Therapists in Austin, TX

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Photo of Frances Arredondo, Licensed Professional Counselor Associate in Austin, TX
Frances Arredondo
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, MA, LPC-A
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Austin, TX 78702
During difficult times, it can be helpful to find someone who provides a safe space for connection, support, and healing. I aim to create a place of comfort and compassion, free of judgment and nurturing with acceptance. My main priority is the quality of our relationship, building and deepening our connection while strengthening and empowering you to be your most healthy and authentic self. I work from a collaborative, strength-based approach; assisting and supporting clients with tools and strategies that focus on increasing happiness and well-being.
During difficult times, it can be helpful to find someone who provides a safe space for connection, support, and healing. I aim to create a place of comfort and compassion, free of judgment and nurturing with acceptance. My main priority is the quality of our relationship, building and deepening our connection while strengthening and empowering you to be your most healthy and authentic self. I work from a collaborative, strength-based approach; assisting and supporting clients with tools and strategies that focus on increasing happiness and well-being.
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Photo of Ussama Taha, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Austin, TX
Ussama Taha
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78748
I work with clients who may be finding themselves struggling with the impacts of trauma and noticing they're repeating patterns in their intimate relationships that they want to be different. They are open to exploring the complexities of their upbringing and learning how these early templates are showing up in their lives now. They are curious - and perhaps frustrated by - what is motivating their thoughts, emotions and behaviors, and are looking for deep, lasting change.
I work with clients who may be finding themselves struggling with the impacts of trauma and noticing they're repeating patterns in their intimate relationships that they want to be different. They are open to exploring the complexities of their upbringing and learning how these early templates are showing up in their lives now. They are curious - and perhaps frustrated by - what is motivating their thoughts, emotions and behaviors, and are looking for deep, lasting change.
(737) 302-6685 View (737) 302-6685
Photo of Yamel Sandoval Quijano, Marriage & Family Therapist in Austin, TX
Yamel Sandoval Quijano
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78701
Not accepting new clients
My clients are usually a perfectionist bunch who struggle to cope with stress. The fear of abandonment and/or rejection is very present for them. It’s often presented by reactiveness or shutting down. Through our work together, my aim is to help them develop their voice and confidence to speak their core truths. While this often starts by examining the frustration they feel in intimate relationships, once they learn how to speak their truth and create healthy boundaries, this pattern also manifests in their employment, with their friends, and in all facets of their life. The ripple effects are abundant and freeing.
My clients are usually a perfectionist bunch who struggle to cope with stress. The fear of abandonment and/or rejection is very present for them. It’s often presented by reactiveness or shutting down. Through our work together, my aim is to help them develop their voice and confidence to speak their core truths. While this often starts by examining the frustration they feel in intimate relationships, once they learn how to speak their truth and create healthy boundaries, this pattern also manifests in their employment, with their friends, and in all facets of their life. The ripple effects are abundant and freeing.
(512) 942-0607 View (512) 942-0607
Photo of Martha Ballesteros, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Austin, TX
Martha Ballesteros
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78753
My name is Martha Ballesteros. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. My focus in practice is primarily on substance use, addiction, codependency, co-occurring disorders, cultural identity, and family systems. My clinical practice experience is primarily with individuals dealing with substance abuse issues and with mental health issues such as depression and anxiety. My approach in proving therapy is to provide a judgement-free and safe zone for others. Seeking therapy can be a challenging step and I would like for you to feel comfortable. I primarily focus on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Motivational Interviewing.
My name is Martha Ballesteros. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. My focus in practice is primarily on substance use, addiction, codependency, co-occurring disorders, cultural identity, and family systems. My clinical practice experience is primarily with individuals dealing with substance abuse issues and with mental health issues such as depression and anxiety. My approach in proving therapy is to provide a judgement-free and safe zone for others. Seeking therapy can be a challenging step and I would like for you to feel comfortable. I primarily focus on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Motivational Interviewing.
