Therapists in Austin, TX

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Photo of Dr. Quintin Bailey, Psychologist in Austin, TX
Dr. Quintin Bailey
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78759  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Dr. Bailey specializes in offering culturally humble treatment for those navigating a diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder and survivors of childhood or attachment-based trauma. His approach is non-directive and grounded in the belief that we are all capable of healing. Healing comes when we feel safe and understood within ourselves and by others.
Dr. Bailey specializes in offering culturally humble treatment for those navigating a diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder and survivors of childhood or attachment-based trauma. His approach is non-directive and grounded in the belief that we are all capable of healing. Healing comes when we feel safe and understood within ourselves and by others.
(512) 764-0493 View (512) 764-0493
Photo of Diana Beltran, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Austin, TX
Diana Beltran
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-S, CCATP
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Austin, TX 78712  (Online Only)
Let's face it, engaging in compulsions is annoying! Anxiety causes us to avoid life! As a certified clinical anxiety treatment professional, I specialize in helping millennial women and first-gen Latinas navigate OCD, anxiety, and trauma. My counseling approach is holistic and person-centered, providing a safe virtual space for you to explore intrusive thoughts. With training in EMDR and Exposure Response Prevention, I help reduce your compulsions and trauma. Embrace discomfort and find comfort within it! Need an immigration evaluation? I also provide assessments for I601A, T-Visas, Cancelation of Removal, VAWA, and U-Visa cases.
Let's face it, engaging in compulsions is annoying! Anxiety causes us to avoid life! As a certified clinical anxiety treatment professional, I specialize in helping millennial women and first-gen Latinas navigate OCD, anxiety, and trauma. My counseling approach is holistic and person-centered, providing a safe virtual space for you to explore intrusive thoughts. With training in EMDR and Exposure Response Prevention, I help reduce your compulsions and trauma. Embrace discomfort and find comfort within it! Need an immigration evaluation? I also provide assessments for I601A, T-Visas, Cancelation of Removal, VAWA, and U-Visa cases.
(346) 633-3072 View (346) 633-3072
Photo of Katie Cullather, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Austin, TX
Katie Cullather
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Austin, TX 78701
Not accepting new clients
Many folx come to work with me to address, understand and better navigate their anxiety, difficult life transitions, their sense of self, relationship difficulties, family of origin issues, and/ or trauma. I work with people in these areas from a body-mind perspective, meaning that our mental health is not just comprised of our thoughts and feelings, but how we hold these things in our bodies, too.
Many folx come to work with me to address, understand and better navigate their anxiety, difficult life transitions, their sense of self, relationship difficulties, family of origin issues, and/ or trauma. I work with people in these areas from a body-mind perspective, meaning that our mental health is not just comprised of our thoughts and feelings, but how we hold these things in our bodies, too.
(737) 234-7827 View (737) 234-7827
Photo of Reesha Ahmed, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Austin, TX
Reesha Ahmed
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78759  (Online Only)
Do you feel you have a lot weighing on your mind but don’t know where to let it out? Do you often find yourself hesitant to talk through how you’re feeling? It takes courage to recognize the need to reach out to someone and even more so to act on it. I can provide a safe and non-judgmental space you need to be heard and allow you to put those thoughts into your own words.
Do you feel you have a lot weighing on your mind but don’t know where to let it out? Do you often find yourself hesitant to talk through how you’re feeling? It takes courage to recognize the need to reach out to someone and even more so to act on it. I can provide a safe and non-judgmental space you need to be heard and allow you to put those thoughts into your own words.
(512) 886-6830 View (512) 886-6830
Photo of Jason Ian Frazier, Licensed Professional Counselor in Austin, TX
Jason Ian Frazier
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78758  (Online Only)
I have been successful in the past with all manner of clients through many different settings – male, female, transgender, heterosexual, LGBTQ+, in inpatient, outpatient, technician, assessment, or even consulting settings. I also really enjoy working with teens and adolescents, since early brain-based interventions help everyone succeed even more in their lifetime. I find that my personality and style seem to fit best with clients who feel they are trapped in a negative routine, have no one with which to talk, or no way out of the situation from which they suffer.
