Therapists in West Hartford, CT

Photo of David Queally, Licensed Professional Counselor in West Hartford, CT
David Queally
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LMHC, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
West Hartford, CT 06119
Waitlist for new clients
You thought you'd put 'it' behind you. You must be "doing it wrong" since it's still there. Talking about it worked- until it didn't. Your relationships are suffering. You're exhausted. It's time to get some help; some relief from the weight you've been carrying for so long. I am EMDR Certified and utilize a combination of EMDR and IFS (Internal Family Systems).
You thought you'd put 'it' behind you. You must be "doing it wrong" since it's still there. Talking about it worked- until it didn't. Your relationships are suffering. You're exhausted. It's time to get some help; some relief from the weight you've been carrying for so long. I am EMDR Certified and utilize a combination of EMDR and IFS (Internal Family Systems).
(860) 318-2432 View (860) 318-2432
Photo of Connor M Blais, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in West Hartford, CT
Connor M Blais
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
West Hartford, CT 06110
I aim to provide a client-centered approach to each session that provides insight and growth. By doing this we can work together to identify what makes you an individual and ensure that we can construct and work to accomplish your specific treatment goals. I have experience working with a variety of populations including children ranging in ages from 6 months to 14 years old whom were experiencing, anxieties, peer relationship difficulties, ADHD, and or behavioral problems. I have also worked in crisis intervention for adult attending court mandated programs.
I aim to provide a client-centered approach to each session that provides insight and growth. By doing this we can work together to identify what makes you an individual and ensure that we can construct and work to accomplish your specific treatment goals. I have experience working with a variety of populations including children ranging in ages from 6 months to 14 years old whom were experiencing, anxieties, peer relationship difficulties, ADHD, and or behavioral problems. I have also worked in crisis intervention for adult attending court mandated programs.
(860) 791-4795 View (860) 791-4795
Photo of Jamie Dlugoborski, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in West Hartford, CT
Jamie Dlugoborski
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Hartford, CT 06107
Being a young adult in this world can be tricky! Whether you are in college, a new graduate, making big transitions, or simply figuring out your next moves in life, it is important to have supportive people in your corner to help you through. Navigating unique challenges, changes, and choices presented in life can be both exciting and daunting. I offer a safe, judgment free, and LGBTQIA+ friendly environment to my clients.
Being a young adult in this world can be tricky! Whether you are in college, a new graduate, making big transitions, or simply figuring out your next moves in life, it is important to have supportive people in your corner to help you through. Navigating unique challenges, changes, and choices presented in life can be both exciting and daunting. I offer a safe, judgment free, and LGBTQIA+ friendly environment to my clients.
(860) 831-3215 View (860) 831-3215
Photo of Kelly Neumann, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in West Hartford, CT
Kelly Neumann
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
West Hartford, CT 06107
Do you find yourself feeling vulnerable and susceptible to intense emotional reactions? Small triggers and/or reminders of the traumatic events may be leading to overwhelming emotional responses, contributing to feeling a loss of control over your ability to cope with daily life occurrences. This loss of control can feel distressing and leave you feeling helpless.
Do you find yourself feeling vulnerable and susceptible to intense emotional reactions? Small triggers and/or reminders of the traumatic events may be leading to overwhelming emotional responses, contributing to feeling a loss of control over your ability to cope with daily life occurrences. This loss of control can feel distressing and leave you feeling helpless.
(860) 960-0176 View (860) 960-0176
Photo of Garnet Flower Czuchta, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in West Hartford, CT
Garnet Flower Czuchta
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
West Hartford, CT 06119
One of the biggest challenges in the journey toward personal fulfillment is feeling as though our needs are not being met. It can be overwhelming when trying to figure out how to make effective changes in our lives and reach our goals. As a firm believer that people need people, I am passionate in providing services to individuals who are ready to take the vulnerable, yet courageous step in seeking treatment. With deep respect for the human spirit, I take a strength based approach, honoring one’s experiences, identities and values.
