Therapists in Phoenix, AZ

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Photo of Miracle Williams, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Phoenix, AZ
Miracle Williams
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MAS, LAMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Phoenix, AZ 85016
As a Marriage and Family Therapist, I enjoy working within the family dynamic. My passion is helping couples through transitions, relational issues, parenting and marital/couple conflict. I also work with clients on an individual basis who are struggling in their personal lives with problems such as anxiety and depression. My experience includes working with teenagers, young adults, adults and the wise.
As a Marriage and Family Therapist, I enjoy working within the family dynamic. My passion is helping couples through transitions, relational issues, parenting and marital/couple conflict. I also work with clients on an individual basis who are struggling in their personal lives with problems such as anxiety and depression. My experience includes working with teenagers, young adults, adults and the wise.
(602) 786-7480 View (602) 786-7480
Photo of Amy Guido, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Phoenix, AZ
Amy Guido
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Phoenix, AZ 85018
Hi there, I work with everyone from young adults to empty nesters to show up in their relationships more authentically-I especially help with the challenge of raising kids and individuating from parents. I support people with differences to use moments of potential tension to get curious instead of furious or fearful, building a life they want to come home to - with skills that transfer to all their relationships especially the one they have with themself. If you're ready to grow with the support of someone who gets where things get tricky, is reliable but also relatable, then give me a call.
Hi there, I work with everyone from young adults to empty nesters to show up in their relationships more authentically-I especially help with the challenge of raising kids and individuating from parents. I support people with differences to use moments of potential tension to get curious instead of furious or fearful, building a life they want to come home to - with skills that transfer to all their relationships especially the one they have with themself. If you're ready to grow with the support of someone who gets where things get tricky, is reliable but also relatable, then give me a call.
(623) 462-2381 View (623) 462-2381
Photo of Sam Barrons, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Phoenix, AZ
Sam Barrons
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, MS, LAMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Phoenix, AZ 85032  (Online Only)
Are you seeking a therapist who understands and celebrates your unique identity, relationship, and experiences? As an LGBTAI+ provider, I am committed to providing a safe, non-judgmental space for individuals, couples, and families to explore their unique challenges and work toward healing and growth. My practice focuses on serving the LGBTQ+, kinky, polyamorous/CNM, and trauma survivor communities, and I am dedicated to fostering a culture of acceptance and understanding. With a passion for helping others navigate life's complexities, I offer personalized guidance and support tailored to your needs.
Are you seeking a therapist who understands and celebrates your unique identity, relationship, and experiences? As an LGBTAI+ provider, I am committed to providing a safe, non-judgmental space for individuals, couples, and families to explore their unique challenges and work toward healing and growth. My practice focuses on serving the LGBTQ+, kinky, polyamorous/CNM, and trauma survivor communities, and I am dedicated to fostering a culture of acceptance and understanding. With a passion for helping others navigate life's complexities, I offer personalized guidance and support tailored to your needs.
(602) 560-4351 View (602) 560-4351
Photo of Jaclyn Kimmel, Licensed Professional Counselor in Phoenix, AZ
Jaclyn Kimmel
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Phoenix, AZ 85016
Waitlist for new clients
Hey there! If you're thinking about taking the first step towards healing and self-discovery, I'm here for you! My name is Jackie Kimmel, and I'm a Licensed Professional Counselor in sunny Arizona. I'm here to offer support with a focus on compassion and effectiveness, especially for those navigating trauma, narcissistic abuse, ADHD, depression, anxiety, anger management, grief, relationship issues, and women's concerns. Whether you're an adult or an adolescent, my aim is to provide a safe space for growth and healing. I use evidence-based approaches like EMDR, CBT, and DBT, tailoring my interventions to fit your unique needs.
Hey there! If you're thinking about taking the first step towards healing and self-discovery, I'm here for you! My name is Jackie Kimmel, and I'm a Licensed Professional Counselor in sunny Arizona. I'm here to offer support with a focus on compassion and effectiveness, especially for those navigating trauma, narcissistic abuse, ADHD, depression, anxiety, anger management, grief, relationship issues, and women's concerns. Whether you're an adult or an adolescent, my aim is to provide a safe space for growth and healing. I use evidence-based approaches like EMDR, CBT, and DBT, tailoring my interventions to fit your unique needs.
