Therapists in Berkeley, CA

Photo of Adisa Anderson, Psychologist in Berkeley, CA
Adisa Anderson
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94704  (Online Only)
Therapy is an opportunity to gain insight, change behaviors, develop coping tools, and address challenges we are facing. My work is deeply rooted in empowering and supporting individuals on their personal journey, as they uncover inner-strengths, increase insight about themselves, their relationships, and restore balance in their lives. I embrace a strengths-based, holistic, multicultural, mindfulness-based framework with clients. I welcome diversity in all forms and integrate various treatment modalities based on client need, including Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Interpersonal Process Therapy, and Relational Cultural Therapy.
Therapy is an opportunity to gain insight, change behaviors, develop coping tools, and address challenges we are facing. My work is deeply rooted in empowering and supporting individuals on their personal journey, as they uncover inner-strengths, increase insight about themselves, their relationships, and restore balance in their lives. I embrace a strengths-based, holistic, multicultural, mindfulness-based framework with clients. I welcome diversity in all forms and integrate various treatment modalities based on client need, including Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Interpersonal Process Therapy, and Relational Cultural Therapy.
(562) 524-1154 View (562) 524-1154
Photo of Samar Warmerdam, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Samar Warmerdam
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94707
I believe that change happens through building a trusting relationship between client and therapist. My style is gentle, supportive, and collaborative. I want to support you in identifying your needs, gaining insight into yourself, and making changes in order to feel more fulfilled in your life and relationships.
I believe that change happens through building a trusting relationship between client and therapist. My style is gentle, supportive, and collaborative. I want to support you in identifying your needs, gaining insight into yourself, and making changes in order to feel more fulfilled in your life and relationships.
(628) 250-4768 View (628) 250-4768
Photo of DPRC veterans services,LLCp, Psychologist in Berkeley, CA
DPRC veterans services,LLCp
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94704
Seasoned licensed psychologist with a cognitive behavioral brief psychotherapy theoretical orientation. I serve as a mirror to our community and specialize in trauma, stress management, chemical dependency, domestic violence and family systems. Bienvenidos a mi practica. Somos un cucharon para servir al pueblo. Sirvo como espejo para ayudarle encontrar tu destino.
Seasoned licensed psychologist with a cognitive behavioral brief psychotherapy theoretical orientation. I serve as a mirror to our community and specialize in trauma, stress management, chemical dependency, domestic violence and family systems. Bienvenidos a mi practica. Somos un cucharon para servir al pueblo. Sirvo como espejo para ayudarle encontrar tu destino.
(559) 471-3501 View (559) 471-3501
Photo of Kathleen Wonacott, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Kathleen Wonacott
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94704
I believe that deep down, everyone has the answer they are looking for; it’s about working with the right person to help you uncover it. I specialize in helping people navigate parenthood/postpartum, depression and anxiety. I also enjoy working with people coping with ADHD, trauma, folks who are longing for a stronger sense of self, and can help develop stronger boundaries and reduce people pleasing behaviors.
I believe that deep down, everyone has the answer they are looking for; it’s about working with the right person to help you uncover it. I specialize in helping people navigate parenthood/postpartum, depression and anxiety. I also enjoy working with people coping with ADHD, trauma, folks who are longing for a stronger sense of self, and can help develop stronger boundaries and reduce people pleasing behaviors.
(510) 519-3037 View (510) 519-3037
Photo of Jess Nicholas Laird, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Jess Nicholas Laird
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94703  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Licensed in CA & WI. I specialize in gender/sexual identity, faith/religious deconstruction and worldview shifts, religious/spiritual trauma, and recovery from Purity Culture/building a positive relationship with sexuality, and I am in training to become an AASECT-certified sex therapist. I approach therapy from a relational, psychodynamic perspective, which means bringing a lens of curiosity and self-compassion to better understand the patterns that shape emotions, thoughts, and behavior and how these things have been shaped by our experiences and history.
Licensed in CA & WI. I specialize in gender/sexual identity, faith/religious deconstruction and worldview shifts, religious/spiritual trauma, and recovery from Purity Culture/building a positive relationship with sexuality, and I am in training to become an AASECT-certified sex therapist. I approach therapy from a relational, psychodynamic perspective, which means bringing a lens of curiosity and self-compassion to better understand the patterns that shape emotions, thoughts, and behavior and how these things have been shaped by our experiences and history.
(925) 248-3846 View (925) 248-3846
Photo of Eliot Schain, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Eliot Schain
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, MFA
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94707
I work with adults, teens, and couples struggling with depression, anxiety, and the inability to effectively communicate. With individuals, I help reframe challenges and liberate talents, especially in men alienated from the economy and meaningful purpose. I taught for years in a high school, and thus am comfortable working with adolescents. My orientation is eclectic, however I draw mostly from psychodynamic and relational theory, as well as CBT techniques. I find these approaches complementary, even necessary to establish a holistic treatment plan.
