Therapists in Berkeley, CA

Photo of Ajay Deven Dave, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Ajay Deven Dave
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94702
I use my extensive somatic training to help my clients build more capacity to be with and understand their feelings so that they can be in charge of their lives instead of their feelings pushing them around. I help clients with issues ranging from social anxiety, relationship challenges, depression, sleep issues, chronic pain, navigating difficult family and work environments, finding and focusing on their passion in life, and dealing with the traumatic state of the world.
I use my extensive somatic training to help my clients build more capacity to be with and understand their feelings so that they can be in charge of their lives instead of their feelings pushing them around. I help clients with issues ranging from social anxiety, relationship challenges, depression, sleep issues, chronic pain, navigating difficult family and work environments, finding and focusing on their passion in life, and dealing with the traumatic state of the world.
(510) 255-5910 View (510) 255-5910
Photo of Jane Cabot, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Jane Cabot
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94704  (Online Only)
As a psychotherapist, I act as your collaborator, witness and guide, and bring curiosity and warmth to your exploration. Trauma, past wounding and internalized negative beliefs can make it difficult to know what you need from moment to moment. Therefore, in session, I support you in cultivating self-agency so that you may become familiar with what is right for you at a pace that is both constructive and safe. I am here to help you navigate difficult transitions, past and new traumas, grief and loss, shifts in identity, and a desire to change patterns in relationship on your path towards fulfilling connections to self and others.
As a psychotherapist, I act as your collaborator, witness and guide, and bring curiosity and warmth to your exploration. Trauma, past wounding and internalized negative beliefs can make it difficult to know what you need from moment to moment. Therefore, in session, I support you in cultivating self-agency so that you may become familiar with what is right for you at a pace that is both constructive and safe. I am here to help you navigate difficult transitions, past and new traumas, grief and loss, shifts in identity, and a desire to change patterns in relationship on your path towards fulfilling connections to self and others.
(341) 444-2442 View (341) 444-2442
Photo of Ben Ringler, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Ben Ringler
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94710
With over 14 years of clinical experience, I help men and women, couples and families (especially adult siblings) address a variety forms of distress, from anxiety and depression, to addiction or just a general sense that something feels off in their lives in order to find more fulfillment and meaning. Whether I am working with an individual, couple or family, I am attuned to multiple forms of communication as a direct means for assessment, diagnosis and treatment for what ails each client, and what blocks them from their own joy and peace. I am interested in working with clients with a curiosity of their inner worlds.
With over 14 years of clinical experience, I help men and women, couples and families (especially adult siblings) address a variety forms of distress, from anxiety and depression, to addiction or just a general sense that something feels off in their lives in order to find more fulfillment and meaning. Whether I am working with an individual, couple or family, I am attuned to multiple forms of communication as a direct means for assessment, diagnosis and treatment for what ails each client, and what blocks them from their own joy and peace. I am interested in working with clients with a curiosity of their inner worlds.
(510) 369-1873 View (510) 369-1873
Photo of Asha Borgir, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Asha Borgir
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94703
I welcome those into my practice who are struggling with a range of issues, including depression, anxiety, and PTSD. I am trauma-informed, with twenty years of experience working with adults, children and families. I have worked with adults and teens who have come to seek treatment for various types of developmental traumas such as childhood physical and sexual abuse, neglect, as well as single incident trauma. I welcome anyone who is looking to create a safe working alliance through which to explore issues with boundaries and self care, whereby I can assist you in the cultivation of a compassionate inner awareness.
I welcome those into my practice who are struggling with a range of issues, including depression, anxiety, and PTSD. I am trauma-informed, with twenty years of experience working with adults, children and families. I have worked with adults and teens who have come to seek treatment for various types of developmental traumas such as childhood physical and sexual abuse, neglect, as well as single incident trauma. I welcome anyone who is looking to create a safe working alliance through which to explore issues with boundaries and self care, whereby I can assist you in the cultivation of a compassionate inner awareness.
(510) 488-6569 View (510) 488-6569
Photo of Sekayi Edwards, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Sekayi Edwards
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94704  (Online Only)
As a geek or gamer, creative or artist, or spiritual seeker, you aspire to reach your full potential, forge timeless bonds with others, and embody an unshakeable purpose in the 'real world' as you do in the inner realms of your passions. The 'real world,' however, roils with social stigma, responsibilities, and traumatic events that leave you feeling helpless, isolated, and aimless within your home, work, school, or social life. Your passions only provide momentary relief as unresolved problems continue to grow, and unless this cycle is broken, the weight of these problems will only accumulate, perpetuating the cycle of struggle.