(623) 343-6369 View (623) 343-6369
Photo of Mike Rehm, Licensed Professional Counselor in Phoenix, AZ
Mike Rehm
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Phoenix, AZ 85018
I am privileged to meet with individuals/couples who are impacted by less-than-nurturing relationships and environments leading to challenges in relating to self and others. Expertise: working with couples, trauma and abuse. Training includes EFT (emotionally focused therapy for couples) and EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing).
I am privileged to meet with individuals/couples who are impacted by less-than-nurturing relationships and environments leading to challenges in relating to self and others. Expertise: working with couples, trauma and abuse. Training includes EFT (emotionally focused therapy for couples) and EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing).
(602) 483-6292 View (602) 483-6292
Photo of Michael Loverde in Phoenix, AZ
Michael Loverde
MHS, CIP, CEO, Founder
Verified Verified
Phoenix, AZ 85027
An intervention is not about how to control your loved one with a substance use or mental disorder; it is about learning how to let go of believing you can. A person enables for various reasons, often having little to do with someone suffering from a substance use or mental disorder. Most people understand that enabling a loved one with a mental disorder or to use substances often removes their ability to face the consequences, see the need for change, and advocate for their own care. The question is not about what the enabling provides for the substance user but more what it provides to the enabler.
An intervention is not about how to control your loved one with a substance use or mental disorder; it is about learning how to let go of believing you can. A person enables for various reasons, often having little to do with someone suffering from a substance use or mental disorder. Most people understand that enabling a loved one with a mental disorder or to use substances often removes their ability to face the consequences, see the need for change, and advocate for their own care. The question is not about what the enabling provides for the substance user but more what it provides to the enabler.
(877) 333-0783 View (877) 333-0783
Photo of Janae Andrew, Licensed Professional Counselor in Phoenix, AZ
Janae Andrew
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Phoenix, AZ 85012
Hi there, I’m Janae. I’m a secular, non-binary Licensed Professional Counselor and my pronouns are she/they. If the internet (or someone you know) has sent you to my profile, my guess is that you’ve had to bury your real values and desires in order to survive. You’re depressed, anxious, angry, addicted, and probably fucking exhausted. Possibly in physical pain too. Or maybe just numb. I work with (mostly queer) folx recovering from religious trauma and other oppressive systems because I’ve been there myself - and I can tell you that there is a way out. Want to know more about my story? Check it out at www.getrealcounseling.com.
Hi there, I’m Janae. I’m a secular, non-binary Licensed Professional Counselor and my pronouns are she/they. If the internet (or someone you know) has sent you to my profile, my guess is that you’ve had to bury your real values and desires in order to survive. You’re depressed, anxious, angry, addicted, and probably fucking exhausted. Possibly in physical pain too. Or maybe just numb. I work with (mostly queer) folx recovering from religious trauma and other oppressive systems because I’ve been there myself - and I can tell you that there is a way out. Want to know more about my story? Check it out at www.getrealcounseling.com.
(623) 263-7162 View (623) 263-7162
Photo of Tara Mullan in Phoenix, AZ
Tara Mullan
MACP, CCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Phoenix, AZ 85022
Tara offers personalized individual trauma therapy, with a special focus on Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). She offers a safe space for individuals to explore and understand the impact of their life experiences as well as process overwhelming and distressing emotions attached to those life experiences. Tara believes the goal of therapy goes beyond teaching individuals how to cope; her goal is to see individuals thrive.
Tara offers personalized individual trauma therapy, with a special focus on Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). She offers a safe space for individuals to explore and understand the impact of their life experiences as well as process overwhelming and distressing emotions attached to those life experiences. Tara believes the goal of therapy goes beyond teaching individuals how to cope; her goal is to see individuals thrive.
