Therapists in Saint Paul, MN

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Photo of Clifford J Buhl, Psychologist in Saint Paul, MN
Clifford J Buhl
Psychologist, PsyD, LP
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55114
I believe making active focused choices about how to cope with problems and reach your goals pays dividends. Some clients come to therapy to better make peace with their past so as not to continue old patterns. Others are seeking relief from stress and anxiety that the modern world seems to breed. Yet others are working on improving important relationships. Many clients are looking for answers to meaning and purpose that they have not yet resolved in their day-to-day life. What is it that you most want to work on?
I believe making active focused choices about how to cope with problems and reach your goals pays dividends. Some clients come to therapy to better make peace with their past so as not to continue old patterns. Others are seeking relief from stress and anxiety that the modern world seems to breed. Yet others are working on improving important relationships. Many clients are looking for answers to meaning and purpose that they have not yet resolved in their day-to-day life. What is it that you most want to work on?
(651) 372-8944 View (651) 372-8944
Photo of Jason Skirry in Saint Paul, MN
Jason Skirry
MA, PhD, APPA
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55118
Not accepting new clients
As a philosophical counselor, I use philosophical inquiry, art and literature, to help you examine your life and face the inevitable challenges of being human. I provide an open and safe space for you to explore, amend and support your values and beliefs. Through this process, new areas of insight, clarity, and creativity will open up for you. It will give you the chance to develop a coherent worldview or "philosophy of life" that can deeply inform, and bring joy to, your life.
As a philosophical counselor, I use philosophical inquiry, art and literature, to help you examine your life and face the inevitable challenges of being human. I provide an open and safe space for you to explore, amend and support your values and beliefs. Through this process, new areas of insight, clarity, and creativity will open up for you. It will give you the chance to develop a coherent worldview or "philosophy of life" that can deeply inform, and bring joy to, your life.
(651) 419-3973 View (651) 419-3973
Photo of Ives Wittman in Saint Paul, MN
Ives Wittman
MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55114
Growing up can be a hard won struggle. Learning to run your own life requires commitment and discipline. Create authentic relationships and satisfying work, expand a sense of inner guidance, and sharpen your purpose. I work with both men and women, however, my work with men has been especially gratifying. My experiences have shown they are capable, driven, compassionate and focused. They care deeply about their relationships and work and desire self-improvement and expertise in their lives.
Growing up can be a hard won struggle. Learning to run your own life requires commitment and discipline. Create authentic relationships and satisfying work, expand a sense of inner guidance, and sharpen your purpose. I work with both men and women, however, my work with men has been especially gratifying. My experiences have shown they are capable, driven, compassionate and focused. They care deeply about their relationships and work and desire self-improvement and expertise in their lives.
(612) 712-3927 View (612) 712-3927
Photo of Tascha Just in Saint Paul, MN
Tascha Just
EdS, NCSP
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55112
I integrate the ancient wisdom of Hindu Chakras, Anishinaabe Grandfather Teachings, and Christian Virtues with the Kwanzaa Principles, U.S. Army Values, and the CASEL competencies (self-awareness, social awareness, self-management, relationship-building, and decision-making). Wherever you are, that's our starting point and you get to choose the paradigm that is most relevant to you.
I integrate the ancient wisdom of Hindu Chakras, Anishinaabe Grandfather Teachings, and Christian Virtues with the Kwanzaa Principles, U.S. Army Values, and the CASEL competencies (self-awareness, social awareness, self-management, relationship-building, and decision-making). Wherever you are, that's our starting point and you get to choose the paradigm that is most relevant to you.
(651) 371-9134 View (651) 371-9134
Photo of Mj Hines, Pre-Licensed Professional in Saint Paul, MN
Mj Hines
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55114
Being a person can be hard! If you are struggling with depression, anxiety, grief and loss, relationship or substance use issues, or any of the difficult feelings that come with being human, I want to help! When you learn to trust your own intuition, identify your needs, and define your boundaries, you are better able to advocate for yourself and create the life you want. I focus on helping each individual to make deep connections, uncover your inner strength and wisdom, and cultivate a meaningful, fulfilling life. At times, you may just need a little extra support wherever you're at, and I'll meet you there!
