Therapists in Mechanicsville, VA

Photo of Samarra Rogers, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Mechanicsville, VA
Samarra Rogers
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Mechanicsville, VA 23111  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
My ideal clients include women and teens struggling to navigate through anxiety during the transitions of their lives. They need the space to freely express their concerns, worries, and fears about their season of life while also having the desire to learn how to navigate through those seasons of life in a less stressful or intimidating manner. Other ideal clients include couples seeking to navigate conflict, who want to develop healthier ways to communicate their needs and wants to one another, and also want to be equipped with the tools to build or rebuild the foundations of their relationship.
My ideal clients include women and teens struggling to navigate through anxiety during the transitions of their lives. They need the space to freely express their concerns, worries, and fears about their season of life while also having the desire to learn how to navigate through those seasons of life in a less stressful or intimidating manner. Other ideal clients include couples seeking to navigate conflict, who want to develop healthier ways to communicate their needs and wants to one another, and also want to be equipped with the tools to build or rebuild the foundations of their relationship.
(804) 207-9952 View (804) 207-9952
Photo of Robin Hornstra, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Mechanicsville, VA
Robin Hornstra
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, RPT-S
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Mechanicsville, VA 23116
Not accepting new clients
Robin has been a licensed clinical social worker (LSCW) since 1996 and most of her experience has been with children and families. She also has a clear understanding of working with addictions, anger management, certified trauma specialist (VA-NASW), anxiety and depression, major life events, blended family and parenting issues, codependency, grief and loss, lack of self-esteem and life stressors. www.linkedin.com/in/robinhornstralcsw.
Robin has been a licensed clinical social worker (LSCW) since 1996 and most of her experience has been with children and families. She also has a clear understanding of working with addictions, anger management, certified trauma specialist (VA-NASW), anxiety and depression, major life events, blended family and parenting issues, codependency, grief and loss, lack of self-esteem and life stressors. www.linkedin.com/in/robinhornstralcsw.
(804) 255-9152 View (804) 255-9152
Photo of Linda Walsh, Licensed Professional Counselor in Mechanicsville, VA
Linda Walsh
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Mechanicsville, VA 23116  (Online Only)
Accepting new clients: Adults, teens, and children. With over 30 years of counseling experience in working with all types of clients and problems I enjoy helping clients uncover positive tools for important changes in their lives. I believe therapy can make a huge difference in people's lives and enhance their overall health and well-being. I believe in a strong mind-body connection and that much of what ails us can not be medicated away. I see clients in individual and family therapy.
Accepting new clients: Adults, teens, and children. With over 30 years of counseling experience in working with all types of clients and problems I enjoy helping clients uncover positive tools for important changes in their lives. I believe therapy can make a huge difference in people's lives and enhance their overall health and well-being. I believe in a strong mind-body connection and that much of what ails us can not be medicated away. I see clients in individual and family therapy.
(804) 577-5960 View (804) 577-5960
Photo of David Hess, Psychologist in Mechanicsville, VA
David Hess
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Mechanicsville, VA 23116
David W. Hess, Ph.D., LCP, ABPP David W. Hess is a Psychologist in Virginia who has been practicing since 1992. He was born and raised in Philadelphia, PA and has more than 30 years of experience providing psychological services. He has served in both the US Air Force and US Public Health Service as a Clinical Psychologist. He earned a Bachelor's degree in Psychology from Millersville University of Pa., a Master's degree from Fairleigh Dickinson University in School Psychology, and Doctor of Philosophy (PHD) in Clinical Psychology from Nova Southeastern University.
David W. Hess, Ph.D., LCP, ABPP David W. Hess is a Psychologist in Virginia who has been practicing since 1992. He was born and raised in Philadelphia, PA and has more than 30 years of experience providing psychological services. He has served in both the US Air Force and US Public Health Service as a Clinical Psychologist. He earned a Bachelor's degree in Psychology from Millersville University of Pa., a Master's degree from Fairleigh Dickinson University in School Psychology, and Doctor of Philosophy (PHD) in Clinical Psychology from Nova Southeastern University.