I have been successful in the past with all manner of clients through many different settings – male, female, transgender, heterosexual, LGBTQ+, in inpatient, outpatient, technician, assessment, or even consulting settings. I also really enjoy working with teens and adolescents, since early brain-based interventions help everyone succeed even more in their lifetime. I find that my personality and style seem to fit best with clients who feel they are trapped in a negative routine, have no one with which to talk, or no way out of the situation from which they suffer.
(737) 204-6293 View (737) 204-6293
Photo of Dena Burns, Counselor in Austin, TX
Dena Burns
Counselor, LPC, LCDC
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78705
My expertise include anxiety disorders, depression, trauma, substance use, and other co-occurring disorders. I am especially passionate about working with mothers, members of the LGBTQ+ community, and individuals challenged by substance use. I foster a collaborative environment and believe we are all inherently good people who want to make healthier choices in life. I would love to help you manage your mental health by offering support and assisting you in adopting stronger coping skills.
My expertise include anxiety disorders, depression, trauma, substance use, and other co-occurring disorders. I am especially passionate about working with mothers, members of the LGBTQ+ community, and individuals challenged by substance use. I foster a collaborative environment and believe we are all inherently good people who want to make healthier choices in life. I would love to help you manage your mental health by offering support and assisting you in adopting stronger coping skills.
(512) 886-7859 View (512) 886-7859
Photo of Trent Schmiedehaus, LCSW-S, SEP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Austin, TX
Trent Schmiedehaus, LCSW-S, SEP
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-S, SEP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Austin, TX 78746
Waitlist for new clients
My approach is based first and foremost on offering you a safe, supportive space in which you can feel free to explore, change and heal. By examining your direct experience, we can observe the habitual reactions, limitations, and outdated stories that prevent you from feeling the full richness of life. Engaging your moment to moment experience will allow you to develop a full appreciation of who you are, and move you toward the life you want to live.
My approach is based first and foremost on offering you a safe, supportive space in which you can feel free to explore, change and heal. By examining your direct experience, we can observe the habitual reactions, limitations, and outdated stories that prevent you from feeling the full richness of life. Engaging your moment to moment experience will allow you to develop a full appreciation of who you are, and move you toward the life you want to live.
(512) 271-4876 View (512) 271-4876
Photo of Graal Baiocchi Jacobson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Austin, TX
Graal Baiocchi Jacobson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78746
I am a psychotherapist, licensed professional counselor and drama therapist with 16 years' experience working with individuals, couples, families and groups. In this time frame I have had the opportunity to work with a wide range of populations, such as people diagnosed with major depressive disorder, dual diagnosis, bi-polar disorder, borderline personality disorder and eating disorders. I also have experience working with immigrants and minority groups,individuals who experienced trauma, as well as people seeking for growth, personal development and more meaning in their lives. I am fluent in English, Spanish and Portuguese.
I am a psychotherapist, licensed professional counselor and drama therapist with 16 years' experience working with individuals, couples, families and groups. In this time frame I have had the opportunity to work with a wide range of populations, such as people diagnosed with major depressive disorder, dual diagnosis, bi-polar disorder, borderline personality disorder and eating disorders. I also have experience working with immigrants and minority groups,individuals who experienced trauma, as well as people seeking for growth, personal development and more meaning in their lives. I am fluent in English, Spanish and Portuguese.
(512) 865-5951 View (512) 865-5951
Photo of Tita Machado, Licensed Professional Counselor in Austin, TX
Tita Machado
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Austin, TX 78756
My counseling approach centers on my belief in the radical power of connection and the miracle of human potential. I've witnessed transformations that occur when embodying a heart-centered connection with my clients. In session, I will reflect your inner experience with skill, curiosity, and compassion and we'll shine a light on any shadows ready to be witnessed on the path to your authentic self. Your experience will be honored every step of the way as we lean into you and all of your parts. Through the embodiment of experience and self-awareness we will embark on your healing journey to a place of self-love and acceptance.