Being a person can be hard! If you are struggling with depression, anxiety, grief and loss, relationship or substance use issues, or any of the difficult feelings that come with being human, I want to help! When you learn to trust your own intuition, identify your needs, and define your boundaries, you are better able to advocate for yourself and create the life you want. I focus on helping each individual to make deep connections, uncover your inner strength and wisdom, and cultivate a meaningful, fulfilling life. At times, you may just need a little extra support wherever you're at, and I'll meet you there!
(612) 400-8176 View (612) 400-8176
Photo of Amanda Markowski, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Amanda Markowski
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55102
Not accepting new clients
I strive to provide a supportive and non-judgmental environment to help you learn more about yourself, gain skills to navigate life’s challenges, and live an authentic, fulfilled life. My areas of focus include working with clients who experience anxiety, OCD, perfectionism, and trauma. I enjoy working with clients who identify as LGBQ+, transgender, and/or gender expansive. In my practice, I utilize a person-centered, relational approach.
I strive to provide a supportive and non-judgmental environment to help you learn more about yourself, gain skills to navigate life’s challenges, and live an authentic, fulfilled life. My areas of focus include working with clients who experience anxiety, OCD, perfectionism, and trauma. I enjoy working with clients who identify as LGBQ+, transgender, and/or gender expansive. In my practice, I utilize a person-centered, relational approach.
(612) 999-2263 View (612) 999-2263
Photo of TC Largaespada, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
TC Largaespada
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55102  (Online Only)
When you are feeling overwhelmed but aren't sure how things can change, I can help. When you find that you keep making the same mistakes, doing things you promised yourself you would stop, I can help. Behavior changes are more than just applying logic to your situation. If it was only logic, you would have figured it out by now. I focus on how the brain processes experiences. I can provide the space to sort things out and finally make sense of those old patterns.
When you are feeling overwhelmed but aren't sure how things can change, I can help. When you find that you keep making the same mistakes, doing things you promised yourself you would stop, I can help. Behavior changes are more than just applying logic to your situation. If it was only logic, you would have figured it out by now. I focus on how the brain processes experiences. I can provide the space to sort things out and finally make sense of those old patterns.
(651) 964-0962 View (651) 964-0962
Photo of Kelly Heagle, Marriage & Family Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Kelly Heagle
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, RPT
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55105
I am honored to offer space to process and reflect and help clients connect to themselves and others in a deeper way. I believe we each have our own inner widsom and therapy is a place to discover that wisdom. Clients describe me as down to earth, creative, compassionate, funny, direct, warm and intuitive. I specialize in grief and loss, education, healthcare and mental health professionals, secondary and primary trauma and clients who have connection with adoption or foster care. I work from strength based and trauma informed models and draw from IFS, Attachment, Narrative and Somatic/Experiential/Sandtray modalities.
I am honored to offer space to process and reflect and help clients connect to themselves and others in a deeper way. I believe we each have our own inner widsom and therapy is a place to discover that wisdom. Clients describe me as down to earth, creative, compassionate, funny, direct, warm and intuitive. I specialize in grief and loss, education, healthcare and mental health professionals, secondary and primary trauma and clients who have connection with adoption or foster care. I work from strength based and trauma informed models and draw from IFS, Attachment, Narrative and Somatic/Experiential/Sandtray modalities.
(612) 324-5088 View (612) 324-5088
Photo of Isabelle Lankhorst, Marriage & Family Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Isabelle Lankhorst
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55104  (Online Only)
Hi! Finding a therapist who's the right fit for you can be such a rough process, right? I'll be as straightforward as possible: From me you can expect gentle honesty, flexibility, and lots of humor. I'm also super gay, super ADHD, anti capitalist, and body neutral. I've worked in mental health care for ten years focusing on the intersections of sex and trauma, as well as body size and trauma. Fat is not a bad word. I'm trained in EMDR and love it, but my goal is truly to meet you where you're at, pushing you just to your comfortable edge for growth.