(804) 376-5985 View (804) 376-5985
Photo of Susann-Nicole Giesela Schwarz, Licensed Professional Counselor in Mechanicsville, VA
Susann-Nicole Giesela Schwarz
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Mechanicsville, VA 23111
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in VA, TX, and MA and earned my bachelor’s degree in Criminal Justice, master’s degree in Forensic Psychology, and master’s degree in Clinical Psychology from American International College in Springfield Massachusetts. I have worked in the mental health field for over 10 years in addiction rehabs, county and city jails, crisis stabilization units, and outpatient services. I use a wide variety of therapeutic approaches that are based on the individual needs of the client. I am also able to supervise residents in counseling.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in VA, TX, and MA and earned my bachelor’s degree in Criminal Justice, master’s degree in Forensic Psychology, and master’s degree in Clinical Psychology from American International College in Springfield Massachusetts. I have worked in the mental health field for over 10 years in addiction rehabs, county and city jails, crisis stabilization units, and outpatient services. I use a wide variety of therapeutic approaches that are based on the individual needs of the client. I am also able to supervise residents in counseling.
(804) 259-0094 View (804) 259-0094
Photo of Terry N Diebold, Marriage & Family Therapist in Mechanicsville, VA
Terry N Diebold
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LPC, MA, MAMFT, MDiv
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Mechanicsville, VA 23116
My ideal client wants to change or is stuck and doesn't know how to change. Whether the issue is trauma, marital, fear, depression or spiritual, I work with people who are tired of living a life that is not functional or fulfilling. I see individuals and and also specialize in couples therapy, PTSD, career coaching and spiritual issues. My background as minister, EMDR clinician, business owner and Marriage and Family Therapist (I've been married for 45 years) give me a unique ability to address these problems quickly and efficiently.
My ideal client wants to change or is stuck and doesn't know how to change. Whether the issue is trauma, marital, fear, depression or spiritual, I work with people who are tired of living a life that is not functional or fulfilling. I see individuals and and also specialize in couples therapy, PTSD, career coaching and spiritual issues. My background as minister, EMDR clinician, business owner and Marriage and Family Therapist (I've been married for 45 years) give me a unique ability to address these problems quickly and efficiently.
(540) 692-3525 View (540) 692-3525
Photo of Road to Ready Counseling,LLC. , Licensed Professional Counselor in Mechanicsville, VA
Road to Ready Counseling,LLC.
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Mechanicsville, VA 23111
•Urgent appointments available. You are not alone! We can help; you can heal! Your time is valuable to us. We will listen and provide you with strategies to assist with any challenges that you are experiencing. We provide telehealth and In-person therapy specializing in working with children, adolescents, and adults experiencing a wide range of mental health symptoms.
•Urgent appointments available. You are not alone! We can help; you can heal! Your time is valuable to us. We will listen and provide you with strategies to assist with any challenges that you are experiencing. We provide telehealth and In-person therapy specializing in working with children, adolescents, and adults experiencing a wide range of mental health symptoms.
(804) 531-3914 View (804) 531-3914
Amanda Shore
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Mechanicsville, VA 23116  (Online Only)
Client-centered, strengths based and solution focused, with an emphasis on improving confidence, self-worth, and self-esteem. website. brighter-perspective.com
Client-centered, strengths based and solution focused, with an emphasis on improving confidence, self-worth, and self-esteem. website. brighter-perspective.com
(804) 207-7667 View (804) 207-7667
Photo of Breyonna Morris, Resident in Counseling in Mechanicsville, VA
Breyonna Morris
Resident in Counseling, MS, LPC-R
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Mechanicsville, VA 23116  (Online Only)
Let me pour you a cup of tea or coffee, and let’s talk virtually, that is. I want to congratulate you on completing the first step, which is seeking assistance. Allow me to help you with the next part of your journey to reach your desired destination. Mental health can be scary, but you can overcome those barriers, fears, and challenges. I am passionate about my profession and will pour my all into this partnership. I have worked with adolescents and adults for nearly a decade to overcome mental roadblocks, develop coping skills, and locate resources to provide additional support.
