Therapists in Chicago, IL

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Photo of Diane Pelegris, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Diane Pelegris
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60613  (Online Only)
In life we may face some difficult experiences which can leave us feeling defeated, scared, or overwhelmed. You don't have to handle it alone. Making the decision to go into therapy may be difficult, but therapy can be a space in which you experience comfort, healing, and growth. As every person is unique, so is my approach to working with each client.
In life we may face some difficult experiences which can leave us feeling defeated, scared, or overwhelmed. You don't have to handle it alone. Making the decision to go into therapy may be difficult, but therapy can be a space in which you experience comfort, healing, and growth. As every person is unique, so is my approach to working with each client.
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Photo of Sunitha Rachel Chandy, Psychologist in Chicago, IL
Sunitha Rachel Chandy
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60602
Pursing emotional and behavioral health isn't just meant to improve our lives, it's meant to change how we function in the world. The changes we make can spark change in our relationships, jobs, families and community. If only change was easy! Change often comes during times of pressure and struggle. Therapy is a tool to help you address these barriers head on and unearth skills and strengths need to help you meet your goals and thrive.
Pursing emotional and behavioral health isn't just meant to improve our lives, it's meant to change how we function in the world. The changes we make can spark change in our relationships, jobs, families and community. If only change was easy! Change often comes during times of pressure and struggle. Therapy is a tool to help you address these barriers head on and unearth skills and strengths need to help you meet your goals and thrive.
(773) 839-4606 View (773) 839-4606
Photo of Stacy S Frazier, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Stacy S Frazier
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, MS, LCPC
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60608
Stacy has been in practice for 24 years and has worked with a wide range of individuals seeking support and guidance in several areas, including life transitions, depression, anxiety, trauma, infertility, racial trauma and injustice, parenting, couples, grief, etc. Stacy has recently folded a specialty area of health coaching into her practice as well. In doing so, she practices from a holistic model intertwining her unique expertise in physical and mental health to effectively impact her clients’ overall health functioning and daily habits.
Stacy has been in practice for 24 years and has worked with a wide range of individuals seeking support and guidance in several areas, including life transitions, depression, anxiety, trauma, infertility, racial trauma and injustice, parenting, couples, grief, etc. Stacy has recently folded a specialty area of health coaching into her practice as well. In doing so, she practices from a holistic model intertwining her unique expertise in physical and mental health to effectively impact her clients’ overall health functioning and daily habits.
(312) 766-1168 View (312) 766-1168
Photo of Grace Eiden, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Chicago, IL
Grace Eiden
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, MFT, AMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60602
Accomplishing the demands of life becomes more difficult when anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship difficulties, addiction, burnout, or big life changes stand in your way. In my eyes, as long as you are breathing there is hope for positive change! If your goal is to rediscover a feeling or part of yourself that has been lost, or forge a life where your relationships feel healthy and satisfying, I may be a great fit for you. I use evidence-based theoretical models to guide our work together, and a strong sense of humor when appropriate. In fact, I think therapy should be as fun as it is challenging!
Accomplishing the demands of life becomes more difficult when anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship difficulties, addiction, burnout, or big life changes stand in your way. In my eyes, as long as you are breathing there is hope for positive change! If your goal is to rediscover a feeling or part of yourself that has been lost, or forge a life where your relationships feel healthy and satisfying, I may be a great fit for you. I use evidence-based theoretical models to guide our work together, and a strong sense of humor when appropriate. In fact, I think therapy should be as fun as it is challenging!
(312) 477-2614 View (312) 477-2614
Photo of Crystal Y. Williams, LCPC, Counselor in Chicago, IL
Crystal Y. Williams, LCPC
Counselor, MS, LCPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60643
I am a caring, insightful and a trained therapist that offers support, motivation, clarity to help you through emotional issues, personal growth, conflictual family dynamics, work challenges, and improve intrapersonal skills. I attempt to provide an accepting, and safe environment for you to freely express yourself. If you are willing to do the work we can help you with depression, anxiety, over thinking, stress, a history of abuse or trauma, grief, and spiritual dilemmas. Also, it is my goal to assist Professionals in sharpening their image and skills. Can you imagine having a better life, if not, call me for an appointment.
I am a caring, insightful and a trained therapist that offers support, motivation, clarity to help you through emotional issues, personal growth, conflictual family dynamics, work challenges, and improve intrapersonal skills. I attempt to provide an accepting, and safe environment for you to freely express yourself. If you are willing to do the work we can help you with depression, anxiety, over thinking, stress, a history of abuse or trauma, grief, and spiritual dilemmas. Also, it is my goal to assist Professionals in sharpening their image and skills. Can you imagine having a better life, if not, call me for an appointment.