One of the biggest challenges in the journey toward personal fulfillment is feeling as though our needs are not being met. It can be overwhelming when trying to figure out how to make effective changes in our lives and reach our goals. As a firm believer that people need people, I am passionate in providing services to individuals who are ready to take the vulnerable, yet courageous step in seeking treatment. With deep respect for the human spirit, I take a strength based approach, honoring one’s experiences, identities and values.
(959) 265-0589 View (959) 265-0589
Photo of Mind And Heart Coaching - PositiviTEENS workshops, Psychologist in West Hartford, CT
Mind And Heart Coaching - PositiviTEENS workshops
Psychologist, PhD, MA
Verified Verified
West Hartford, CT 06107
Ready to begin your journey? Mind And Heart Coaching provides lectures, workshops and one-on-one sessions that are motivating, as well as goal-oriented. The focus of Mind And Heart Coaching is about moving forward with positivity. The Mind And Heart Coaching message is future-oriented, utilizing many strategies based in Positive Psychology and a "Growth Mindset". Dr. Kelly will create a motivating workshop, lecture, or session package to foster successful strategies in communication, coping response, productivity, and positive transformation through life passages. Services offered are coaching, skill-building, and educational rather than traditional therapy.
Ready to begin your journey? Mind And Heart Coaching provides lectures, workshops and one-on-one sessions that are motivating, as well as goal-oriented. The focus of Mind And Heart Coaching is about moving forward with positivity. The Mind And Heart Coaching message is future-oriented, utilizing many strategies based in Positive Psychology and a "Growth Mindset". Dr. Kelly will create a motivating workshop, lecture, or session package to foster successful strategies in communication, coping response, productivity, and positive transformation through life passages. Services offered are coaching, skill-building, and educational rather than traditional therapy.
(954) 945-9619 View (954) 945-9619
Photo of Sallene S Murphy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in West Hartford, CT
Sallene S Murphy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
West Hartford, CT 06107
With so many uncertainties as a result of the covid pandemic, we are offering same day teletherapy appointments. In selecting me as your therapist, you will have the option to have services provided in-home or on an outpatient basis. I use a person centered, holistic approach. Whether you're dealing with anxiety, depression, relationship or adjusting to life changing issues you can feel confident in knowing you have made the right decision in seeking my services.
With so many uncertainties as a result of the covid pandemic, we are offering same day teletherapy appointments. In selecting me as your therapist, you will have the option to have services provided in-home or on an outpatient basis. I use a person centered, holistic approach. Whether you're dealing with anxiety, depression, relationship or adjusting to life changing issues you can feel confident in knowing you have made the right decision in seeking my services.
(860) 406-7048 View (860) 406-7048
Photo of Jenny Alzate LPC LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in West Hartford, CT
Jenny Alzate LPC LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
West Hartford, CT 06107
Waitlist for new clients
Hello, my name is Jenny Alzate. I am a Bilingual Licensed Professional Counselor. I have been working in the mental health field for over 25 years. I provide a safe and nurturing environment so that true healing can occur. My specialty is integrating mind-body medicine, energy medicine, spirituality and somatic therapy into my clinical practice. Because of my passion to help others heal, I have co-founded The Enlightenment Counseling Center. An integrative, holistic group practice. We specialize in helping the whole person heal. We combine traditional psychotherapy with Complimentary and Alternative practices and medicines.
Hello, my name is Jenny Alzate. I am a Bilingual Licensed Professional Counselor. I have been working in the mental health field for over 25 years. I provide a safe and nurturing environment so that true healing can occur. My specialty is integrating mind-body medicine, energy medicine, spirituality and somatic therapy into my clinical practice. Because of my passion to help others heal, I have co-founded The Enlightenment Counseling Center. An integrative, holistic group practice. We specialize in helping the whole person heal. We combine traditional psychotherapy with Complimentary and Alternative practices and medicines.