Let me pour you a cup of tea or coffee, and let’s talk virtually, that is. I want to congratulate you on completing the first step, which is seeking assistance. Allow me to help you with the next part of your journey to reach your desired destination. Mental health can be scary, but you can overcome those barriers, fears, and challenges. I am passionate about my profession and will pour my all into this partnership. I have worked with adolescents and adults for nearly a decade to overcome mental roadblocks, develop coping skills, and locate resources to provide additional support.
(804) 657-4319 View (804) 657-4319
Photo of Tamar Dandridge, Licensed Professional Counselor in Mechanicsville, VA
Tamar Dandridge
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CCTP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Mechanicsville, VA 23116  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Hello, my name is Tamar. I utilize an eclectic approach while pulling from CBT, DBT, and somatic techniques all from a trauma informed lens. I am EMDR trained and a Certified Clinical Trauma Professional. I am experienced in treating symptoms related to trauma, depression, grief and anxiety in teens and adults. I have over 20 years of experience in the helping field. I am passionate about trauma recovery. I'm currently providing therapy via Telehealth only and only during the evening.
Hello, my name is Tamar. I utilize an eclectic approach while pulling from CBT, DBT, and somatic techniques all from a trauma informed lens. I am EMDR trained and a Certified Clinical Trauma Professional. I am experienced in treating symptoms related to trauma, depression, grief and anxiety in teens and adults. I have over 20 years of experience in the helping field. I am passionate about trauma recovery. I'm currently providing therapy via Telehealth only and only during the evening.
(804) 589-5262 View (804) 589-5262
Photo of Dr. Thomas Stanger, Psychologist in Mechanicsville, VA
Dr. Thomas Stanger
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Mechanicsville, VA 23116  (Online Only)
My focus is to get people back to living more fully, resolving trauma, abuse or whatever crises may have led to the important decision to pursue professional therapy. I have worked diligently in 25+ years of psychotherapy practice learning how to foster an effective healing process. In my experience, clients have found therapy to be an extremely important venture, uniquely personal and insightful, yet can feel uniquely vulnerable. Good therapy is built on a balance of challenge and support, developed in collaboration that fits each client, that leads to [re]discovery of potentials for better, more satisfying living.
My focus is to get people back to living more fully, resolving trauma, abuse or whatever crises may have led to the important decision to pursue professional therapy. I have worked diligently in 25+ years of psychotherapy practice learning how to foster an effective healing process. In my experience, clients have found therapy to be an extremely important venture, uniquely personal and insightful, yet can feel uniquely vulnerable. Good therapy is built on a balance of challenge and support, developed in collaboration that fits each client, that leads to [re]discovery of potentials for better, more satisfying living.
(804) 723-6114 View (804) 723-6114
Photo of Unique Journey , Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Mechanicsville, VA
Unique Journey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Mechanicsville, VA 23111
Peace, Are you or someone you care for in search of support with navigating through everyday life? Then, you’re invited with open arms to deeper connect while on your Unique Journey.
Peace, Are you or someone you care for in search of support with navigating through everyday life? Then, you’re invited with open arms to deeper connect while on your Unique Journey.
(804) 485-1483 View (804) 485-1483
Photo of Bethany Duffour, Licensed Professional Counselor in Mechanicsville, VA
Bethany Duffour
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Mechanicsville, VA 23111  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I became passionate about perinatal mental health and supporting parents during my own journey through pregnancy and motherhood. In addition to my lived experience, ​I am trained and experienced in treating perinatal mood/anxiety disorders, pregnancy loss, birth trauma, and infertility. I am knowledgeable in attachment-based therapy methods, infant and early childhood mental health, as well as treating anxiety, depression, trauma, life changes/adjustments, and neurodivergence. I utilize evidenced-based approaches to support parents in fostering healthy development and positive relationships with their children and themselves.