As a geek or gamer, creative or artist, or spiritual seeker, you aspire to reach your full potential, forge timeless bonds with others, and embody an unshakeable purpose in the 'real world' as you do in the inner realms of your passions. The 'real world,' however, roils with social stigma, responsibilities, and traumatic events that leave you feeling helpless, isolated, and aimless within your home, work, school, or social life. Your passions only provide momentary relief as unresolved problems continue to grow, and unless this cycle is broken, the weight of these problems will only accumulate, perpetuating the cycle of struggle.
(341) 895-7455 View (341) 895-7455
Photo of Samuel Arthur Malkemus in Berkeley, CA
Samuel Arthur Malkemus
PhD, MA
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94702  (Online Only)
As a holistic counselor I aim to create a safe space of acceptance, healing, and awakening. My focus involves helping you to gain awareness and clarity in relation to your life situation, and helping you to access your own inner wisdom and innate capacity for healing. My goal is to help you to fully flourish and reconnect to the life-force within. I bring my experience working with clients from a diverse range of backgrounds, facilitating groups both in the bay area and internationally, and teaching as a professor of clinical psychology and consciousness studies at John F. Kennedy University.
As a holistic counselor I aim to create a safe space of acceptance, healing, and awakening. My focus involves helping you to gain awareness and clarity in relation to your life situation, and helping you to access your own inner wisdom and innate capacity for healing. My goal is to help you to fully flourish and reconnect to the life-force within. I bring my experience working with clients from a diverse range of backgrounds, facilitating groups both in the bay area and internationally, and teaching as a professor of clinical psychology and consciousness studies at John F. Kennedy University.
(707) 505-9526 View (707) 505-9526
Photo of Janet M Latoures, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Janet M Latoures
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94707  (Online Only)
As we go through life, we all develop particular patterns for dealing with challenges. Though some of these patterns are helpful, others actually get in the way of reaching our goals. Sometimes we're not even aware that what we're doing may be sabotaging our happiness and success. In therapy, I will give you direct feedback which will illuminate these problematic patterns. This will help you understand how to overcome obstacles, and find deeper satisfaction in your life. As a therapist with over 20 years experience, I have helped many people work through depression and anxiety and move towards success.
As we go through life, we all develop particular patterns for dealing with challenges. Though some of these patterns are helpful, others actually get in the way of reaching our goals. Sometimes we're not even aware that what we're doing may be sabotaging our happiness and success. In therapy, I will give you direct feedback which will illuminate these problematic patterns. This will help you understand how to overcome obstacles, and find deeper satisfaction in your life. As a therapist with over 20 years experience, I have helped many people work through depression and anxiety and move towards success.
(415) 845-3501 View (415) 845-3501
Photo of Maria Collins, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Maria Collins
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94709
We have been living through challenging times and in my work I have witnessed increased anxiety and depression in children, teens and adults of all ages. Family life and raising children is challenging in the best of times. For many, it is an important time for self-care and to increase our support systems for ourselves and our loved ones. I have over 20 years experience as a psychotherapist and I specialize in supporting school aged children, teens and families in addressing a wide range of mental health issues including anxiety, depression, behavioral issues, loss, family transitions, and peer/family relationships.
We have been living through challenging times and in my work I have witnessed increased anxiety and depression in children, teens and adults of all ages. Family life and raising children is challenging in the best of times. For many, it is an important time for self-care and to increase our support systems for ourselves and our loved ones. I have over 20 years experience as a psychotherapist and I specialize in supporting school aged children, teens and families in addressing a wide range of mental health issues including anxiety, depression, behavioral issues, loss, family transitions, and peer/family relationships.
(510) 890-0611 View (510) 890-0611
Photo of Monica Rowden, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Monica Rowden
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94705
I am eager to welcome you to the therapeutic process, an essential tool in the journey of growth, healing and empowerment. I specialize in providing compassionate and affirming therapy services, supporting individuals navigating depression, anxiety and trauma. I also have extensive experience working with couples, in particular queer couples, in navigating their relationships and the communication challenges that can arise. My mission is to offer a safe and nonjudgmental space for individuals and couples to explore their challenges, strengthen their bonds and rediscover hope and resilience.
I am eager to welcome you to the therapeutic process, an essential tool in the journey of growth, healing and empowerment. I specialize in providing compassionate and affirming therapy services, supporting individuals navigating depression, anxiety and trauma. I also have extensive experience working with couples, in particular queer couples, in navigating their relationships and the communication challenges that can arise. My mission is to offer a safe and nonjudgmental space for individuals and couples to explore their challenges, strengthen their bonds and rediscover hope and resilience.
(341) 234-3031 View (341) 234-3031
Photo of Aimee Tomczak, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Aimee Tomczak
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94705
My intention is to create a safe, compassionate space that supports you to experience yourself more fully and to awaken more aliveness, creativity, and meaning in your life. Through awareness of body and mind states and habitual patterns of thinking and relating, we will work together to transform limiting beliefs that keep you from a more fulfilled experience of life. We will lay the groundwork to release the pain of old stories, and to create internal resources to allow you to experience an embodied life with more joy, aliveness and meaning.