(860) 566-8930 View (860) 566-8930
Photo of Robert A Dell, Psychologist in West Hartford, CT
Robert A Dell
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Hartford, CT 06117
Waitlist for new clients
It may be a touch melodramatic to say this yet I believe reaching out for therapy is courageous. I so enjoy my work as I am routinely deeply touched by the courage I see from clients in my office every day! Therapy here is a collaborative struggle together. It is also a very personal process as a therapist's greatest gifts usually come from her/his own
It may be a touch melodramatic to say this yet I believe reaching out for therapy is courageous. I so enjoy my work as I am routinely deeply touched by the courage I see from clients in my office every day! Therapy here is a collaborative struggle together. It is also a very personal process as a therapist's greatest gifts usually come from her/his own
(860) 308-1989 View (860) 308-1989
Photo of Colleen Schmelter, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in West Hartford, CT
Colleen Schmelter
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
West Hartford, CT 06107
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker serving children, adolescents and adults. My goal is to help individuals feeling stuck or overwhelmed find ways to shift their thoughts and feelings using a strength based collaborative approach. I work with people to identify and address their symptoms of anxiety, depression, trauma and loss. Together, we will discover new coping strategies and tools to regain control and sense of well being.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker serving children, adolescents and adults. My goal is to help individuals feeling stuck or overwhelmed find ways to shift their thoughts and feelings using a strength based collaborative approach. I work with people to identify and address their symptoms of anxiety, depression, trauma and loss. Together, we will discover new coping strategies and tools to regain control and sense of well being.
(860) 337-8262 View (860) 337-8262
Photo of Teressa U Cohen, Marriage & Family Therapist in West Hartford, CT
Teressa U Cohen
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Hartford, CT 06117
My work is a dynamic blend of all that has profoundly influenced me. My education is in the science of Family Systems and I have 30 years of personal practice and study in Buddhist psychology. My marriage and my relationship with my two young adult children has offered countless teachings and insights into human nature. I am committed to the work of conscious partnerships, mindful parenting, and healing from trauma to live free of anxiety and depression. My work is psychodynamic: integrating psychoanalyic and attachment theories, IFS, contemplative inquiry, meditative practices and relational awareness for healing and happiness.
My work is a dynamic blend of all that has profoundly influenced me. My education is in the science of Family Systems and I have 30 years of personal practice and study in Buddhist psychology. My marriage and my relationship with my two young adult children has offered countless teachings and insights into human nature. I am committed to the work of conscious partnerships, mindful parenting, and healing from trauma to live free of anxiety and depression. My work is psychodynamic: integrating psychoanalyic and attachment theories, IFS, contemplative inquiry, meditative practices and relational awareness for healing and happiness.
(959) 666-6947 View (959) 666-6947
Photo of Cassidy Olio, Licensed Professional Counselor in West Hartford, CT
Cassidy Olio
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Hartford, CT 06107
Waitlist for new clients
I'm so glad you're here and thinking about taking a chance on yourself! You may have been questioning whether therapy is right for you and I'm here to tell you, that is completely normal. I work with a lot of individuals who are trying therapy for the first time. Many people come to therapy due to feelings of anxiety, depression, shame, guilt, or anger. And many people stick around to figure out more about themselves and to work on creating a life that is worth living to them. I would love to support you in exploring what that looks like for you.
I'm so glad you're here and thinking about taking a chance on yourself! You may have been questioning whether therapy is right for you and I'm here to tell you, that is completely normal. I work with a lot of individuals who are trying therapy for the first time. Many people come to therapy due to feelings of anxiety, depression, shame, guilt, or anger. And many people stick around to figure out more about themselves and to work on creating a life that is worth living to them. I would love to support you in exploring what that looks like for you.
(860) 901-2326 View (860) 901-2326
Photo of Kathleen Zecchin, Licensed Professional Counselor in West Hartford, CT
Kathleen Zecchin
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
West Hartford, CT 06117
As a holistic psychotherapist with over 25 years of experience, I have had the privilege of supporting my clients through a variety of difficult life experiences. Integrating my own personal struggles and shame has opened me to become a more compassionate, nonjudgmental therapist. My warmth and humor help to create a safe environment that allows my clients to transform difficult emotions such as grief, rage ,despair,fear, and shame and open to more happiness, fulfillment and peace in their lives.