I became passionate about perinatal mental health and supporting parents during my own journey through pregnancy and motherhood. In addition to my lived experience, ​I am trained and experienced in treating perinatal mood/anxiety disorders, pregnancy loss, birth trauma, and infertility. I am knowledgeable in attachment-based therapy methods, infant and early childhood mental health, as well as treating anxiety, depression, trauma, life changes/adjustments, and neurodivergence. I utilize evidenced-based approaches to support parents in fostering healthy development and positive relationships with their children and themselves.
(804) 656-5197 View (804) 656-5197
Photo of Andrew Matt Stone, Psychologist in Mechanicsville, VA
Andrew Matt Stone
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Mechanicsville, VA 23116
Dr. Stone joined LifeStance Health in March of 2015 and is based out of the Hanover office. He practices an integrated psychotherapeutic approach with adults and couples. A safe exploratory relationship is central to his work, allowing his clients to express thoughts and feelings freely, including aspects of themselves that were previously not fully known. Dr. Stone views therapy as an opportunity for emotional transformation, problem solving and personal growth.
Dr. Stone joined LifeStance Health in March of 2015 and is based out of the Hanover office. He practices an integrated psychotherapeutic approach with adults and couples. A safe exploratory relationship is central to his work, allowing his clients to express thoughts and feelings freely, including aspects of themselves that were previously not fully known. Dr. Stone views therapy as an opportunity for emotional transformation, problem solving and personal growth.
(804) 599-3444 View (804) 599-3444
Photo of Bonnie Marrow in Mechanicsville, VA
Bonnie Marrow
LPC
Verified Verified
Mechanicsville, VA 23116  (Online Only)
I bring many years of experience in partnering with individuals on their journey towards healing and life satisfaction. I provide a comprehensive range of therapeutic services to adults and adolescents of all ages. I specialize in treatment for those coping with or recovering from narcissistic abuse. Narcissistic abuse can have a profound impact on self-esteem, leading to self-doubt and introspection: ‘Why did I stay so long? Why can’t I change them? Is everything really my fault? How can I trust myself to choose a healthy romantic partner in the future?’ As a survivor of narcissistic abuse, I wrestled with those questions myself.
I bring many years of experience in partnering with individuals on their journey towards healing and life satisfaction. I provide a comprehensive range of therapeutic services to adults and adolescents of all ages. I specialize in treatment for those coping with or recovering from narcissistic abuse. Narcissistic abuse can have a profound impact on self-esteem, leading to self-doubt and introspection: ‘Why did I stay so long? Why can’t I change them? Is everything really my fault? How can I trust myself to choose a healthy romantic partner in the future?’ As a survivor of narcissistic abuse, I wrestled with those questions myself.
(804) 395-6883 View (804) 395-6883
Photo of Pack Light Counseling, LLC , Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Mechanicsville, VA
Pack Light Counseling, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MDiv
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Mechanicsville, VA 23116
Are you struggling to live up to your fullest potential? Do you feel like there is a gap between where you are and where you want to be? We would like to help you! We do not believe anyone is frozen in the current chapter of their life if they are willing to creatively free themselves from that situation. Whether you or someone you care about has a mental illness (i.e. PTSD, Depression, Anxiety) or if you just feel like you need help resolving some issues in your life, we have a team of people that are here to help.
Are you struggling to live up to your fullest potential? Do you feel like there is a gap between where you are and where you want to be? We would like to help you! We do not believe anyone is frozen in the current chapter of their life if they are willing to creatively free themselves from that situation. Whether you or someone you care about has a mental illness (i.e. PTSD, Depression, Anxiety) or if you just feel like you need help resolving some issues in your life, we have a team of people that are here to help.
(540) 613-5675 View (540) 613-5675
Photo of SageMind Counseling LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Mechanicsville, VA
SageMind Counseling LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, CRC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Mechanicsville, VA 23116  (Online Only)
