Therapists in Asheville, NC

Photo of Russell Murray in Asheville, NC
Russell Murray
MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Asheville, NC 28801
Are you feeling unworthy of the life you are living or maybe incompetent in the role that you have? Maybe it feels like every thought that crosses your mind is a spiraling rabbit hole of worst-case scenarios, and it’s creating a barrier to reaching your fullest potential. Has it felt like you’ve been on an emotional roller coaster of sadness, anxiety, or confusion and you feel like the ride is never going to end? Perhaps an unsettling sense of wanting to isolate or build walls within your close relationships. You always make sure everyone else is taken care of first; however, you know it’s time for something different. Time for you.
Are you feeling unworthy of the life you are living or maybe incompetent in the role that you have? Maybe it feels like every thought that crosses your mind is a spiraling rabbit hole of worst-case scenarios, and it’s creating a barrier to reaching your fullest potential. Has it felt like you’ve been on an emotional roller coaster of sadness, anxiety, or confusion and you feel like the ride is never going to end? Perhaps an unsettling sense of wanting to isolate or build walls within your close relationships. You always make sure everyone else is taken care of first; however, you know it’s time for something different. Time for you.
(828) 548-1730 View (828) 548-1730
Photo of Matt Wood, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Asheville, NC
Matt Wood
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Asheville, NC 28806  (Online Only)
Hi, I’m Matt, and it’s my mission to help people find their peace. I specialize in dealing with depression, anxiety, and healing from traumatic experiences; I have worked with adults, children, and families for over 15 years. My primary focus is to help you establish meaningful goals that bring you back to a life full of joy. As a licensed Clinical Social Worker, my approach to therapy is both relational and collaborative. Trusting you as the expert of yourself, and I offer support as you regain the capacity to be your best self.
Hi, I’m Matt, and it’s my mission to help people find their peace. I specialize in dealing with depression, anxiety, and healing from traumatic experiences; I have worked with adults, children, and families for over 15 years. My primary focus is to help you establish meaningful goals that bring you back to a life full of joy. As a licensed Clinical Social Worker, my approach to therapy is both relational and collaborative. Trusting you as the expert of yourself, and I offer support as you regain the capacity to be your best self.
(828) 374-9634 View (828) 374-9634
Photo of David M Bradley, Marriage & Family Therapist in Asheville, NC
David M Bradley
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MDiv, LMFT
Verified Verified
Asheville, NC 28804
It is my great privilege to sit with individuals, couples, and families everyday, helping them find the best of who they are to bring to the problems, struggles, and conflicts facing them. By listening well and asking good questions I am allowed privileged space by my clients to help them find their best solutions available to them. I get to see their courage as they use time and space in honorable ways to move forward in their lives. I am a licensed marriage and family Therapist as well as an ordained Presbyterian minister which gives two available lenses for clients.
It is my great privilege to sit with individuals, couples, and families everyday, helping them find the best of who they are to bring to the problems, struggles, and conflicts facing them. By listening well and asking good questions I am allowed privileged space by my clients to help them find their best solutions available to them. I get to see their courage as they use time and space in honorable ways to move forward in their lives. I am a licensed marriage and family Therapist as well as an ordained Presbyterian minister which gives two available lenses for clients.
(828) 372-0108 View (828) 372-0108
Photo of Eliza Johnson, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor in Asheville, NC
Eliza Johnson
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MA, LCMHC, LCAS
Verified Verified
Asheville, NC 28801
Hi and thanks for viewing my profile. I work with adults experiencing a variety of issues including depression, anxiety, trauma, self esteem, substance use, motivation and behavioral issues. I have over 20 years experience working with different populations including: men, women, LGBTQ, clients with chronic health issues, and underserved populations. Furthermore, my 25 plus years of experience in the Asheville community gives me a unique perspective on our local community and the resources both past and present.
Hi and thanks for viewing my profile. I work with adults experiencing a variety of issues including depression, anxiety, trauma, self esteem, substance use, motivation and behavioral issues. I have over 20 years experience working with different populations including: men, women, LGBTQ, clients with chronic health issues, and underserved populations. Furthermore, my 25 plus years of experience in the Asheville community gives me a unique perspective on our local community and the resources both past and present.