My counseling approach centers on my belief in the radical power of connection and the miracle of human potential. I've witnessed transformations that occur when embodying a heart-centered connection with my clients. In session, I will reflect your inner experience with skill, curiosity, and compassion and we'll shine a light on any shadows ready to be witnessed on the path to your authentic self. Your experience will be honored every step of the way as we lean into you and all of your parts. Through the embodiment of experience and self-awareness we will embark on your healing journey to a place of self-love and acceptance.
(512) 648-4506 View (512) 648-4506
Photo of Leslie Ann Moore, Psychologist in Austin, TX
Leslie Ann Moore
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78759
Not accepting new clients
My work is focused on individuals, couples, and families who want to create growth and change in their lives but instead find themselves "stuck." When we are stuck, we might find ourselves feeling disconnected from ourselves and others, feeling anxious or depressed, and/or engaging in unproductive behaviors. Our past experiences and/or our current demands or environments may overwhelm our resources. Our lives become problem-saturated stories with limited options. By working collaboratively in psychotherapy, we can re-author our restricted story into one of new possibilities.
My work is focused on individuals, couples, and families who want to create growth and change in their lives but instead find themselves "stuck." When we are stuck, we might find ourselves feeling disconnected from ourselves and others, feeling anxious or depressed, and/or engaging in unproductive behaviors. Our past experiences and/or our current demands or environments may overwhelm our resources. Our lives become problem-saturated stories with limited options. By working collaboratively in psychotherapy, we can re-author our restricted story into one of new possibilities.
(737) 204-6680 View (737) 204-6680
Photo of Tiffany Allen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Austin, TX
Tiffany Allen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSW, LCSW-S
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78701
Hi, I’m Tiffany Allen and I’m excited you are considering making counseling a part of your journey. I believe it is a true honor that individuals and families allow me to walk alongside them as they navigate the hard parts of their story. There are so many challenges we face in life and therapy can be a great place to help navigate whether you are a child, teen or an adult. Our stories and experiences matter and they are continually shaping us into the people we will be tomorrow.
Hi, I’m Tiffany Allen and I’m excited you are considering making counseling a part of your journey. I believe it is a true honor that individuals and families allow me to walk alongside them as they navigate the hard parts of their story. There are so many challenges we face in life and therapy can be a great place to help navigate whether you are a child, teen or an adult. Our stories and experiences matter and they are continually shaping us into the people we will be tomorrow.
(512) 713-0084 View (512) 713-0084
Photo of Rise Integrative Psychotherapy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Austin, TX
Rise Integrative Psychotherapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-S, PLLC
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78746
The pace, constant changes and stress of life can often feel like too much to manage alone. Through building a supportive and trusting relationship, we can work together to build on the skills and qualities you already have. My practice focuses primarily on working with adults of all gender identities dealing with a variety of issues, including difficult transitions, depression and anxiety, self-esteem, developmental trauma, and emotion regulation.
The pace, constant changes and stress of life can often feel like too much to manage alone. Through building a supportive and trusting relationship, we can work together to build on the skills and qualities you already have. My practice focuses primarily on working with adults of all gender identities dealing with a variety of issues, including difficult transitions, depression and anxiety, self-esteem, developmental trauma, and emotion regulation.
(512) 525-8105 View (512) 525-8105
Photo of Claudia Thompson, Marriage & Family Therapist in Austin, TX
Claudia Thompson
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT-S, LPC-S, CST-S
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Austin, TX 78759
Enhancing Intimacy Counseling provides therapy for couples, individuals, and families seeking to strengthen their relationships and improve their sexual health. Our specialties are sex therapy and relationships, including desire differences, male and female sexual dysfunction, out of control sexual behavior, sexual communication, exploring sexual and gender orientation, erotic template, conflict, and more. Our clients have experienced many types of psychological pain. Associates and Interns are available at convenient hours, for affordable fees.