As a holistic psychotherapist with over 25 years of experience, I have had the privilege of supporting my clients through a variety of difficult life experiences. Integrating my own personal struggles and shame has opened me to become a more compassionate, nonjudgmental therapist. My warmth and humor help to create a safe environment that allows my clients to transform difficult emotions such as grief, rage ,despair,fear, and shame and open to more happiness, fulfillment and peace in their lives.
(860) 879-0245 View (860) 879-0245
Photo of Susan Dorfman, Licensed Professional Counselor in West Hartford, CT
Susan Dorfman
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
West Hartford, CT 06117
I love working with clients focused on personal and spiritual growth. People who are interested in dissolving blocks to greater joy and emotional intimacy. I work collaboratively with people who are ready to take the next step into more fulfilling lives. I believe love is the master healer and dissolving old beliefs and blocks to love brings greater acceptance, intimacy and joy in life. I am passionate about my work and look forward to meeting with you.
I love working with clients focused on personal and spiritual growth. People who are interested in dissolving blocks to greater joy and emotional intimacy. I work collaboratively with people who are ready to take the next step into more fulfilling lives. I believe love is the master healer and dissolving old beliefs and blocks to love brings greater acceptance, intimacy and joy in life. I am passionate about my work and look forward to meeting with you.
(860) 500-1562 View (860) 500-1562
Photo of Dr. Jen Innocenti , Licensed Professional Counselor in West Hartford, CT
Dr. Jen Innocenti
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdD, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
West Hartford, CT 06110  (Online Only)
Dr. Jen Innocenti provides Neurodiverse ADHD, Anxiety, Autsim, Dyslexia & other learning differences In Home & Telehealth Psychotherapy for Children, Teens & Adults in CT. A passionate advocate working with the child, teen & family on their mental health & wellbeing and brings a Neuro Affirming skillset. Over 16 years of experience in mental health & parent/child relationship based psychotherapy, Dr. Jen helps equip the child, teen and adults with DBT skills to help with mindfulness, distress tolerance & emotional regulation and helping with transitions, executive function, demand anxiety, family meals, stress & dysregulation.
Dr. Jen Innocenti provides Neurodiverse ADHD, Anxiety, Autsim, Dyslexia & other learning differences In Home & Telehealth Psychotherapy for Children, Teens & Adults in CT. A passionate advocate working with the child, teen & family on their mental health & wellbeing and brings a Neuro Affirming skillset. Over 16 years of experience in mental health & parent/child relationship based psychotherapy, Dr. Jen helps equip the child, teen and adults with DBT skills to help with mindfulness, distress tolerance & emotional regulation and helping with transitions, executive function, demand anxiety, family meals, stress & dysregulation.
(203) 590-5107 View (203) 590-5107
Photo of Diane L Samuels, Marriage & Family Therapist in West Hartford, CT
Diane L Samuels
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
West Hartford, CT 06119
Not accepting new clients
The people that I work with often do not understand why they are feeling depressed, anxious, angry, disappointed and so forth, let alone where it stems from or how to change it. I work using multiple therapy models tailored to an individual's needs and personality. We will work collaboratively to uncover the root of distress and develop the tools needed to overcome the challenges that are problematic.
The people that I work with often do not understand why they are feeling depressed, anxious, angry, disappointed and so forth, let alone where it stems from or how to change it. I work using multiple therapy models tailored to an individual's needs and personality. We will work collaboratively to uncover the root of distress and develop the tools needed to overcome the challenges that are problematic.
(860) 357-6417 View (860) 357-6417
Photo of Bethsaida Franco, Licensed Professional Counselor in West Hartford, CT
Bethsaida Franco
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
West Hartford, CT 06107  (Online Only)
I began my clinical career in 2016 as a Bilingual Mental Health Counselor for at risk youth. For the past 5 years I have practiced as a School Counselor in a high school setting. I am currently a Connecticut-Licensed Professional Counselor and I am excited to join you in your journey. I am genuine, honest and will meet you “where you are” with the ultimate goal of growth.