(872) 814-7669 View (872) 814-7669
Peter Shabad
Psychologist
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60659
The experiences of loss and disappointment that people don’t want to think about, remember, or talk about often come back to haunt them in their current lives. It is just those experiences that clients thought they had escaped and left behind in the past that ambush them at the most inopportune time, seemingly out of nowhere. I believe it is when people are able to confront the shame and guilt of their private phantoms, when they can understand and flesh out sufferings that have for too long been borne alone, that they may free themselves finally from the invisible loyalties that compel them to repeat the past. By uncovering and mourning the sources of despair and fatalism that had secretly pervaded their lives, clients can face the future with a greater sense of freedom and renewed hope for a better life.
The experiences of loss and disappointment that people don’t want to think about, remember, or talk about often come back to haunt them in their current lives. It is just those experiences that clients thought they had escaped and left behind in the past that ambush them at the most inopportune time, seemingly out of nowhere. I believe it is when people are able to confront the shame and guilt of their private phantoms, when they can understand and flesh out sufferings that have for too long been borne alone, that they may free themselves finally from the invisible loyalties that compel them to repeat the past. By uncovering and mourning the sources of despair and fatalism that had secretly pervaded their lives, clients can face the future with a greater sense of freedom and renewed hope for a better life.
(312) 380-0307 View (312) 380-0307
Photo of Andrew Sutherland, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Andrew Sutherland
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60618
I am a queer, non-binary, trans therapist who believes each of us deserves at least one safe space to learn about and engage with our full selves. Therapy can be helpful as you navigate life’s everyday stressors, a difficult part of your history, past or ongoing trauma, or any feelings or circumstances that cause you pain or suffering. Therapy can also help you learn self-trust, build loving relationships, find ease in your mind and body, and move towards a life that feels meaningful and fulfilling.
I am a queer, non-binary, trans therapist who believes each of us deserves at least one safe space to learn about and engage with our full selves. Therapy can be helpful as you navigate life’s everyday stressors, a difficult part of your history, past or ongoing trauma, or any feelings or circumstances that cause you pain or suffering. Therapy can also help you learn self-trust, build loving relationships, find ease in your mind and body, and move towards a life that feels meaningful and fulfilling.
(773) 299-1333 View (773) 299-1333
Photo of Penelope Zeigler, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Penelope Zeigler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60625  (Online Only)
You are the most qualified expert on yourself. I am here to encourage, support, collaborate, and explore solutions with you. Life can be hard to manage, and reaching out for help is a huge first step. Whether you are experiencing a new crisis, have been dealing with mental health challenges for years, or are just looking for support for self-exploration, I strive to work with you, as a team, to reach whatever goals you set for yourself.
You are the most qualified expert on yourself. I am here to encourage, support, collaborate, and explore solutions with you. Life can be hard to manage, and reaching out for help is a huge first step. Whether you are experiencing a new crisis, have been dealing with mental health challenges for years, or are just looking for support for self-exploration, I strive to work with you, as a team, to reach whatever goals you set for yourself.
(773) 321-8705 View (773) 321-8705
Photo of Jennifer Palmer, Psychologist in Chicago, IL
Jennifer Palmer
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60646
Not accepting new clients
I am passionate about working with individuals with developmental differences (ex: ASD, Intellectual Disability), comorbid mental health concerns (ex: anxiety), and related challenges. I strive to individualize treatment so that it best matches each patient’s unique strengths and needs and supports patients in reaching their therapy goals. Often, my work involves supporting patients and their families in increasing insight into reported areas of concern, building strengths, growing new skills, developing greater community connection and support, and managing stressors that arise as one navigates daily life.
I am passionate about working with individuals with developmental differences (ex: ASD, Intellectual Disability), comorbid mental health concerns (ex: anxiety), and related challenges. I strive to individualize treatment so that it best matches each patient’s unique strengths and needs and supports patients in reaching their therapy goals. Often, my work involves supporting patients and their families in increasing insight into reported areas of concern, building strengths, growing new skills, developing greater community connection and support, and managing stressors that arise as one navigates daily life.
(708) 367-6973 View (708) 367-6973
Photo of Amber Reed, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Amber Reed
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CADC, RYT-200, CODP I, CCTP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60622
Amber Reed is a licensed clinical social worker who earned her Master’s Degree in Social Work at Aurora University. Those who know Amber best would describe her as outgoing, funny, empathetic, authentic, and direct. Amber believes that therapy can provide individuals opportunity for growth, guidance through uncomfortable emotions, and a space to reflect and find a deeper connection with the self. Ultimately, she wants to use empathy and motivation to inspire and guide those who have been struggling or feel alone with their thoughts or emotions.
Amber Reed is a licensed clinical social worker who earned her Master’s Degree in Social Work at Aurora University. Those who know Amber best would describe her as outgoing, funny, empathetic, authentic, and direct. Amber believes that therapy can provide individuals opportunity for growth, guidance through uncomfortable emotions, and a space to reflect and find a deeper connection with the self. Ultimately, she wants to use empathy and motivation to inspire and guide those who have been struggling or feel alone with their thoughts or emotions.