(737) 250-6596 View (737) 250-6596
Photo of Samantha Clements, Licensed Professional Counselor Associate in Austin, TX
Samantha Clements
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, MA, LPC-A
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78748
Giving a safe space to identify goals, search for solutions, work towards the future, process emotions, and support your growth and change. I work with my animal partner/co-counselor Mabel Jean (MJ) to provide empathy, understanding, compassion, and hope into each session. MJ typically is incorporated into therapy interventions. She is very engaging with others, gives unbiased listening and acceptance without judgment, is attuned to others’ emotions, helps others self-regulate, is curious to learn more about clients, and is a fast learner. We are supervised by Kim L Sullivan, MA, LPC-S, RPT-S.
Giving a safe space to identify goals, search for solutions, work towards the future, process emotions, and support your growth and change. I work with my animal partner/co-counselor Mabel Jean (MJ) to provide empathy, understanding, compassion, and hope into each session. MJ typically is incorporated into therapy interventions. She is very engaging with others, gives unbiased listening and acceptance without judgment, is attuned to others’ emotions, helps others self-regulate, is curious to learn more about clients, and is a fast learner. We are supervised by Kim L Sullivan, MA, LPC-S, RPT-S.
(512) 229-9075 View (512) 229-9075
Photo of India Gardner, LPC Intern in Austin, TX
India Gardner
LPC Intern, MA, LPC-A
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78731  (Online Only)
I'm India! Thank you for taking the first step on your therapeutic journey of healing and restoration with me! I'm the Founder and Therapist of Couch Conversations and Consulting, a fully online private practice offering quality mental health telehealth services for clients who prefer virtual sessions or may not be able to meet for in person sessions and are seeking a collaborative, compassionate and empowering therapy experience on the road to healing and restoration from the comfort of their own homes. I aim for my work as a therapist to be living proof of the benefits that therapy can be for one’s overall mental health.
I'm India! Thank you for taking the first step on your therapeutic journey of healing and restoration with me! I'm the Founder and Therapist of Couch Conversations and Consulting, a fully online private practice offering quality mental health telehealth services for clients who prefer virtual sessions or may not be able to meet for in person sessions and are seeking a collaborative, compassionate and empowering therapy experience on the road to healing and restoration from the comfort of their own homes. I aim for my work as a therapist to be living proof of the benefits that therapy can be for one’s overall mental health.
(737) 232-4769 View (737) 232-4769
Photo of Shannon Haragan, Licensed Professional Counselor in Austin, TX
Shannon Haragan
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, MFA, LPC-S
Verified Verified
16 Endorsed
Austin, TX 78746
Waitlist for new clients
NOTE: Currently full, but spots do open up over time. Feel free to inquire. Although my approach to counseling draws from a variety of models and approaches (including EMDR, interpersonal neurobiology, polyvagal and attachment theories), all are rooted in the fundamental principles of non-judgmental acceptance, authenticity, and experience. Beyond the exploration of old patterns of beliefs and behaviors, my focus is on helping clients find solutions. My ultimate goal as a therapist is to help my clients develop knowledge and tools that will facilitate sustained growth long after therapy has ended.
NOTE: Currently full, but spots do open up over time. Feel free to inquire. Although my approach to counseling draws from a variety of models and approaches (including EMDR, interpersonal neurobiology, polyvagal and attachment theories), all are rooted in the fundamental principles of non-judgmental acceptance, authenticity, and experience. Beyond the exploration of old patterns of beliefs and behaviors, my focus is on helping clients find solutions. My ultimate goal as a therapist is to help my clients develop knowledge and tools that will facilitate sustained growth long after therapy has ended.
(737) 210-4819 View (737) 210-4819
Photo of Kate Carmichael, Licensed Professional Counselor in Austin, TX
Kate Carmichael
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Austin, TX 78756
Many people come to therapy not knowing where to start, but they have a feeling - a feeling that maybe life could be better. They wonder if they could have a better relationship with themselves and then maybe with others. That they might be able to have more fun, feel safer, more secure; they wonder if they could feel more satisfied and happier. I believe that in order to reach these goals and more we must find a trusted guide on this process of self-discovery. We cannot heal alone; ATX Counseling is here to help.
