment for anxiety, depression, trauma, and adjustment disorders. My clients include children, teens, and adults. I believe in providing a safe space and judgment free area for clients to focus on their individual needs. Therapy provides an opportunity to deal with those hidden areas that manifest and cause discomfort. my role as a therapist is to provide the client with the necessary tools to cope with those areas of difficulty they may face.
(248) 453-2201 View (248) 453-2201
Photo of Personna Hover, Pre-Licensed Professional in Southfield, MI
Personna Hover
Pre-Licensed Professional, Pre, License, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Southfield, MI 48076
Are you experiencing a major life shift or is there a life event that just took place that has left you feeling lost? Confused? Unsure of what is next. Our primary goal in therapy is to help on your journey to certainty. Life can be unpredictable and an ever-flow of ups and downs. Change can be good but you may feel it’s time to let go of some old habits and patterns that no longer serve the person you are becoming. Some clients may be experiencing a divorce, college or career change, birth of a new child or the death of a parent.
Are you experiencing a major life shift or is there a life event that just took place that has left you feeling lost? Confused? Unsure of what is next. Our primary goal in therapy is to help on your journey to certainty. Life can be unpredictable and an ever-flow of ups and downs. Change can be good but you may feel it’s time to let go of some old habits and patterns that no longer serve the person you are becoming. Some clients may be experiencing a divorce, college or career change, birth of a new child or the death of a parent.
(248) 617-7537 View (248) 617-7537
Photo of Shantael Harbin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Southfield, MI
Shantael Harbin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Southfield, MI 48037  (Online Only)
Are you someone who is dealing with everyday life stressors? Perhaps struggling with not feeling like yourself, but don’t quite know why? Or, maybe find it difficult to communicate your feelings, wants and needs? If you answered yes to any of these questions, then you are not alone. The key to perseverance is to acknowledge your struggles and use coping skills to help overcome life’s obstacles. My passion is promoting positive mental health and helping others improve their emotional well-being. I am Shantael Harbin, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who seeks to heIp clients regain a sense of self, promoting resiliency.
Are you someone who is dealing with everyday life stressors? Perhaps struggling with not feeling like yourself, but don’t quite know why? Or, maybe find it difficult to communicate your feelings, wants and needs? If you answered yes to any of these questions, then you are not alone. The key to perseverance is to acknowledge your struggles and use coping skills to help overcome life’s obstacles. My passion is promoting positive mental health and helping others improve their emotional well-being. I am Shantael Harbin, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who seeks to heIp clients regain a sense of self, promoting resiliency.
(313) 513-0402 View (313) 513-0402
Photo of Sean Madigan Hoen, Counselor in Southfield, MI
Sean Madigan Hoen
Counselor, LLPC
Verified Verified
Southfield, MI 48076
I don't believe in having an "ideal client," but rather subscribe to Irvin Yalom's idea that the client/clinician relationship is one of "fellow travelers." Therefore, I view it as my responsibility to meet the client where they are in order to begin a journey in which their needs and strengths indicate the direction of therapy. I create a space in which my diverse client-base is inspired to be as truthful and expressive as possible and in which we can begin to pay attention to the client's deepest voice. Moving toward feeling and through repression is crucial to my work, and I believe lasting growth begins here.
I don't believe in having an "ideal client," but rather subscribe to Irvin Yalom's idea that the client/clinician relationship is one of "fellow travelers." Therefore, I view it as my responsibility to meet the client where they are in order to begin a journey in which their needs and strengths indicate the direction of therapy. I create a space in which my diverse client-base is inspired to be as truthful and expressive as possible and in which we can begin to pay attention to the client's deepest voice. Moving toward feeling and through repression is crucial to my work, and I believe lasting growth begins here.
(248) 653-6486 View (248) 653-6486
Photo of Jeannine A. Tyree, Licensed Professional Counselor in Southfield, MI
Jeannine A. Tyree
Licensed Professional Counselor, MRC, LPC, CRC, ACS
Verified Verified
Southfield, MI 48075
In my practice I provide psychotherapy to adults, teenagers, and couples in a warm, patient, non-judgmental environment. My office is an inviting, safe space for healing. I work with people who seek support for anxiety, depression, grief and loss, trauma, relationships, family issues, anger, life balance, and life stressors. I assist in empowering people with areas such as work, school, and change in living dynamics, disabilities, chronic illness, self-care, relationship breakups and divorce. I have extensive experience with diversity, spirituality, and individuals from various cultural backgrounds.
In my practice I provide psychotherapy to adults, teenagers, and couples in a warm, patient, non-judgmental environment. My office is an inviting, safe space for healing. I work with people who seek support for anxiety, depression, grief and loss, trauma, relationships, family issues, anger, life balance, and life stressors. I assist in empowering people with areas such as work, school, and change in living dynamics, disabilities, chronic illness, self-care, relationship breakups and divorce. I have extensive experience with diversity, spirituality, and individuals from various cultural backgrounds.
(248) 422-0568 View (248) 422-0568
Photo of Sarah R Williams, LMSW, PLLC & Associates, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Southfield, MI
Sarah R Williams, LMSW, PLLC & Associates
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Southfield, MI 48076  (Online Only)
My goal is to provide a connected, safe relationship to develop insight, new capacities, and meaningful change. I am a psychotherapist offering trauma informed, culturally competent, and queer affirming psychotherapy to individuals. My framework includes using psychodynamic, strengths-based, and relational theories with an approach that's warm, compassionate, and authentic.
My goal is to provide a connected, safe relationship to develop insight, new capacities, and meaningful change. I am a psychotherapist offering trauma informed, culturally competent, and queer affirming psychotherapy to individuals. My framework includes using psychodynamic, strengths-based, and relational theories with an approach that's warm, compassionate, and authentic.
(947) 282-5046 View (947) 282-5046
Photo of Jessica Albee, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Southfield, MI
Jessica Albee
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Southfield, MI 48076
I have experience in various clinical settings including partial hospitalization, intensive outpatient treatment, and outpatient treatment working specifically with adolescents and young adults experiencing various eating disorder diagnoses including: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and avoidant restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), as well as body image concerns - my hope is to help you or your child make peace with food and their bodies once and for all! I also work with anxiety disorders, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder in children, adolescents, and young adults.
I have experience in various clinical settings including partial hospitalization, intensive outpatient treatment, and outpatient treatment working specifically with adolescents and young adults experiencing various eating disorder diagnoses including: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and avoidant restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), as well as body image concerns - my hope is to help you or your child make peace with food and their bodies once and for all! I also work with anxiety disorders, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder in children, adolescents, and young adults.
(248) 712-3382 View (248) 712-3382

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Southfield, MI

500+

Average cost per session

$143

Therapists in Southfield, MI who prioritize treating:

88% Anxiety
86% Depression
72% Relationship Issues
72% Coping Skills
72% Self Esteem
69% Stress
64% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

91% BlueCross and BlueShield
61% Blue Care Network
58% Aetna

How Therapists in Southfield, MI see their clients

66% In Person and Online
34% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
20% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Southfield?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.