I began my clinical career in 2016 as a Bilingual Mental Health Counselor for at risk youth. For the past 5 years I have practiced as a School Counselor in a high school setting. I am currently a Connecticut-Licensed Professional Counselor and I am excited to join you in your journey. I am genuine, honest and will meet you “where you are” with the ultimate goal of growth.
(860) 968-2663 View (860) 968-2663
Photo of John E Mancini, Licensed Professional Counselor in West Hartford, CT
John E Mancini
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CAC, CSAT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Hartford, CT 06107
Each of us experience stress, anxiety, depression, and grief throughout life, and the need for love, safety, respect, and nurturing. The question isn't whether you can eliminate these feelings and needs; rather the question to ask is; "How do I take responsibility for fully understanding myself?" I declare that everyone is being called to discover themselves in the deepest sense. "What is your spirit communicating to you?" "What do you need to live a healthy life?" As you ponder these questions, I believe that your pain is what pushes you and your vision is what pulls you through life.
Each of us experience stress, anxiety, depression, and grief throughout life, and the need for love, safety, respect, and nurturing. The question isn't whether you can eliminate these feelings and needs; rather the question to ask is; "How do I take responsibility for fully understanding myself?" I declare that everyone is being called to discover themselves in the deepest sense. "What is your spirit communicating to you?" "What do you need to live a healthy life?" As you ponder these questions, I believe that your pain is what pushes you and your vision is what pulls you through life.
(860) 341-4285 View (860) 341-4285
Photo of Kathleen Cairns, Psychologist in West Hartford, CT
Kathleen Cairns
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
West Hartford, CT 06119
Kathleen Cairns, Psy.D. is a licensed clinical psychologist, hypnotherapist, and author of "The Psychotherapy Workbook","The Bald & The Beautiful: Surviving Breast Cancer, self-hypnosis audio tape "Breathe... As If Your Life Depended On It.," and lithographic greeting cards "Kathleen's Condolences." Her weekly column LIFE GOES ON can be read in her website. She is also frequently interviewed for the internet, magazines, and books regarding today’s social issues. Kathleen works with anxiety, depression,bipolar, addictions, sexual abuse, relationship issues, stress, grief, death, adolescents, and couples.
Kathleen Cairns, Psy.D. is a licensed clinical psychologist, hypnotherapist, and author of "The Psychotherapy Workbook","The Bald & The Beautiful: Surviving Breast Cancer, self-hypnosis audio tape "Breathe... As If Your Life Depended On It.," and lithographic greeting cards "Kathleen's Condolences." Her weekly column LIFE GOES ON can be read in her website. She is also frequently interviewed for the internet, magazines, and books regarding today’s social issues. Kathleen works with anxiety, depression,bipolar, addictions, sexual abuse, relationship issues, stress, grief, death, adolescents, and couples.
(860) 236-5555 View (860) 236-5555
Photo of Marjorie Betances-Cueva, Professional Counselor Associate in West Hartford, CT
Marjorie Betances-Cueva
Professional Counselor Associate, LPCA
Verified Verified
West Hartford, CT 06107  (Online Only)
You may feel like life is full of uncertainties. You may be flooded with worries about the future, regrets about the past, and a constant stream of "what ifs" and "what have I done". Do you feel an ever present sense of unease, leaving you trapped in unproductive mental cycles?
You may feel like life is full of uncertainties. You may be flooded with worries about the future, regrets about the past, and a constant stream of "what ifs" and "what have I done". Do you feel an ever present sense of unease, leaving you trapped in unproductive mental cycles?
(860) 831-4142 View (860) 831-4142

See more therapy options for West Hartford

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in West Hartford, CT

500+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in West Hartford, CT who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
86% Depression
77% Self Esteem
73% Relationship Issues
71% Coping Skills
67% Trauma and PTSD
66% Stress

Average years in practice

14 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

66% Aetna
66% Cigna and Evernorth
63% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in West Hartford, CT see their clients

66% In Person and Online
34% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in West Hartford?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.