(623) 462-3744 View (623) 462-3744
Photo of Adrienne Kronholm, Marriage & Family Therapist in Phoenix, AZ
Adrienne Kronholm
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Phoenix, AZ 85012
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with 20+ years experience providing adult individuals and couples therapy. The therapy modalities I employ include emotionally focused couples therapy, cognitive behavioral, family systems, narrative therapy, and supportive and educational interventions. My therapeutic style has been described as warm, collaborative, nonjudgmental, and interactive. It is my goal to help people reconnect with a sense of hope and possibility. I welcome any questions you may have about me or my practice.
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with 20+ years experience providing adult individuals and couples therapy. The therapy modalities I employ include emotionally focused couples therapy, cognitive behavioral, family systems, narrative therapy, and supportive and educational interventions. My therapeutic style has been described as warm, collaborative, nonjudgmental, and interactive. It is my goal to help people reconnect with a sense of hope and possibility. I welcome any questions you may have about me or my practice.
(602) 908-2128 View (602) 908-2128
Photo of Christina Acheson- Hayes, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Phoenix, AZ
Christina Acheson- Hayes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Phoenix, AZ 85018  (Online Only)
I am a licensed clinical social worker in NY & Arizona. I am a virtual therapist and excited to assist you along your journey to exist at your optimum! If you are interested in having healthier coping, relationship & problem solving strategies & how to develop a limited thinking pattern to a more growth mindset, I can help! Collaboratively, we will enhance your strengths and decrease your anxious or depressive moods. Together we can explore the impact of past relationships and experiences on one’s well-being. By examining both past relationships, we can gain insights into patterns & dynamics that may have positively and negatively
I am a licensed clinical social worker in NY & Arizona. I am a virtual therapist and excited to assist you along your journey to exist at your optimum! If you are interested in having healthier coping, relationship & problem solving strategies & how to develop a limited thinking pattern to a more growth mindset, I can help! Collaboratively, we will enhance your strengths and decrease your anxious or depressive moods. Together we can explore the impact of past relationships and experiences on one’s well-being. By examining both past relationships, we can gain insights into patterns & dynamics that may have positively and negatively
(480) 386-9868 View (480) 386-9868
Photo of Ira J Dressner, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Phoenix, AZ
Ira J Dressner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW
Verified Verified
Phoenix, AZ 85003  (Online Only)
My focus is working with people who have been traumatized, molested, raped, bullied, have had domestic violence and complex trauma and PTDS. All of this work is done with advanced EMDR therapy work. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker License in Arizona, New York , and Nevada and can take clients from each of these states.
My focus is working with people who have been traumatized, molested, raped, bullied, have had domestic violence and complex trauma and PTDS. All of this work is done with advanced EMDR therapy work. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker License in Arizona, New York , and Nevada and can take clients from each of these states.
(480) 771-8017 View (480) 771-8017
Photo of Hannah Kennedy, Counselor in Phoenix, AZ
Hannah Kennedy
Counselor, LAC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Phoenix, AZ 85016
Trauma is not just the big, obvious events that happen to us. It is also the small, but significant, experiences that teach us about who we are, where we belong, and what we deserve. The way that we coped with these experiences in the past may be wreaking havoc in the present. Therapy with me often involves digging into the past and those negative beliefs that continue to show up. We may use EMDR and other experiential techniques process what happened to you or around you. It becomes easier to make behavioral and relational changes once those old beliefs have been let go and replaced with more adaptive ways of thinking.
Trauma is not just the big, obvious events that happen to us. It is also the small, but significant, experiences that teach us about who we are, where we belong, and what we deserve. The way that we coped with these experiences in the past may be wreaking havoc in the present. Therapy with me often involves digging into the past and those negative beliefs that continue to show up. We may use EMDR and other experiential techniques process what happened to you or around you. It becomes easier to make behavioral and relational changes once those old beliefs have been let go and replaced with more adaptive ways of thinking.
(623) 294-7498 View (623) 294-7498
Photo of Francesca Marie Mirizio, Pre-Licensed Professional in Phoenix, AZ
Francesca Marie Mirizio
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Phoenix, AZ 85044  (Online Only)
I can work with you as an ally during the most difficult phases of your life. You set the goals for change, and I will help guide you to reach them. I also have a great understanding of the dynamics of a healthy relationship and can also offer great insight to clients who struggle with relationship issues. As an Emotional Intelligence Life Coach, I can help you to master your emotions, reduce your stress, and develop emotional intelligence.