Hi! Finding a therapist who's the right fit for you can be such a rough process, right? I'll be as straightforward as possible: From me you can expect gentle honesty, flexibility, and lots of humor. I'm also super gay, super ADHD, anti capitalist, and body neutral. I've worked in mental health care for ten years focusing on the intersections of sex and trauma, as well as body size and trauma. Fat is not a bad word. I'm trained in EMDR and love it, but my goal is truly to meet you where you're at, pushing you just to your comfortable edge for growth.
(651) 888-8591 View (651) 888-8591
Photo of Katherine Quie, Psychologist in Saint Paul, MN
Katherine Quie
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55108
My goal is to help every child, adolescent, and/or young adult touched by ADHD navigate through their specific challenges, and find their unique areas of brilliance. I have been practicing as a child and adolescent psychologist for over twenty years. I work closely with youth, parents, educators, and families. One of my primary areas of expertise is neuropsychological testing, which has given me great insight into how children and adolescents learn. I founded my own organization, ADHD&U, in 2019 after writing a book about raising my own son with ADHD (Raising Will: Surviving the Brilliance and Blues of ADHD).
My goal is to help every child, adolescent, and/or young adult touched by ADHD navigate through their specific challenges, and find their unique areas of brilliance. I have been practicing as a child and adolescent psychologist for over twenty years. I work closely with youth, parents, educators, and families. One of my primary areas of expertise is neuropsychological testing, which has given me great insight into how children and adolescents learn. I founded my own organization, ADHD&U, in 2019 after writing a book about raising my own son with ADHD (Raising Will: Surviving the Brilliance and Blues of ADHD).
(651) 374-9477 View (651) 374-9477
Photo of Ann E Boekhoff, Psychologist in Saint Paul, MN
Ann E Boekhoff
Psychologist, MA, LP, LMFT
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55105
I have been practicing as a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and a Licensed Psychologist for over thirty years. I understand that therapy can seem mysterious and intimidating. I also know that life is filled with challenges and that relationships are very demanding and difficult to navigate. Psychotherapy can be one way of addressing whatever unique distress you may be experiencing. Together we will work to clear away the limitations of thinking and experience that are holding you back from your own wholeness- your own sense of being fully alive and engaged in your life.
I have been practicing as a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and a Licensed Psychologist for over thirty years. I understand that therapy can seem mysterious and intimidating. I also know that life is filled with challenges and that relationships are very demanding and difficult to navigate. Psychotherapy can be one way of addressing whatever unique distress you may be experiencing. Together we will work to clear away the limitations of thinking and experience that are holding you back from your own wholeness- your own sense of being fully alive and engaged in your life.
(651) 560-3591 View (651) 560-3591
Photo of Hannah Stevens Nauman, Marriage & Family Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Hannah Stevens Nauman
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55105
I work with couples who have been feeling stuck in the same patterns, disconnected from each other, and have difficulty communicating. Together, we will work towards creating a more fulfilling and attuned relationship. I also work with individuals who are looking for relief from anxiety, depression, trauma, or are searching for ways to cope with challenging life transitions.
I work with couples who have been feeling stuck in the same patterns, disconnected from each other, and have difficulty communicating. Together, we will work towards creating a more fulfilling and attuned relationship. I also work with individuals who are looking for relief from anxiety, depression, trauma, or are searching for ways to cope with challenging life transitions.
(612) 808-5421 View (612) 808-5421
Photo of Pamela Reed, Counselor in Saint Paul, MN
Pamela Reed
Counselor, MA, LPCC, CCTP
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55105
I believe that genuine presence, authentic connection, and a welcoming sense of curiosity, inspires each client to recover and overcome. I hold genuine and positive regard for my clients which enables me to encourage and support them as they come to understand the origins of their challenges and how to meet and transform them. I counsel individuals (ages 17 and up). My practice focuses on transitions, trauma, anxiety, depression, grief, loss, spirituality and meaning and highly sensitive persons (HSPs). My commitment is to discover the strengths and gifts of each client so they may discover their true self.