(773) 906-4647 View (773) 906-4647
Photo of Alexa Thompson, Marriage & Family Therapist in Chicago, IL
Alexa Thompson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60613  (Online Only)
I am passionate about working with individuals, couples, and families looking to strengthen relationships with themselves and each other. I work with clients struggling with anxiety, life transitions, and communication issues. I have experience working with diverse populations with a variety of concerns including relational conflict, identity exploration, trauma, and working with couples who have intimacy related concerns. I aim to help clients identify their strengths and gain insight while looking for patterns that no longer serve them to make room for new experiences.
I am passionate about working with individuals, couples, and families looking to strengthen relationships with themselves and each other. I work with clients struggling with anxiety, life transitions, and communication issues. I have experience working with diverse populations with a variety of concerns including relational conflict, identity exploration, trauma, and working with couples who have intimacy related concerns. I aim to help clients identify their strengths and gain insight while looking for patterns that no longer serve them to make room for new experiences.
(312) 465-4988 View (312) 465-4988
Photo of Jeff Stahl, Counselor in Chicago, IL
Jeff Stahl
Counselor, LCPC, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60606
By picking up the phone and contacting a therapist, you've taken the hardest step: a coming to an awareness that you would like to affect change in your life. I believe in an interactive, dynamic approach where together we explore the history of an issue, it's effects and most importantly, institute a positive plan for change.
By picking up the phone and contacting a therapist, you've taken the hardest step: a coming to an awareness that you would like to affect change in your life. I believe in an interactive, dynamic approach where together we explore the history of an issue, it's effects and most importantly, institute a positive plan for change.
(312) 487-4381 View (312) 487-4381
Photo of George D Beukema, Counselor in Chicago, IL
George D Beukema
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60613
I believe deeply in the capacity of people to change. If we are struggling and feel stuck in some ways, it’s not because we want to be miserable or are in some way a "bad" person. We simply lack the right kind of support to find our way out. Talk therapy provides a way out. My clients are men, women and couples, who are intelligent and very high functioning yet find themselves struggling with something, or perhaps just have a sense that they are needing something more. Talk therapy can help us gain a deeper understanding of ourselves which can help us live into a fuller and richer life.
I believe deeply in the capacity of people to change. If we are struggling and feel stuck in some ways, it’s not because we want to be miserable or are in some way a "bad" person. We simply lack the right kind of support to find our way out. Talk therapy provides a way out. My clients are men, women and couples, who are intelligent and very high functioning yet find themselves struggling with something, or perhaps just have a sense that they are needing something more. Talk therapy can help us gain a deeper understanding of ourselves which can help us live into a fuller and richer life.
(872) 219-0275 View (872) 219-0275
Photo of Jessy Weston, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Chicago, IL
Jessy Weston
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60610
As a marriage and family therapist, I specialize in working alongside individuals, couples, and families seeking to better understand and meet their emotional and relational needs. Whether you seek to heal a broken relationship or process how past experiences have shaped who you are today, I'm passionate about creating a space to explore that. I believe that while we all have the inner strength to navigate life's challenges, sometimes we just need someone to walk alongside us.
As a marriage and family therapist, I specialize in working alongside individuals, couples, and families seeking to better understand and meet their emotional and relational needs. Whether you seek to heal a broken relationship or process how past experiences have shaped who you are today, I'm passionate about creating a space to explore that. I believe that while we all have the inner strength to navigate life's challenges, sometimes we just need someone to walk alongside us.
(312) 419-3051 View (312) 419-3051
Photo of Rick Manabat, Counselor in Chicago, IL
Rick Manabat
Counselor, MA, LCPC, CSAT
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60604
Thank you for clicking on my profile. I provide individual and couples counseling to adults. I specialize in the area sex addiction and help clients find freedom from their compulsive and risky behavior. I can assist the partners of sex addicts find healing, hope and wholeness. I am equipped to help you work through depression, anxiety, anger, brokenness, relational discord, grief, low self-esteem, trauma, and addiction. In couples therapy, I assist couples break negative cycles of interaction and help them to create new patterns of connection that are lasting. Find me at www.pneumachicago.com
Thank you for clicking on my profile. I provide individual and couples counseling to adults. I specialize in the area sex addiction and help clients find freedom from their compulsive and risky behavior. I can assist the partners of sex addicts find healing, hope and wholeness. I am equipped to help you work through depression, anxiety, anger, brokenness, relational discord, grief, low self-esteem, trauma, and addiction. In couples therapy, I assist couples break negative cycles of interaction and help them to create new patterns of connection that are lasting. Find me at www.pneumachicago.com
(312) 548-7721 View (312) 548-7721
Photo of Aileen Mena, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Aileen Mena
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60611
Aileen is a bilingual Licensed Professional Counselor with over 4 years of clinical experience providing counseling to diverse populations. She primarily works with adults with anxiety, depression, or mood disorders seeking compassionate and personalized care. These individuals understand the importance of mental health and are committed to navigating the intricate journey towards healing. With a genuine desire for personal growth, they seek a therapist who can provide empathic support, practical coping strategies, and a safe space for exploration.