I can work with you as an ally during the most difficult phases of your life. You set the goals for change, and I will help guide you to reach them. I also have a great understanding of the dynamics of a healthy relationship and can also offer great insight to clients who struggle with relationship issues. As an Emotional Intelligence Life Coach, I can help you to master your emotions, reduce your stress, and develop emotional intelligence.
(480) 526-9387 View (480) 526-9387
Photo of Joseph Smith, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Phoenix, AZ
Joseph Smith
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Phoenix, AZ 85012  (Online Only)
I am licensed in Georgia and Arizona with 15 years of professional work experience. I have experience of helping clients with stress and anxiety, depression, relationship/marital/Identity issues, motivation, self-esteem, and confidence. I believe that you are the expert of your story and that you have many strengths that will assist you in overcoming things that challenge you. It takes courage to seek a more fulfilling and happier life and to take the first steps towards a change. I am here to support & empower you in that journey.
I am licensed in Georgia and Arizona with 15 years of professional work experience. I have experience of helping clients with stress and anxiety, depression, relationship/marital/Identity issues, motivation, self-esteem, and confidence. I believe that you are the expert of your story and that you have many strengths that will assist you in overcoming things that challenge you. It takes courage to seek a more fulfilling and happier life and to take the first steps towards a change. I am here to support & empower you in that journey.
(623) 294-2755 View (623) 294-2755
Photo of Karen Mavrikos, Counselor in Phoenix, AZ
Karen Mavrikos
Counselor, MC, LAC
Verified Verified
Phoenix, AZ 85015
Hello! I am a kind, compassionate therapist with a strong desire to help those struggling with all life's emotional challenges. Asking for help is the first step in overcoming obstacles in life. The overwhelming fears and doubts that you can actually win the battle against anxiety, depression, or other emotional struggles can seem impossible. Trust me when I say, that it is possible! By increasing coping skills, and identifying the obstacles that are getting in the way, we can work together to get you back to the best version of you that you can be.
Hello! I am a kind, compassionate therapist with a strong desire to help those struggling with all life's emotional challenges. Asking for help is the first step in overcoming obstacles in life. The overwhelming fears and doubts that you can actually win the battle against anxiety, depression, or other emotional struggles can seem impossible. Trust me when I say, that it is possible! By increasing coping skills, and identifying the obstacles that are getting in the way, we can work together to get you back to the best version of you that you can be.
(602) 786-6949 View (602) 786-6949
Photo of Nancy R Hay, Counselor in Phoenix, AZ
Nancy R Hay
Counselor, MA, LPC, LISAC
Verified Verified
Phoenix, AZ 85020  (Online Only)
I have been helping individuals and couples for over thirty years make positive changes in their lives. Counseling is about changing what is not working in your life, feeling better, and creating new levels of satisfaction, happiness, and peace. If you are experiencing stress or unhappiness and know it's time to do something about it, let my experience and practical approach help you grow in a positive direction. I use a variety of therapeutic approaches and develop a plan to uniquely fit your needs, personality, and goals. My goal is to help you as quickly as possible improve your life.
I have been helping individuals and couples for over thirty years make positive changes in their lives. Counseling is about changing what is not working in your life, feeling better, and creating new levels of satisfaction, happiness, and peace. If you are experiencing stress or unhappiness and know it's time to do something about it, let my experience and practical approach help you grow in a positive direction. I use a variety of therapeutic approaches and develop a plan to uniquely fit your needs, personality, and goals. My goal is to help you as quickly as possible improve your life.
(480) 568-4007 View (480) 568-4007
Photo of Denise Baker, Licensed Professional Counselor in Phoenix, AZ
Denise Baker
Licensed Professional Counselor, MSc, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Phoenix, AZ 85048
Accepting New Clients. Offers Telehealth and in-person sessions for individuals, couples and family counseling. At Life Quest Counseling, our goal is to provide a supportive, safe space where hope and healing can flourish. We believe every person deserves the opportunity to learn, grow, heal and find peace - regardless of their age, background or situation. We invite individuals, couples, parents, youth, and families to seek understanding and support and to learn skills and strategies that will help them work through challenging situations.