Justin Sheets is a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) and a Certified Rehabilitation Counselor (CRC) who provides quality, individualized, and flexible therapy to clients in order to address the emotional issues that are interfering with their lives. SageMind Counseling is a concierge practice that serves a limited number of clients at a time, resulting in a more personalized experience that isn't dependent upon on an insurance diagnosis code in order to authorize treatment, and that is free of arbitrary limits on how many sessions are necessary for you to reach your therapeutic goals.
Justin Sheets is a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) and a Certified Rehabilitation Counselor (CRC) who provides quality, individualized, and flexible therapy to clients in order to address the emotional issues that are interfering with their lives. SageMind Counseling is a concierge practice that serves a limited number of clients at a time, resulting in a more personalized experience that isn't dependent upon on an insurance diagnosis code in order to authorize treatment, and that is free of arbitrary limits on how many sessions are necessary for you to reach your therapeutic goals.
(804) 889-2407 View (804) 889-2407
Photo of Erin Austin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Mechanicsville, VA
Erin Austin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, RPT-S
Verified Verified
Mechanicsville, VA 23116  (Online Only)
I have over 17 years of experience providing counseling, group work and case management services to children, adults, and families in a variety of community settings. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW, 2009) and a Registered Play Therapy Supervisor (RPT-S, 2019). I have extensive training in the topics of infant and maternal mental health. I am licensed in the following states: Colorado, District of Columbia, Maryland, New York, and Virginia. Please visit my website for more information: brighter-perspective.com
I have over 17 years of experience providing counseling, group work and case management services to children, adults, and families in a variety of community settings. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW, 2009) and a Registered Play Therapy Supervisor (RPT-S, 2019). I have extensive training in the topics of infant and maternal mental health. I am licensed in the following states: Colorado, District of Columbia, Maryland, New York, and Virginia. Please visit my website for more information: brighter-perspective.com
(804) 913-2068 View (804) 913-2068
Photo of Kimberly C Pulley, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Mechanicsville, VA
Kimberly C Pulley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Mechanicsville, VA 23111
The path of life can be full of twists and turns and it's easy to become overwhelmed, especially in times of change and transition. Do you find yourself at a crossroads, not knowing where to turn? I believe there is hope, even in the most difficult of circumstances. I enjoy helping others regain their sense of hope by developing insight and tapping into their strengths and abilities. In doing so, healthier, more successful ways of coping with life's challenges can begin to emerge.
The path of life can be full of twists and turns and it's easy to become overwhelmed, especially in times of change and transition. Do you find yourself at a crossroads, not knowing where to turn? I believe there is hope, even in the most difficult of circumstances. I enjoy helping others regain their sense of hope by developing insight and tapping into their strengths and abilities. In doing so, healthier, more successful ways of coping with life's challenges can begin to emerge.
(804) 885-4365 View (804) 885-4365
Photo of Amy K Byrne, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Mechanicsville, VA
Amy K Byrne
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Mechanicsville, VA 23116
I have been a practicing Psychotherapist for over 30 years. Entering therapy can be difficult so it is important for people to feel comfortable, welcomed and respected as individuals. This is why I utilize a client centered approach and my style is warm and supportive.
I have been a practicing Psychotherapist for over 30 years. Entering therapy can be difficult so it is important for people to feel comfortable, welcomed and respected as individuals. This is why I utilize a client centered approach and my style is warm and supportive.
(804) 925-2698 View (804) 925-2698

See more therapy options for Mechanicsville

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Mechanicsville, VA

100+

Average cost per session

$130

Therapists in Mechanicsville, VA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
90% Depression
73% Trauma and PTSD
67% Relationship Issues
66% Coping Skills
64% Self Esteem
60% Grief

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

85% Aetna
79% BlueCross and BlueShield
78% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Mechanicsville, VA see their clients

73% In Person and Online
27% Online Only

Gender breakdown

74% Female
25% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Mechanicsville?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.