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Photo of David Durpetti, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Asheville, NC
David Durpetti
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Asheville, NC 28801
Life can be full of obstacles and one wants to ensure that we do not stand in our own way of success. Are you tired of your own thoughts, moods, and behaviors stressing you out, making you depressed, increasing your anxiety, making you easily angered, and/or disturbing your sleep? If so, I would love to partner with you on your journey to overcoming these patterns that tend to be direct obstacles in feeling your best and reaching your absolute potential.
Life can be full of obstacles and one wants to ensure that we do not stand in our own way of success. Are you tired of your own thoughts, moods, and behaviors stressing you out, making you depressed, increasing your anxiety, making you easily angered, and/or disturbing your sleep? If so, I would love to partner with you on your journey to overcoming these patterns that tend to be direct obstacles in feeling your best and reaching your absolute potential.
(828) 554-2186 View (828) 554-2186
Photo of Alisa Genovese, Marriage & Family Therapist in Asheville, NC
Alisa Genovese
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
Asheville, NC 28806
My work is largely as an innate wisdom coach, I believe you'll learn to listen and trust your own innate wisdom, as we work collaboratively to move you past what's blocking wholeness. If given the right support and nurturance, our psyches, much like our bodies, will naturally move towards healing and higher consciousness. ​ My work combines insight and intuition with a warm, open, and interactive style.
My work is largely as an innate wisdom coach, I believe you'll learn to listen and trust your own innate wisdom, as we work collaboratively to move you past what's blocking wholeness. If given the right support and nurturance, our psyches, much like our bodies, will naturally move towards healing and higher consciousness. ​ My work combines insight and intuition with a warm, open, and interactive style.
(828) 382-8719 View (828) 382-8719
Photo of Christopher M Mayer, Marriage & Family Therapist in Asheville, NC
Christopher M Mayer
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, CBA
Verified Verified
Asheville, NC 28805
I offer low-fee counseling for people looking to heal their pain and transforms their lives. People who come to me find a safe, supportive, non-judgmental environment where they are free to work through difficulties with someone capable of really listening, holding space, and who sees them and the struggles they are living with. It is my passion to help guide people through the courageous process of healing the past and moving forward into greater health and well-being. I offer sessions both in-person and through telemedicine.
I offer low-fee counseling for people looking to heal their pain and transforms their lives. People who come to me find a safe, supportive, non-judgmental environment where they are free to work through difficulties with someone capable of really listening, holding space, and who sees them and the struggles they are living with. It is my passion to help guide people through the courageous process of healing the past and moving forward into greater health and well-being. I offer sessions both in-person and through telemedicine.
(415) 688-2031 View (415) 688-2031
Photo of Clare Bolton, Licensed Professional Counselor in Asheville, NC
Clare Bolton
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Asheville, NC 28801
Not accepting new clients
Are you wondering if you may be autistic or ADHD, or maybe you’ve just received a diagnosis. Perhaps you've known all your life and are now on a journey of healing and discovery, looking to become the most authentic version of self. Does it often feel like you're trying to be someone you’re not, just to appease those around you? When you are not living in alignment with who you are at your core, you can face so many more obstacles to contentment. You may be experiencing burnout, anxiety, depression, or simply a lack of joy. Reconnecting to your deepest and most authentic self can reconnect you to life and create a path to healing.
Are you wondering if you may be autistic or ADHD, or maybe you’ve just received a diagnosis. Perhaps you've known all your life and are now on a journey of healing and discovery, looking to become the most authentic version of self. Does it often feel like you're trying to be someone you’re not, just to appease those around you? When you are not living in alignment with who you are at your core, you can face so many more obstacles to contentment. You may be experiencing burnout, anxiety, depression, or simply a lack of joy. Reconnecting to your deepest and most authentic self can reconnect you to life and create a path to healing.