I believe that genuine presence, authentic connection, and a welcoming sense of curiosity, inspires each client to recover and overcome. I hold genuine and positive regard for my clients which enables me to encourage and support them as they come to understand the origins of their challenges and how to meet and transform them. I counsel individuals (ages 17 and up). My practice focuses on transitions, trauma, anxiety, depression, grief, loss, spirituality and meaning and highly sensitive persons (HSPs). My commitment is to discover the strengths and gifts of each client so they may discover their true self.
(612) 261-1720 View (612) 261-1720
Photo of Lacrestia Anderson, Pre-Licensed Professional in Saint Paul, MN
Lacrestia Anderson
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, LADC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55104  (Online Only)
Your experience with me will be different than what you think of in a typical therapy session! I'm an old soul with a down to earth personality that is rooted in Southern Georgia. I bring a southern hospitality twist to my 9 years of evidenced based clinical work! You see, it takes a village to get through life and all it's challenges, you can't do it alone! You deserve to be the best you, and if you need some extra support to get there, there is nothing wrong with that! I offer an empathic, authentic, and supportive space that is free from judgement.
Your experience with me will be different than what you think of in a typical therapy session! I'm an old soul with a down to earth personality that is rooted in Southern Georgia. I bring a southern hospitality twist to my 9 years of evidenced based clinical work! You see, it takes a village to get through life and all it's challenges, you can't do it alone! You deserve to be the best you, and if you need some extra support to get there, there is nothing wrong with that! I offer an empathic, authentic, and supportive space that is free from judgement.
(651) 565-9683 View (651) 565-9683
Photo of Michael Sadowsky, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Michael Sadowsky
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, MAHS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55116
Waitlist for new clients
I am a clinical social worker with an integrative and holistic approach to psychotherapy. My therapy practice is rooted in mindfulness, CBT and DBT approaches, EMDR, and contemporary Psychodynamic therapy. I also draw from the mind-body connection, spirituality, social/cultural influences, neuroscience, and compassion. My background is in social work, which gives me a social justice lens and awareness of how societal factors like inequality and discrimination can affect mental health. I primarily provide psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy/Ketamine assisted psychotherapy at Intero Psychedelic Therapy in St. Paul, MN.
I am a clinical social worker with an integrative and holistic approach to psychotherapy. My therapy practice is rooted in mindfulness, CBT and DBT approaches, EMDR, and contemporary Psychodynamic therapy. I also draw from the mind-body connection, spirituality, social/cultural influences, neuroscience, and compassion. My background is in social work, which gives me a social justice lens and awareness of how societal factors like inequality and discrimination can affect mental health. I primarily provide psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy/Ketamine assisted psychotherapy at Intero Psychedelic Therapy in St. Paul, MN.
(651) 299-6577 View (651) 299-6577
Photo of Sarah Berlin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Sarah Berlin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LGSW, MEd
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55105
I work with adults and young children using a warm, collaborative approach. My adult specialties include anxiety, depression, perinatal mental health, parenting/bonding difficulties, childhood trauma, and abortion/reproductive justice. I also value working with single and LGBTQ+ parents. Together we explore past experiences, relationships, and patterns within a secure therapeutic relationship to foster growth. I honor clients’ diverse identities and recognize that many internal struggles are reflective of systemic, sociopolitical issues.
I work with adults and young children using a warm, collaborative approach. My adult specialties include anxiety, depression, perinatal mental health, parenting/bonding difficulties, childhood trauma, and abortion/reproductive justice. I also value working with single and LGBTQ+ parents. Together we explore past experiences, relationships, and patterns within a secure therapeutic relationship to foster growth. I honor clients’ diverse identities and recognize that many internal struggles are reflective of systemic, sociopolitical issues.
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Photo of Laurie Koltes, Psychologist in Saint Paul, MN
Laurie Koltes
Psychologist, MA, LP
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55116  (Online Only)