My intention is to create a safe, compassionate space that supports you to experience yourself more fully and to awaken more aliveness, creativity, and meaning in your life. Through awareness of body and mind states and habitual patterns of thinking and relating, we will work together to transform limiting beliefs that keep you from a more fulfilled experience of life. We will lay the groundwork to release the pain of old stories, and to create internal resources to allow you to experience an embodied life with more joy, aliveness and meaning.
(415) 992-6039 View (415) 992-6039
Photo of Callie Millington, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Berkeley, CA
Callie Millington
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MS, LPCC, LMHC, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94708  (Online Only)
I work with individuals and couples experiencing relationship issues, anxiety, depression, and life transitions. I work from an interpersonal, attachment-based, and family systems lens, informed by body awareness and mindfulness practices. I also use parts work, including IFS, to support clients to navigate challenging emotional states with compassion and intention.
I work with individuals and couples experiencing relationship issues, anxiety, depression, and life transitions. I work from an interpersonal, attachment-based, and family systems lens, informed by body awareness and mindfulness practices. I also use parts work, including IFS, to support clients to navigate challenging emotional states with compassion and intention.
(415) 873-3364 View (415) 873-3364
Photo of Janelle M Salah, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Janelle M Salah
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94704
Meaningful change requires us to ask new questions ... so that new meanings can be made. One of the hardest things is to change what doesn't work, while not knowing how to make it all different. For the past 24 years, I have worked with folks who are trying hard to build a life in spite of childhood abuse and neglect, or who just don't understand why life isn't working out the way they hoped.
Meaningful change requires us to ask new questions ... so that new meanings can be made. One of the hardest things is to change what doesn't work, while not knowing how to make it all different. For the past 24 years, I have worked with folks who are trying hard to build a life in spite of childhood abuse and neglect, or who just don't understand why life isn't working out the way they hoped.
(510) 540-5970 View (510) 540-5970
Photo of Tuyet-Lyn Christensen, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Tuyet-Lyn Christensen
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94709
Holistically oriented, I believe we each have wisdom inside waiting to be tapped into, utilized and developed. I provide a supportive and nurturing space where you can discover your capacity to feel alive and whole. I help people develop and enhance their relational skills. I bring a sensitivity and knowledge to the effects of inter generational trauma, societal and cultural realities that may impact one's sense of self and connection to others. I help with self-esteem, co-dependency, surviving/thriving, sexuality, relationships & developing one's intuition. I help and support individuals and couples/relationships.
Holistically oriented, I believe we each have wisdom inside waiting to be tapped into, utilized and developed. I provide a supportive and nurturing space where you can discover your capacity to feel alive and whole. I help people develop and enhance their relational skills. I bring a sensitivity and knowledge to the effects of inter generational trauma, societal and cultural realities that may impact one's sense of self and connection to others. I help with self-esteem, co-dependency, surviving/thriving, sexuality, relationships & developing one's intuition. I help and support individuals and couples/relationships.
(510) 573-7360 View (510) 573-7360
Photo of Janet Bein Hickey, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Janet Bein Hickey
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94703  (Online Only)
I am a seasoned clinician with over 25 years of experience working in corporate, community and managed care settings. I connect easily with a variety of clients and enjoy working with individuals on self-esteem, relationship issues, life transitions, parenting, grief and loss, stress management and work/life balance. My goal is to provide support through coaching and counseling to help one achieve more satisfaction in life.
I am a seasoned clinician with over 25 years of experience working in corporate, community and managed care settings. I connect easily with a variety of clients and enjoy working with individuals on self-esteem, relationship issues, life transitions, parenting, grief and loss, stress management and work/life balance. My goal is to provide support through coaching and counseling to help one achieve more satisfaction in life.
(510) 737-7931 View (510) 737-7931
Photo of Peninsula Counseling and Consulting, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Peninsula Counseling and Consulting
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MBA, LCSW
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94705
Let’s be honest: you’ve always been responsible, and now you’ve got a lot to manage! Between a demanding career, school, and family needs, you’re feeling stressed, and life feels out of balance. It’s impossible to do it all, and nothing ever seems good enough. You feel alone and worried, and your social network isn’t able to provide you with the support that you need. Perhaps your sleep is problematic, or your energy is low. Maybe you’re feeling anxious, depressed, irritable, or having difficulty concentrating. You might be troubled by feeling that you're an ineffective partner or parent. Things will get better soon, right?
Let’s be honest: you’ve always been responsible, and now you’ve got a lot to manage! Between a demanding career, school, and family needs, you’re feeling stressed, and life feels out of balance. It’s impossible to do it all, and nothing ever seems good enough. You feel alone and worried, and your social network isn’t able to provide you with the support that you need. Perhaps your sleep is problematic, or your energy is low. Maybe you’re feeling anxious, depressed, irritable, or having difficulty concentrating. You might be troubled by feeling that you're an ineffective partner or parent. Things will get better soon, right?