I work with adults, teens, and couples struggling with depression, anxiety, and the inability to effectively communicate. With individuals, I help reframe challenges and liberate talents, especially in men alienated from the economy and meaningful purpose. I taught for years in a high school, and thus am comfortable working with adolescents. My orientation is eclectic, however I draw mostly from psychodynamic and relational theory, as well as CBT techniques. I find these approaches complementary, even necessary to establish a holistic treatment plan.
(510) 296-5537 View (510) 296-5537
Photo of Takako J Ainsworth, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Takako J Ainsworth
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94705
I specialize in working with individuals with a focus on Jungian Depth Psychotherapy. Patients in my practice often feel a sense of being lost, stuck feeling empty, and confused and are looking for something to unlock the keys to their difficulties. These can be challenging times with today’s fast pace, with a daily influx of information and rapid changes in technology that make it difficult for us to find the truth and our best interest sometimes. The difficulties may manifest in depression, anxiety, or other somatic symptoms.
I specialize in working with individuals with a focus on Jungian Depth Psychotherapy. Patients in my practice often feel a sense of being lost, stuck feeling empty, and confused and are looking for something to unlock the keys to their difficulties. These can be challenging times with today’s fast pace, with a daily influx of information and rapid changes in technology that make it difficult for us to find the truth and our best interest sometimes. The difficulties may manifest in depression, anxiety, or other somatic symptoms.
(858) 943-2152 View (858) 943-2152
Photo of Mitch Houston, Psychologist in Berkeley, CA
Mitch Houston
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94707  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Clinical Psychologist working in both Hospital and Private Practice settings since 1987. I specialize in Anxiety and Mood Disorders as well as relationship and interpersonal issues. I have been working with individual adults and couples in Psychotherapy for over 25 years. I am very interested in helping individuals adapt to and solve conflicts related to major life transitions, relationships and work related problems.
I am a Licensed Clinical Psychologist working in both Hospital and Private Practice settings since 1987. I specialize in Anxiety and Mood Disorders as well as relationship and interpersonal issues. I have been working with individual adults and couples in Psychotherapy for over 25 years. I am very interested in helping individuals adapt to and solve conflicts related to major life transitions, relationships and work related problems.
(925) 962-5762 View (925) 962-5762
Photo of Zoe Machado, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Zoe Machado
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94710
My approach aims to celebrate and encourage open exploration of the self while identifying achievable, concrete goals. The essence of my work is informed by DBT philosophies of balancing acceptance and change in order to build a life more worth living. I believe in the therapeutic relationship being the grounding force for healing and work very collaboratively with my clients to find that anchor. I have worked in a wide range of settings (community mental health, residential, private practice) and use these varying experiences to tailor treatment needs to the client.
My approach aims to celebrate and encourage open exploration of the self while identifying achievable, concrete goals. The essence of my work is informed by DBT philosophies of balancing acceptance and change in order to build a life more worth living. I believe in the therapeutic relationship being the grounding force for healing and work very collaboratively with my clients to find that anchor. I have worked in a wide range of settings (community mental health, residential, private practice) and use these varying experiences to tailor treatment needs to the client.
(650) 750-0618 View (650) 750-0618
Photo of Barbara Petterson, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Barbara Petterson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, MA, LMFT, ATR
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94705
We are in challenging times with many unknowns. Perhaps you're struggling with depression, anxiety, life transitions, relationship issues, or loss. Or you're dealing with chronic pain or trauma. Depth psychotherapy is one path to emotional wellness. If you are open to engaging in this process, I am here to help you to develop a deeper relationship with yourself and others, as well as a practice of personal inquiry. This can involve learning to notice and strengthen what works, let go of what doesn't, and find new behaviors and understandings. The results can include a greater sense of confidence, ease and effectiveness.
We are in challenging times with many unknowns. Perhaps you're struggling with depression, anxiety, life transitions, relationship issues, or loss. Or you're dealing with chronic pain or trauma. Depth psychotherapy is one path to emotional wellness. If you are open to engaging in this process, I am here to help you to develop a deeper relationship with yourself and others, as well as a practice of personal inquiry. This can involve learning to notice and strengthen what works, let go of what doesn't, and find new behaviors and understandings. The results can include a greater sense of confidence, ease and effectiveness.
(510) 863-8980 View (510) 863-8980
Photo of Melissa Rapp, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Melissa Rapp
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94705
I work with individuals and couples to help reduce struggles and find ways to live more fulfilling, gratifying lives. Our relationship is the context in which we work to find where you're stuck, what's getting in your way, and ways to do things differently. My specialty areas include grief and loss, adoption, ADHD, race/class issues, work/life balance, LGBTQ issues, and divorce. I help people manage anxiety and mood problems. I help couples with concerns related to parenting, managing conflict, and addressing needs and expectations. I see communication as the grease that keeps relationships running smoothly, and I help facilitate good communication.