Many people come to therapy not knowing where to start, but they have a feeling - a feeling that maybe life could be better. They wonder if they could have a better relationship with themselves and then maybe with others. That they might be able to have more fun, feel safer, more secure; they wonder if they could feel more satisfied and happier. I believe that in order to reach these goals and more we must find a trusted guide on this process of self-discovery. We cannot heal alone; ATX Counseling is here to help.
(512) 412-3684 View (512) 412-3684
Photo of Patty Olwell, Licensed Professional Counselor in Austin, TX
Patty Olwell
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Austin, TX 78703  (Online Only)
I enjoy working with individuals and couples navigating difficult periods in their lives. I take a collaborative approach that is grounded in a curious and compassionate inquiry into the areas that get us all stuck. I work with individuals to move through these places in the context of a safe and trusting relationship. Within that relationship an individual can harness their own innate drive towards health and well-being. My work is grounded in my own mindfulness practice and I encourage clients to experiment with mindfulness as a path to transformation and wellness.
I enjoy working with individuals and couples navigating difficult periods in their lives. I take a collaborative approach that is grounded in a curious and compassionate inquiry into the areas that get us all stuck. I work with individuals to move through these places in the context of a safe and trusting relationship. Within that relationship an individual can harness their own innate drive towards health and well-being. My work is grounded in my own mindfulness practice and I encourage clients to experiment with mindfulness as a path to transformation and wellness.
(512) 410-6009 View (512) 410-6009
Photo of Claire Griffy, Licensed Professional Counselor in Austin, TX
Claire Griffy
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Austin, TX 78746
Not accepting new clients
I provide clients support and guidance to move through life transitions. I specialize in counseling women and couples during the pregnancy and postpartum period. This time of profound change and often uncertainty calls for special attention to women's emotional and mental health. My goal is to help facilitate this adjustment by addressing your unique needs.
I provide clients support and guidance to move through life transitions. I specialize in counseling women and couples during the pregnancy and postpartum period. This time of profound change and often uncertainty calls for special attention to women's emotional and mental health. My goal is to help facilitate this adjustment by addressing your unique needs.
(512) 559-1098 View (512) 559-1098
Photo of Alix Warner, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Austin, TX
Alix Warner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78745
Our lives are continually evolving and changing. We carry with us tools, strategies, behaviors and ways of coping with the variety of challenges, shifts and changes we experience, feel and encounter. Some of the ways in which we think about ourselves and interpret our experiences support us and work well for us, some did for a specific time and no longer do, and some of these thoughts/behaviors didn’t support us at all, are unkind, and we find ourselves acting against ourselves.
Our lives are continually evolving and changing. We carry with us tools, strategies, behaviors and ways of coping with the variety of challenges, shifts and changes we experience, feel and encounter. Some of the ways in which we think about ourselves and interpret our experiences support us and work well for us, some did for a specific time and no longer do, and some of these thoughts/behaviors didn’t support us at all, are unkind, and we find ourselves acting against ourselves.
(737) 300-6564 View (737) 300-6564
Photo of Adrienne Rowland, Licensed Professional Counselor in Austin, TX
Adrienne Rowland
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LCDC, TCTSY-F, RYT-500
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78745  (Online Only)
Recovery can simultaneously be the most rewarding and demanding part of your life. It can leave you feeling exposed and raw at the end of the day even though your recovery has shown you are resilient. Recovery from alcohol and other substances involves daily hard work and at times can feel monotonous. Anxiety, depression, relationship issues, and other life struggles just seem to add to an already daunting process. The fear of relapsing into old habits and behaviors can be all-consuming and can cloud your reasons for exploring sobriety in the first place.
Recovery can simultaneously be the most rewarding and demanding part of your life. It can leave you feeling exposed and raw at the end of the day even though your recovery has shown you are resilient. Recovery from alcohol and other substances involves daily hard work and at times can feel monotonous. Anxiety, depression, relationship issues, and other life struggles just seem to add to an already daunting process. The fear of relapsing into old habits and behaviors can be all-consuming and can cloud your reasons for exploring sobriety in the first place.