Aileen is a bilingual Licensed Professional Counselor with over 4 years of clinical experience providing counseling to diverse populations. She primarily works with adults with anxiety, depression, or mood disorders seeking compassionate and personalized care. These individuals understand the importance of mental health and are committed to navigating the intricate journey towards healing. With a genuine desire for personal growth, they seek a therapist who can provide empathic support, practical coping strategies, and a safe space for exploration.
(312) 465-4642 View (312) 465-4642
Photo of Thomas R Pickens, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Chicago, IL
Thomas R Pickens
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, CADC, MS
Not Verified Not Verified
Chicago, IL 60640
I have worked with people from all walks of life for over two decades. I am goal-oriented, like to get to the point, and work with you to offer real-life solutions, instead of staying stuck in the past. Yes, I'm compassionate and gently curious too, but I like to get down to nitty-gritty and get you feeling better ASAP. I also have a degree in philosophy and enjoy helping people look for meaning in their lives if that is what they need to feel better about themselves
I have worked with people from all walks of life for over two decades. I am goal-oriented, like to get to the point, and work with you to offer real-life solutions, instead of staying stuck in the past. Yes, I'm compassionate and gently curious too, but I like to get down to nitty-gritty and get you feeling better ASAP. I also have a degree in philosophy and enjoy helping people look for meaning in their lives if that is what they need to feel better about themselves
(312) 313-9785 View (312) 313-9785
Photo of Sushma Cheturvedula, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Sushma Cheturvedula
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60629  (Online Only)
In moments we feel inadequate, uncertain, or even confused, we often look for a helping hand. As a therapist, I perfectly understand that we all need a little extra support at some point in our lives. Together, we will work out solutions that could help you grow as an individual. Working with me can help improve your emotional well-being, make peace with your past, and live the life you’ve always wanted. Our minds can get overwhelmed sometimes, but I will help you unravel what’s causing you stress. Whether it is anxiety, grief, abuse, or even a tough breakup – there will be no judgment from me. Help is just a phone call away.
In moments we feel inadequate, uncertain, or even confused, we often look for a helping hand. As a therapist, I perfectly understand that we all need a little extra support at some point in our lives. Together, we will work out solutions that could help you grow as an individual. Working with me can help improve your emotional well-being, make peace with your past, and live the life you’ve always wanted. Our minds can get overwhelmed sometimes, but I will help you unravel what’s causing you stress. Whether it is anxiety, grief, abuse, or even a tough breakup – there will be no judgment from me. Help is just a phone call away.
(773) 985-2443 View (773) 985-2443
Photo of Aviva S Brill, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Aviva S Brill
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60654
Taking a holistic, multi-modality approach with my clients provides more tools for creative exploration, discovery and problem solving. This range of tools rests upon a solid foundation of trust-building and providing a safe, non-judgmental space. I specialize in parenting, aging parents, communication in relationships with partners and children, workplace challenges and transitions, and management of time, stress and anxiety.
Taking a holistic, multi-modality approach with my clients provides more tools for creative exploration, discovery and problem solving. This range of tools rests upon a solid foundation of trust-building and providing a safe, non-judgmental space. I specialize in parenting, aging parents, communication in relationships with partners and children, workplace challenges and transitions, and management of time, stress and anxiety.
(630) 382-8358 View (630) 382-8358
Photo of Manya Treece, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Manya Treece
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60642
My name is Manya, and I am trained in psychodynamic, psychoanalytic psychotherapy. My approach is to form a relationship with each person I see, taking special care to note any patterns in a person's history or present that may be holding them back or causing unnecessary pain or conflict. I take great care to notice how the past is informing the present and to provide the insight needed to develop and maintain healthy relationships, behaviors and feelings.
My name is Manya, and I am trained in psychodynamic, psychoanalytic psychotherapy. My approach is to form a relationship with each person I see, taking special care to note any patterns in a person's history or present that may be holding them back or causing unnecessary pain or conflict. I take great care to notice how the past is informing the present and to provide the insight needed to develop and maintain healthy relationships, behaviors and feelings.
(615) 206-4132 View (615) 206-4132

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Chicago, IL

3,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Chicago, IL who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
77% Self Esteem
71% Trauma and PTSD
67% Coping Skills
67% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

95% BlueCross and BlueShield
60% Aetna
49% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Chicago, IL see their clients

63% In Person and Online
37% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
18% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Chicago?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.