I work with individuals and couples to help reduce struggles and find ways to live more fulfilling, gratifying lives. Our relationship is the context in which we work to find where you're stuck, what's getting in your way, and ways to do things differently. My specialty areas include grief and loss, adoption, ADHD, race/class issues, work/life balance, LGBTQ issues, and divorce. I help people manage anxiety and mood problems. I help couples with concerns related to parenting, managing conflict, and addressing needs and expectations. I see communication as the grease that keeps relationships running smoothly, and I help facilitate good communication.
(510) 822-7911 View (510) 822-7911
Photo of Ian Faerstein, Psychologist in Berkeley, CA
Ian Faerstein
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94704
Sometimes we experience difficulties that we can't seem to solve on our own. It may be a life transition that creates unexpected challenges, such as graduating, changing jobs, becoming a parent, or losing a loved one. It may be a relationship problem or a difficult situation at work. Or it may be more of an internal struggle, in which we find ourselves feeling anxious, lonely, or stuck. Sometimes we just have a vague sense that something isn't right, that we're not as happy or as fulfilled as we could be.
Sometimes we experience difficulties that we can't seem to solve on our own. It may be a life transition that creates unexpected challenges, such as graduating, changing jobs, becoming a parent, or losing a loved one. It may be a relationship problem or a difficult situation at work. Or it may be more of an internal struggle, in which we find ourselves feeling anxious, lonely, or stuck. Sometimes we just have a vague sense that something isn't right, that we're not as happy or as fulfilled as we could be.
(510) 662-0350 View (510) 662-0350
Photo of Travis L Rios, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Berkeley, CA
Travis L Rios
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94704
In my practice I am focused on helping you find meaning and resolution for your adverse or challenging life experiences. My goal is for you to feel better connected to the Big Picture of our common reality: humanity as one people, one community, spinning together on this planet we call Earth, in which all of our actions affect both ourselves and each other.
In my practice I am focused on helping you find meaning and resolution for your adverse or challenging life experiences. My goal is for you to feel better connected to the Big Picture of our common reality: humanity as one people, one community, spinning together on this planet we call Earth, in which all of our actions affect both ourselves and each other.
(510) 991-5235 View (510) 991-5235
Photo of GWhitlock- New Leaf Counseling and Psychotherapy, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
GWhitlock- New Leaf Counseling and Psychotherapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94705  (Online Only)
Welcome: I see you juggling work, family, relationships, and cultural identity while your self care has been placed on the back burner. As a woman of color, you may find yourself working twice as hard yet often getting half as much for your trouble. You want to live a full juicy life yet find yourself feeling stuck. I see you and I've got your back. It is my passion to support and encourage women (and a few sensitive men) who are ready to move past surviving to thriving. I work with women of all races and I am especially passionate in supporting Black Women and WOC who are desiring to be seen and heard.
Welcome: I see you juggling work, family, relationships, and cultural identity while your self care has been placed on the back burner. As a woman of color, you may find yourself working twice as hard yet often getting half as much for your trouble. You want to live a full juicy life yet find yourself feeling stuck. I see you and I've got your back. It is my passion to support and encourage women (and a few sensitive men) who are ready to move past surviving to thriving. I work with women of all races and I am especially passionate in supporting Black Women and WOC who are desiring to be seen and heard.
(707) 785-8526 View (707) 785-8526
Photo of Susi Ferrarello in Berkeley, CA
Susi Ferrarello
MA, PhD
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94702
I am a philosophical counselor with more than ten years' experience consulting in philosophy in Italy, Switzerland, and the US. I've worked in the sexuality program at the California Institute for Integral Studies. My aim as a counselor is to enable you to "think through" compelling questions, decisions in your life to gain a greater sense of personal freedom, ethical clarity, and a sense of renewed vitality. In this work I draw upon my advanced training in classical and continental philosophy: my PhD in philosophy was completed at Sorbonne in Paris, and my philosophical consulting was completed in New York
I am a philosophical counselor with more than ten years' experience consulting in philosophy in Italy, Switzerland, and the US. I've worked in the sexuality program at the California Institute for Integral Studies. My aim as a counselor is to enable you to "think through" compelling questions, decisions in your life to gain a greater sense of personal freedom, ethical clarity, and a sense of renewed vitality. In this work I draw upon my advanced training in classical and continental philosophy: my PhD in philosophy was completed at Sorbonne in Paris, and my philosophical consulting was completed in New York
(510) 892-5657 View (510) 892-5657
Photo of Hannah Klempner, Psychologist in Berkeley, CA
Hannah Klempner
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94704