(828) 520-2459 View (828) 520-2459
Photo of Kelly O’Connor, Counselor in Asheville, NC
Kelly O’Connor
Counselor, NCC, LCMHCA
Verified Verified
Asheville, NC 28804
Hi! Going to therapy can be an intimidating process, and my goal is to create an authentic and accepting environment to help you feel seen, understood, and give you the confidence to try things differently. Vulnerability can be one of the scariest, most liberating and empowering acts, and takes courage – so I commend you for being here, wherever you are in your process.
Hi! Going to therapy can be an intimidating process, and my goal is to create an authentic and accepting environment to help you feel seen, understood, and give you the confidence to try things differently. Vulnerability can be one of the scariest, most liberating and empowering acts, and takes courage – so I commend you for being here, wherever you are in your process.
(828) 332-5311 View (828) 332-5311
Photo of Kathleen Fleming, LCMHC Associate in Asheville, NC
Kathleen Fleming
LCMHC Associate, LCMHCA, MS MCFC
Verified Verified
Asheville, NC 28803
I believe in feelings. YOUR feelings. Usually, people come to me with emotions like overwhelm, isolation and invisibility. They say, “I’m afraid I’m a failure,” and “I don’t think I’m doing this right.” My job is to spark curiosity about your inner landscape. I support your gradual unfolding: learning to metabolize and negotiate feeling states, becoming mindful of the present moment, and locating patterns that you might not even be aware of. I help people understand the nature of attachment, the physiology of pregnancy, birth and the postpartum period, and how authentic connection nourishes our psyche and promotes long-term health.
I believe in feelings. YOUR feelings. Usually, people come to me with emotions like overwhelm, isolation and invisibility. They say, “I’m afraid I’m a failure,” and “I don’t think I’m doing this right.” My job is to spark curiosity about your inner landscape. I support your gradual unfolding: learning to metabolize and negotiate feeling states, becoming mindful of the present moment, and locating patterns that you might not even be aware of. I help people understand the nature of attachment, the physiology of pregnancy, birth and the postpartum period, and how authentic connection nourishes our psyche and promotes long-term health.
(828) 332-5580 View (828) 332-5580
Photo of Daniela Ginsburg, Counselor in Asheville, NC
Daniela Ginsburg
Counselor, LCMHCA
Verified Verified
Asheville, NC 28801
There are as many different ways of being stuck as there are human beings. For some people, being stuck looks like underachieving, staying trapped in comfortable but unfulfilling lives. For others, it looks like staying in romantic, platonic, or professional relationships that encourage staying the same rather than growing. Or, you might be overwhelmed by mental, emotional, or existential pain that makes growth and change feel utterly impossible. At any age, and at any phase of life, we can find ourselves stuck in habits, patterns, behaviors, or relationships that we know no longer serve us.
There are as many different ways of being stuck as there are human beings. For some people, being stuck looks like underachieving, staying trapped in comfortable but unfulfilling lives. For others, it looks like staying in romantic, platonic, or professional relationships that encourage staying the same rather than growing. Or, you might be overwhelmed by mental, emotional, or existential pain that makes growth and change feel utterly impossible. At any age, and at any phase of life, we can find ourselves stuck in habits, patterns, behaviors, or relationships that we know no longer serve us.
(828) 518-2247 View (828) 518-2247
Photo of Carlyle Stewart, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor in Asheville, NC
Carlyle Stewart
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MS, LCMHC, LCAS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Asheville, NC 28803
Waitlist for new clients
Do you want help to resolve conflicts in ways that create harmony and truly address your concerns? Would you like more understanding for your feelings and needs? Would you like empowerment to contribute your gifts to the world? Drawing upon my 30 years in recovery, 18 years as a therapist, and a wealth of tools I have learned through my passion for serenity and empowerment, I help people enhance relationships with other people, sometimes with a higher power, and, especially, with themselves.
Do you want help to resolve conflicts in ways that create harmony and truly address your concerns? Would you like more understanding for your feelings and needs? Would you like empowerment to contribute your gifts to the world? Drawing upon my 30 years in recovery, 18 years as a therapist, and a wealth of tools I have learned through my passion for serenity and empowerment, I help people enhance relationships with other people, sometimes with a higher power, and, especially, with themselves.
(828) 373-2057 View (828) 373-2057
Photo of Deb Curley-Dempsey, Licensed Professional Counselor in Asheville, NC
Deb Curley-Dempsey