Enhancing Intimacy Counseling provides therapy for couples, individuals, and families seeking to strengthen their relationships and improve their sexual health. Our specialties are sex therapy and relationships, including desire differences, male and female sexual dysfunction, out of control sexual behavior, sexual communication, exploring sexual and gender orientation, erotic template, conflict, and more. Our clients have experienced many types of psychological pain. Associates and Interns are available at convenient hours, for affordable fees.
(512) 994-2588 View (512) 994-2588
Photo of Nicole M. Williams, Licensed Professional Counselor in Austin, TX
Nicole M. Williams
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdD, LPC
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78748
Not accepting new clients
Welcome! If you are sitting at your computer perusing therapy websites, I applaud you for taking the first step and having the courage to consider whether taking a therapeutic journey is the right decision for your life. While taking this journey is not easy, I fully believe that delegating time to work on ourselves allows us to grow in a mindful and self-accepting way. Psychotherapy is not a "one size fits all process." Instead, psychotherapy should be tailored to the client. Psychotherapy is about meeting you where you are at and working towards your goals in order for you to obtain the life you desire.
Welcome! If you are sitting at your computer perusing therapy websites, I applaud you for taking the first step and having the courage to consider whether taking a therapeutic journey is the right decision for your life. While taking this journey is not easy, I fully believe that delegating time to work on ourselves allows us to grow in a mindful and self-accepting way. Psychotherapy is not a "one size fits all process." Instead, psychotherapy should be tailored to the client. Psychotherapy is about meeting you where you are at and working towards your goals in order for you to obtain the life you desire.
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Photo of DaShana Hall, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Austin, TX
DaShana Hall
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78705  (Online Only)
My work includes guiding and supporting individuals through self identified stages of life. Background includes counseling individuals with depression, anxiety, medical trauma, career transition, workplace burnout and cognitive impairment related to early stages of dementia. I use a variety of approaches to achieve life balance. However, I am most drawn to cognitive behavioral therapy and family system framework. Support Specialties: Learning to cope with medical trauma and chronic illnesses Developing coping skills for different phases of life Workplace stress and burnout Grief and Loss Relationship issues.
My work includes guiding and supporting individuals through self identified stages of life. Background includes counseling individuals with depression, anxiety, medical trauma, career transition, workplace burnout and cognitive impairment related to early stages of dementia. I use a variety of approaches to achieve life balance. However, I am most drawn to cognitive behavioral therapy and family system framework. Support Specialties: Learning to cope with medical trauma and chronic illnesses Developing coping skills for different phases of life Workplace stress and burnout Grief and Loss Relationship issues.
(737) 352-5511 View (737) 352-5511
Photo of Casey O'Neal, Psychologist in Austin, TX
Casey O'Neal
Psychologist, PhD, LSSP, LSOTP
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78756
Not accepting new clients
I understand that assessment and therapy are very personal and vulnerable processes and I believe you will find me to be straightforward, knowledgeable, and warm. I strive to work collaboratively with adolescent and adult clients and their families to help them develop insight into their difficulties and determine how to make meaningful and lasting changes. Issues that often bring clients to my office include seeking answers or assistance through a psychological assessment, addressing addictive behaviors, the effects of trauma, or navigating a life transition.
I understand that assessment and therapy are very personal and vulnerable processes and I believe you will find me to be straightforward, knowledgeable, and warm. I strive to work collaboratively with adolescent and adult clients and their families to help them develop insight into their difficulties and determine how to make meaningful and lasting changes. Issues that often bring clients to my office include seeking answers or assistance through a psychological assessment, addressing addictive behaviors, the effects of trauma, or navigating a life transition.