I provide individual therapy for adults who are seeking to heal prior family wounds and traumas, improve their current relationships and quality of life, and are seeking support during times of transition - especially to parenthood. My personal belief is that there are three things that cause an immense amount of suffering for most people; 1) our inability to effectively identify, feel, and communicate our emotions, 2) our difficulty with tolerating uncertainty, and 3) our tendency to get stuck in patterns of rigidity. My work tends to be emotion-focused, helping clients to live more freely and flexibly.
I provide individual therapy for adults who are seeking to heal prior family wounds and traumas, improve their current relationships and quality of life, and are seeking support during times of transition - especially to parenthood. My personal belief is that there are three things that cause an immense amount of suffering for most people; 1) our inability to effectively identify, feel, and communicate our emotions, 2) our difficulty with tolerating uncertainty, and 3) our tendency to get stuck in patterns of rigidity. My work tends to be emotion-focused, helping clients to live more freely and flexibly.
(341) 999-5868 View (341) 999-5868
Photo of Yael Stiles, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Yael Stiles
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94707
Not accepting new clients
I provide short-term solution-focused counseling, as well as long-term in-depth therapy for adults, adolescents, couples, and families. I take a practical approach and specialize in skills-building for improved relationships and stress reduction.
I provide short-term solution-focused counseling, as well as long-term in-depth therapy for adults, adolescents, couples, and families. I take a practical approach and specialize in skills-building for improved relationships and stress reduction.
(510) 606-9759 View (510) 606-9759
Photo of Judy Kendall, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Judy Kendall
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, PPS-C
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94707
Since 1991, I've counseled both those who have been hurting and those who have had healthy lives and wanted more; the juvenile offender and the diplomat; migrants or multi-generational Americans. Each individual was uniquely capable of compassion and love, each had his/her own times of strife, and each was capable of flourishing with warm support and a willing ear. My role is to ensure that the work done in the therapy room endures beyond our time together and fosters resilient, warm, supportive relationships indefinitely. I welcome all wanting to heal...to overcome obstacles to a rich, happy, peaceful, and love-filled life.
Since 1991, I've counseled both those who have been hurting and those who have had healthy lives and wanted more; the juvenile offender and the diplomat; migrants or multi-generational Americans. Each individual was uniquely capable of compassion and love, each had his/her own times of strife, and each was capable of flourishing with warm support and a willing ear. My role is to ensure that the work done in the therapy room endures beyond our time together and fosters resilient, warm, supportive relationships indefinitely. I welcome all wanting to heal...to overcome obstacles to a rich, happy, peaceful, and love-filled life.
(415) 630-2585 View (415) 630-2585
Photo of Anna Maurice, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Anna Maurice
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, JD, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Berkeley, CA 94707  (Online Only)
Life is filled with decisions, unexpected turns neither predicted nor guaranteed, and experiences that shape our individual stories. Therapy can be a window into these narratives, allowing exploration into past and present. It can forge a future lived with more intention, fulfillment and balance. I utilize an approach to psychotherapy that aims to present a fuller picture of who we are, individualizing my practice based on my clients and their needs. A safe, supportive environment can make space for clarity and growth as you navigate life transitions, both big and small, chosen or uncertain.
Life is filled with decisions, unexpected turns neither predicted nor guaranteed, and experiences that shape our individual stories. Therapy can be a window into these narratives, allowing exploration into past and present. It can forge a future lived with more intention, fulfillment and balance. I utilize an approach to psychotherapy that aims to present a fuller picture of who we are, individualizing my practice based on my clients and their needs. A safe, supportive environment can make space for clarity and growth as you navigate life transitions, both big and small, chosen or uncertain.
(818) 293-2223 View (818) 293-2223
Photo of Sheridan Adams, Marriage & Family Therapist in Berkeley, CA
Sheridan Adams
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Berkeley, CA 94704  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
It can be so tempting to deny or fight against parts of ourselves we don't like. But this rarely works. More helpful is learning how to relate to these parts with curiosity and compassion so they no longer hold us back from the changes we want to make. One of my jobs as a therapist is to help guide you through this discovery process using a variety of methods tailored to suit your particular needs.
It can be so tempting to deny or fight against parts of ourselves we don't like. But this rarely works. More helpful is learning how to relate to these parts with curiosity and compassion so they no longer hold us back from the changes we want to make. One of my jobs as a therapist is to help guide you through this discovery process using a variety of methods tailored to suit your particular needs.
(510) 254-6216 View (510) 254-6216

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Berkeley, CA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$190

Therapists in Berkeley, CA who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
85% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
75% Trauma and PTSD
73% Grief
66% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

50% Aetna
39% Cigna and Evernorth
38% Other

How Therapists in Berkeley, CA see their clients

64% In Person and Online
36% Online Only

Gender breakdown

76% Female
22% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Berkeley?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.