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCMHC, MT-BC, NCC
Verified Verified
Asheville, NC 28801
Are you feeling overwhelmed? Stressed? Trying to keep up with all the demands on you while working/living/parenting/doing/being during these times? Things feel hard. Being able to navigate rocky times is essential. I believe in the importance of being able to tell your story and for your story to be heard. My hope is to empower you to fully know yourself, your values, strengths, and aspirations and for you to feel more peace in your mind, body, and spirit.
Are you feeling overwhelmed? Stressed? Trying to keep up with all the demands on you while working/living/parenting/doing/being during these times? Things feel hard. Being able to navigate rocky times is essential. I believe in the importance of being able to tell your story and for your story to be heard. My hope is to empower you to fully know yourself, your values, strengths, and aspirations and for you to feel more peace in your mind, body, and spirit.
(847) 207-2382 View (847) 207-2382
Photo of Forsyth Family Counseling, PLLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Asheville, NC
Forsyth Family Counseling, PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, QS
Verified Verified
Asheville, NC 28801
Our licensed therapists have extensive training and experience in issues affecting adults, couples, children, adolescents and their families. We specialize in treating a range of conditions including depression, anxiety, relationship issues, attachment, addiction, grief, women/men's issues, ADHD, oppositional/defiance, trauma, post traumatic stress disorder, OCD, and much more. We also offer extensive effective parenting training if your child is oppositional, defiant, and sometimes even aggressive.
Our licensed therapists have extensive training and experience in issues affecting adults, couples, children, adolescents and their families. We specialize in treating a range of conditions including depression, anxiety, relationship issues, attachment, addiction, grief, women/men's issues, ADHD, oppositional/defiance, trauma, post traumatic stress disorder, OCD, and much more. We also offer extensive effective parenting training if your child is oppositional, defiant, and sometimes even aggressive.
(828) 367-1010 View (828) 367-1010
Photo of Gretchen Brown, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Asheville, NC
Gretchen Brown
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCAS, MAC
Verified Verified
Asheville, NC 28801
Waitlist for new clients
I am passionate about supporting others in finding balance and happiness. I believe that people have the internal resources necessary to grow and change when approaching life's transitions and struggles. My approach to therapy is strengths based, and one that values how you’ve already faced your life's challenges. I value transparency, honesty, compassion and humor in my approach to therapy. I integrate EMDR, CBT, traditional talk therapy, and mindfulness to facilitate healing in the mind and the body.
I am passionate about supporting others in finding balance and happiness. I believe that people have the internal resources necessary to grow and change when approaching life's transitions and struggles. My approach to therapy is strengths based, and one that values how you’ve already faced your life's challenges. I value transparency, honesty, compassion and humor in my approach to therapy. I integrate EMDR, CBT, traditional talk therapy, and mindfulness to facilitate healing in the mind and the body.
(828) 351-7399 View (828) 351-7399
Photo of Miriah Feehery, Licensed Professional Counselor in Asheville, NC
Miriah Feehery
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LCMHC, LCAS, EMDR
Verified Verified
Asheville, NC 28801
Wholeness leads to healing. I guide my clients to accept all parts of themselves and find balance in their lives. I entered the field of counseling with a passion for treating trauma (big T and little t trauma). Along the way I gathered some exceptional tools for doing so, including EMDR and a somatic approach to psychotherapy. Not so far removed from trauma, I have also developed a specialty in treating addiction of all kinds. I have seen the power of emotional healing to transform people's lives in ways they always wanted but didn't know how. I am here to help whenever the client is ready to do that brave and powerful work.
Wholeness leads to healing. I guide my clients to accept all parts of themselves and find balance in their lives. I entered the field of counseling with a passion for treating trauma (big T and little t trauma). Along the way I gathered some exceptional tools for doing so, including EMDR and a somatic approach to psychotherapy. Not so far removed from trauma, I have also developed a specialty in treating addiction of all kinds. I have seen the power of emotional healing to transform people's lives in ways they always wanted but didn't know how. I am here to help whenever the client is ready to do that brave and powerful work.
(828) 882-2438 View (828) 882-2438
Photo of Susanne Loar, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Asheville, NC