Accepting New Clients. Offers Telehealth and in-person sessions for individuals, couples and family counseling. At Life Quest Counseling, our goal is to provide a supportive, safe space where hope and healing can flourish. We believe every person deserves the opportunity to learn, grow, heal and find peace - regardless of their age, background or situation. We invite individuals, couples, parents, youth, and families to seek understanding and support and to learn skills and strategies that will help them work through challenging situations.
(480) 999-9318 View (480) 999-9318
Photo of Art Of Life - Creative Life Coaching in Phoenix, AZ
Art Of Life - Creative Life Coaching
Verified Verified
Phoenix, AZ 85028
As an Artist and Meditation Teacher with over 30 years experience in Human Services, I am excited to offer a creative spin on bringing your dreams to fruition. My passion lies with being a catalyst for growth. I am happy to announce that I am now offering a way to gain a deeper connection of spirit, mind and body through a guided meditation workshop. The meditation and workshops are offered in a group setting and or through 1:1 sessions.
As an Artist and Meditation Teacher with over 30 years experience in Human Services, I am excited to offer a creative spin on bringing your dreams to fruition. My passion lies with being a catalyst for growth. I am happy to announce that I am now offering a way to gain a deeper connection of spirit, mind and body through a guided meditation workshop. The meditation and workshops are offered in a group setting and or through 1:1 sessions.
(602) 388-1953 View (602) 388-1953
Photo of Marissa Widener, Counselor in Phoenix, AZ
Marissa Widener
Counselor, MC, LAC
Verified Verified
Phoenix, AZ 85003
If you are seeking support for, but not limited to, stressors related to anxiety, depression, gender/sexual identity, LGBTQ+ concerns, family/relationship concerns, trauma, or life changes, there is space here for you! Marissa is committed to client success and maintaining a warm environment both in-person and online. As a compassionate and attentive Licensed Associate Counselor, Marissa creates a safe and supportive environment to allow clients to reach their fullest potential.
If you are seeking support for, but not limited to, stressors related to anxiety, depression, gender/sexual identity, LGBTQ+ concerns, family/relationship concerns, trauma, or life changes, there is space here for you! Marissa is committed to client success and maintaining a warm environment both in-person and online. As a compassionate and attentive Licensed Associate Counselor, Marissa creates a safe and supportive environment to allow clients to reach their fullest potential.
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Photo of Lauren J Border, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Phoenix, AZ
Lauren J Border
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LMSW, MSW, BSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Phoenix, AZ 85023
Have you been feeling disconnected? Do you often shut-down emotionally, feel overwhelmed, panicked, or ashamed? Have you struggled in relationships, waiting for and expecting the other shoe to drop? Do you find yourself giving and giving, but getting little in return? Do you frequently criticize yourself or others? You are not alone, and you are not broken. You developed these patterns to help you survive pain and difficulty. In a safe and healing environment, we can learn about and shed unhealthy patterns. You can find safety in your body and connect with yourself so you can stop surviving and start living the life you deserve!
Have you been feeling disconnected? Do you often shut-down emotionally, feel overwhelmed, panicked, or ashamed? Have you struggled in relationships, waiting for and expecting the other shoe to drop? Do you find yourself giving and giving, but getting little in return? Do you frequently criticize yourself or others? You are not alone, and you are not broken. You developed these patterns to help you survive pain and difficulty. In a safe and healing environment, we can learn about and shed unhealthy patterns. You can find safety in your body and connect with yourself so you can stop surviving and start living the life you deserve!
(623) 288-0054 View (623) 288-0054

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Phoenix, AZ

1,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Phoenix, AZ who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
84% Depression
76% Trauma and PTSD
76% Self Esteem
75% Relationship Issues
70% Stress
69% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

82% Aetna
67% BlueCross and BlueShield
66% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Phoenix, AZ see their clients

67% In Person and Online
33% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Phoenix?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.