(512) 843-8622 View (512) 843-8622
Photo of Pathwaysatx and Counseling Solutions, Pastoral Counselor in Austin, TX
Pathwaysatx and Counseling Solutions
Pastoral Counselor, PhD, CPC, EMDR
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78717  (Online Only)
Pastoral Counselor 14 years experience helping troubled teens, individuals, and couples. While having a background in Christian and religious counseling, most of my clients rely little on this side of therapy. EMDR trained and having grown up & taught in Cen Texas, helping VETERANS and their families out is one of the most rewarding parts of my practice. Currently, I am accepting new clients in both Austin and Killeen. I specialize in mobile/phone counseling in Austin for my 3 treatment groups, no insurance currently. I have no wait list for EMDR clients, and I accept TriCare in Killeen office location.
Pastoral Counselor 14 years experience helping troubled teens, individuals, and couples. While having a background in Christian and religious counseling, most of my clients rely little on this side of therapy. EMDR trained and having grown up & taught in Cen Texas, helping VETERANS and their families out is one of the most rewarding parts of my practice. Currently, I am accepting new clients in both Austin and Killeen. I specialize in mobile/phone counseling in Austin for my 3 treatment groups, no insurance currently. I have no wait list for EMDR clients, and I accept TriCare in Killeen office location.
(512) 829-3531 View (512) 829-3531
Photo of Patty Stephens, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Austin, TX
Patty Stephens
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78746
There are moments when life can present challenges that can seem too difficult or overwhelming to face alone. It can make us feel stuck in a mental roadblock that prohibits us from thriving. Therapy enables a path towards resiliency and healing by helping you understand yourself deeply and compassionately. It is a place where you can safely be curious and reveal your authentic self.
There are moments when life can present challenges that can seem too difficult or overwhelming to face alone. It can make us feel stuck in a mental roadblock that prohibits us from thriving. Therapy enables a path towards resiliency and healing by helping you understand yourself deeply and compassionately. It is a place where you can safely be curious and reveal your authentic self.
(512) 262-9050 View (512) 262-9050
Photo of Rachel Hanss, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Austin, TX
Rachel Hanss
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-S
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Austin, TX 78704
Are you ready to make a change or need help figuring out how to move forward? Are you ready for more in your career, your relationships, or need relief from stress? Maybe you're not feeling yourself. I am here and want to help you. I have a broad base of experience and specialize in helping with relationships and premarital counseling, career development and changes, stabilizing mood and functioning in daily life, recovery from substance abuse, family building and infertility, developing new ways of relating to others as well as consultation for clinical leaders & non-profit managers.
Are you ready to make a change or need help figuring out how to move forward? Are you ready for more in your career, your relationships, or need relief from stress? Maybe you're not feeling yourself. I am here and want to help you. I have a broad base of experience and specialize in helping with relationships and premarital counseling, career development and changes, stabilizing mood and functioning in daily life, recovery from substance abuse, family building and infertility, developing new ways of relating to others as well as consultation for clinical leaders & non-profit managers.
(512) 523-5262 View (512) 523-5262
Photo of Hillary Eastman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Austin, TX
Hillary Eastman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Austin, TX 78750
Waitlist for new clients
I am passionate about empowering my clients in a warm, non-judgmental, safe space so that they can feel comfortable on their journey to achieve their goals and challenge negative thoughts along the way. I am an empathetic and supportive clinician, believing that everyone has the strength within them to tackle obstacles that present themselves.
I am passionate about empowering my clients in a warm, non-judgmental, safe space so that they can feel comfortable on their journey to achieve their goals and challenge negative thoughts along the way. I am an empathetic and supportive clinician, believing that everyone has the strength within them to tackle obstacles that present themselves.
(512) 855-2679 View (512) 855-2679

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Austin, TX

3,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Austin, TX who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
87% Depression
75% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
70% Stress
69% Trauma and PTSD
67% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

79% Aetna
74% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
65% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Austin, TX see their clients

54% In Person and Online
46% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Austin?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.