Susanne Loar
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCAS, CCS
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Asheville, NC 28801
I am a holistic practitioner of psychodynamic and somatic psychology who strives to help people gain confidence, fulfillment and joy in their daily lives. I offer a safe and collaborative space for my clients to discover their inner strength and connect to their own amazing spirits. The very symptoms for which we seek treatment have served some purposes, and together we shall discover the gifts therein. The empowerment gained from these insights create a rippling effect which can transcend every aspect of one’s lives.
I am a holistic practitioner of psychodynamic and somatic psychology who strives to help people gain confidence, fulfillment and joy in their daily lives. I offer a safe and collaborative space for my clients to discover their inner strength and connect to their own amazing spirits. The very symptoms for which we seek treatment have served some purposes, and together we shall discover the gifts therein. The empowerment gained from these insights create a rippling effect which can transcend every aspect of one’s lives.
(828) 383-0766 View (828) 383-0766
Photo of Lb Brier, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Asheville, NC
Lb Brier
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCAS, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Asheville, NC 28806
I strive to reach clients where they are holistically and enjoy working with people at every phase of their journey. My goal as a therapist is to establish an authentic and trusting relationship to work together to help you live a fulfilling life. I enjoy working with folks at every stage of their life journey, and understand that reaching out is a huge step for many people. I want to help folks realize their goals of self actualization, peace, contentment, and happiness.
I strive to reach clients where they are holistically and enjoy working with people at every phase of their journey. My goal as a therapist is to establish an authentic and trusting relationship to work together to help you live a fulfilling life. I enjoy working with folks at every stage of their life journey, and understand that reaching out is a huge step for many people. I want to help folks realize their goals of self actualization, peace, contentment, and happiness.
(828) 373-2480 View (828) 373-2480
Photo of Dan Hadley, Marriage & Family Therapist in Asheville, NC
Dan Hadley
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Asheville, NC 28801
Waitlist for new clients
Relationships can be our greatest joys, but when they aren’t working, they can be our greatest struggles. Whether it’s our relationship with our family, our partners, our friends, or ourselves, the pain of disconnection, confusion, hurt, and loneliness can often bring depression, anxiety and anger. And with this comes an experience of feeling alone and disconnected from ourselves and others. In my work, I help people change their way of being in relationship, learn skills to deal with what is going on in the inside and outside of themselves and not feel alone, but instead, a part of life and connection.
Relationships can be our greatest joys, but when they aren’t working, they can be our greatest struggles. Whether it’s our relationship with our family, our partners, our friends, or ourselves, the pain of disconnection, confusion, hurt, and loneliness can often bring depression, anxiety and anger. And with this comes an experience of feeling alone and disconnected from ourselves and others. In my work, I help people change their way of being in relationship, learn skills to deal with what is going on in the inside and outside of themselves and not feel alone, but instead, a part of life and connection.
(828) 337-6569 View (828) 337-6569
Photo of Savannah Dettman, Lic Clinical Mental Health Counselor Associate in Asheville, NC
Savannah Dettman
Lic Clinical Mental Health Counselor Associate, LCMHCA
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Asheville, NC 28801
Therapy helps us explore things that are too painful to be thought about alone. Together we’ll get curious about your lived experience and find a path toward meaning and hope.
Therapy helps us explore things that are too painful to be thought about alone. Together we’ll get curious about your lived experience and find a path toward meaning and hope.
(828) 554-7699 View (828) 554-7699

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Asheville, NC

1,000+

Average cost per session

$140

Therapists in Asheville, NC who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
84% Depression
78% Relationship Issues
78% Self Esteem
75% Trauma and PTSD
69% Coping Skills
68% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

87% BlueCross and BlueShield
72% Aetna
50% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Asheville, NC see their clients

69% In Person and Online
31% Online Only

Gender breakdown

76% Female
22% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Asheville?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.