There is a saying that refers to "the dark endless days and the dark endless nights" This can describe how life can feel at times- that there is no light at the end of the tunnel, no end to the sadness, anxiety, stress, or exhaustion. But there is hope.These feelings may be due to many things and that is where counseling can help. By working collaboratively with you and emphasizing your strengths, I will help you find relief, develop skills so you can face your struggles and improve your mental health and emotional well being. When you meet with me, you can expect counseling that is non- judgmental, open minded and collaborative.
There is a saying that refers to "the dark endless days and the dark endless nights" This can describe how life can feel at times- that there is no light at the end of the tunnel, no end to the sadness, anxiety, stress, or exhaustion. But there is hope.These feelings may be due to many things and that is where counseling can help. By working collaboratively with you and emphasizing your strengths, I will help you find relief, develop skills so you can face your struggles and improve your mental health and emotional well being. When you meet with me, you can expect counseling that is non- judgmental, open minded and collaborative.
(612) 249-7456 View (612) 249-7456
Photo of Mariah Lord, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Saint Paul, MN
Mariah Lord
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, LAMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55114
Not accepting new clients
Whether this is the first time you're embarking on your therapy journey, or you're revisiting the search for a therapist who truly sees and understands you, this process can be so overwhelming. But you're taking this leap into therapy for a reason. Maybe you're feeling disconnected with yourself or those around you and you're ready to reimagine what your life could look like. Maybe you're ready to take the courageous step to begin healing from past emotional wounds that have been keeping you from living in the present. Maybe the weight of the world and its systemic injustices feels inescapable.
Whether this is the first time you're embarking on your therapy journey, or you're revisiting the search for a therapist who truly sees and understands you, this process can be so overwhelming. But you're taking this leap into therapy for a reason. Maybe you're feeling disconnected with yourself or those around you and you're ready to reimagine what your life could look like. Maybe you're ready to take the courageous step to begin healing from past emotional wounds that have been keeping you from living in the present. Maybe the weight of the world and its systemic injustices feels inescapable.
(651) 615-3320 View (651) 615-3320
Twin Cities Cognitive Behavioral Treatment Center
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55102
We work with individuals of all ages with anxiety, mood and related issues across the lifespan. When working with younger children, we meet with parents without the child for the first evaluation session, and then meet with the child individually during the second evaluation session.Our center also routinely works with college-aged and young adult clients. Here, our therapists incorporate components of therapy geared specifically to this age group: identity development, fostering independence and autonomy, and helping clients navigate the challenges experienced during their transition into adulthood.
We work with individuals of all ages with anxiety, mood and related issues across the lifespan. When working with younger children, we meet with parents without the child for the first evaluation session, and then meet with the child individually during the second evaluation session.Our center also routinely works with college-aged and young adult clients. Here, our therapists incorporate components of therapy geared specifically to this age group: identity development, fostering independence and autonomy, and helping clients navigate the challenges experienced during their transition into adulthood.
(651) 359-9401 View (651) 359-9401
Photo of Abbey Wiltzius, Marriage & Family Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Abbey Wiltzius
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55104
Being a human is not easy. The good news is that we don't have to navigate it alone. Psychotherapy is a partnership that can support and empower you through difficult experiences, find hope, and create a greater sense of meaning and purpose in your life.
Being a human is not easy. The good news is that we don't have to navigate it alone. Psychotherapy is a partnership that can support and empower you through difficult experiences, find hope, and create a greater sense of meaning and purpose in your life.
(651) 401-7069 View (651) 401-7069

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Saint Paul, MN

1,000+

Average cost per session

$170

Therapists in Saint Paul, MN who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
89% Depression
82% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
75% Trauma and PTSD
68% Stress
66% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

86% BlueCross and BlueShield
73% UCare
68% HealthPartners of MN and WI

How Therapists in Saint Paul, MN see their clients

74% In Person and Online
26% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
20% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Saint Paul?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.