(855) 964-3150 View (855) 964-3150
Photo of Allison B. Shapiro, Psychologist in Berkeley, CA
Allison B. Shapiro
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94705
Healing and growth, which can be uncomfortable and painful, sometimes take time and support. These are shifts that we do not have to experience alone. Through authenticity, warmth and collaboration, I work with clients to cultivate understanding of their thoughts, feelings and behaviors and we work together to decrease stress and achieve defined goals. Whether it is anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship issues or health concerns, I integrate evidence-based practices to allow for the transformation of pain into growth.
Healing and growth, which can be uncomfortable and painful, sometimes take time and support. These are shifts that we do not have to experience alone. Through authenticity, warmth and collaboration, I work with clients to cultivate understanding of their thoughts, feelings and behaviors and we work together to decrease stress and achieve defined goals. Whether it is anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship issues or health concerns, I integrate evidence-based practices to allow for the transformation of pain into growth.
(341) 895-7563 View (341) 895-7563
Photo of Annie Wright, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Annie Wright
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94704
However you are, no matter what’s going on in your life right now, the fact that you’re here on this page says to me that a part of you is hopeful that things can be different for you. That healing is possible. That you’re ready for something better. That part of you is so wise. Something better IS possible, no matter where you’re starting from in life. This is a strong conviction of mine and the reason why I’m a clinician. Because I believe with every cell in my body that, until our last breath, no matter where we’re starting from, change is possible. And it’s my job to help you achieve that change.
However you are, no matter what’s going on in your life right now, the fact that you’re here on this page says to me that a part of you is hopeful that things can be different for you. That healing is possible. That you’re ready for something better. That part of you is so wise. Something better IS possible, no matter where you’re starting from in life. This is a strong conviction of mine and the reason why I’m a clinician. Because I believe with every cell in my body that, until our last breath, no matter where we’re starting from, change is possible. And it’s my job to help you achieve that change.
(341) 222-3807 View (341) 222-3807
Photo of Triumph Over Trauma East Bay - Erika Huguenard, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Triumph Over Trauma East Bay - Erika Huguenard
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94705  (Online Only)
Triumph Over Trauma East Bay provides trauma-informed counseling services in Berkeley for Individuals, Couples and Families.
Triumph Over Trauma East Bay provides trauma-informed counseling services in Berkeley for Individuals, Couples and Families.
(510) 279-4051 View (510) 279-4051
Photo of Bob Aude, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Bob Aude
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94705  (Online Only)
As a family therapist with more than twenty years of experience, I offer a skills-based method for rebuilding trust in yourself and with those important to you. By examining unhelpful relationship patterns and by learning effective ways of communicating, I believe you will become more trusting, open and authentic with those you love. I believe that you will develop insight, be able to determine goals and formulate action plans that are clearly defined, easily stated and time limited. I hope to help you to feel better, live better and to be more able to create the future that you want for yourself and your family.
As a family therapist with more than twenty years of experience, I offer a skills-based method for rebuilding trust in yourself and with those important to you. By examining unhelpful relationship patterns and by learning effective ways of communicating, I believe you will become more trusting, open and authentic with those you love. I believe that you will develop insight, be able to determine goals and formulate action plans that are clearly defined, easily stated and time limited. I hope to help you to feel better, live better and to be more able to create the future that you want for yourself and your family.
(415) 941-4665 View (415) 941-4665
Photo of Margaret Brako, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Margaret Brako
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94709  (Online Only)
I help people as they’re making changes in their life, big and small. A significant factor in making a change is our relationship to ourselves. Unfortunately, a build-up of traumatizing or painful experiences can lead us to constantly question our abilities and self-worth. We may struggle with decision-making, seal away parts of our identity, or find ourselves trapped in cycles of anxiety and self-loathing. Of course, if we don't trust there's a safe home to come back to, trying something new or different feels very out of reach.
I help people as they’re making changes in their life, big and small. A significant factor in making a change is our relationship to ourselves. Unfortunately, a build-up of traumatizing or painful experiences can lead us to constantly question our abilities and self-worth. We may struggle with decision-making, seal away parts of our identity, or find ourselves trapped in cycles of anxiety and self-loathing. Of course, if we don't trust there's a safe home to come back to, trying something new or different feels very out of reach.
(510) 944-1043 View (510) 944-1043

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Berkeley, CA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$190

Therapists in Berkeley, CA who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
85% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
75% Trauma and PTSD
73% Grief
66% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

50% Aetna
39% Cigna and Evernorth
38% Other

How Therapists in Berkeley, CA see their clients

64% In Person and Online
36% Online Only

Gender breakdown

76% Female
22% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Berkeley?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.