(512) 980-1057 View (512) 980-1057
Photo of Bertha Genna Kondrak, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Austin, TX
Bertha Genna Kondrak
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78750  (Online Only)
I have been in private practice 20 + years in the Austin area and worked with a number of different resources and population. I work very hard to listen to my clients and understand their concerns. I believe in empowerment and know that we can make the changes we want.
I have been in private practice 20 + years in the Austin area and worked with a number of different resources and population. I work very hard to listen to my clients and understand their concerns. I believe in empowerment and know that we can make the changes we want.
(512) 865-6459 View (512) 865-6459
Photo of Jane S Flynn LPCS, Licensed Professional Counselor in Austin, TX
Jane S Flynn LPCS
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPCS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Austin, TX 78746
Struggling with your adolescent or teenager? It is vital that parents understand their teen's behavior rather than merely react to it. Working with me, your child will learn about themselves. They will discover their obstacles, and develop the inner strength and skills to make changes in themselves, It is immensely important for teens to have a neutral person to vent to, and teach them useful techniques to address their challenges. Teens experience many stressors which can lead to various issues that impact the entire family and many can be treated in therapy.
Struggling with your adolescent or teenager? It is vital that parents understand their teen's behavior rather than merely react to it. Working with me, your child will learn about themselves. They will discover their obstacles, and develop the inner strength and skills to make changes in themselves, It is immensely important for teens to have a neutral person to vent to, and teach them useful techniques to address their challenges. Teens experience many stressors which can lead to various issues that impact the entire family and many can be treated in therapy.
(512) 537-8572 View (512) 537-8572
Photo of Robert K. Carrubba, Licensed Professional Counselor in Austin, TX
Robert K. Carrubba
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Austin, TX 78731
Throughout my three-decade career as a licensed psychologist, my primary focus has always been my patients health and personal development. Specializing in conditions like ADHD, anxiety, and depression, I help adolescents, adults, and families navigate these often challenge diagnoses. I utilize evidence-based therapeutic approaches, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), to facilitate your improved mental health.
Throughout my three-decade career as a licensed psychologist, my primary focus has always been my patients health and personal development. Specializing in conditions like ADHD, anxiety, and depression, I help adolescents, adults, and families navigate these often challenge diagnoses. I utilize evidence-based therapeutic approaches, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), to facilitate your improved mental health.
(512) 601-4322 View (512) 601-4322
Photo of Gabrielle Racz, Licensed Professional Counselor Associate in Austin, TX
Gabrielle Racz
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, LPC-A
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Austin, TX 78731
I work with adults and children. I consider my client’s cultural context and values, so that our work together is sensitive, relevant, and respectful of your individuality. My practice is also inclusive and affirming of queer-identified people. I am aware of the ways that one’s intersecting identities can shape their experiences, I am here to offer guidance, validation, and understanding. With children, I provide a space for kids to learn about their feelings, and how to process them. I draw from child-centered play therapy techniques and tailor my approach to honor your child's agency, individual preferences, and interests.
I work with adults and children. I consider my client’s cultural context and values, so that our work together is sensitive, relevant, and respectful of your individuality. My practice is also inclusive and affirming of queer-identified people. I am aware of the ways that one’s intersecting identities can shape their experiences, I am here to offer guidance, validation, and understanding. With children, I provide a space for kids to learn about their feelings, and how to process them. I draw from child-centered play therapy techniques and tailor my approach to honor your child's agency, individual preferences, and interests.
(512) 714-3403 View (512) 714-3403
Photo of Donna Mcclure Klein, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Austin, TX
Donna Mcclure Klein
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78746
I have collected compasses all my life. Being able to orient ourselves in this world is essential and ongoing work. The therapeutic process is one way to find True North again after a trauma, or in the regular course of life. I have been in clinical practice for over 25 years and I am equipped with many tools and approaches to tailor the therapeutic experience to meet your needs.
I have collected compasses all my life. Being able to orient ourselves in this world is essential and ongoing work. The therapeutic process is one way to find True North again after a trauma, or in the regular course of life. I have been in clinical practice for over 25 years and I am equipped with many tools and approaches to tailor the therapeutic experience to meet your needs.
(512) 817-1076 View (512) 817-1076
Photo of Jennifer McKay, Licensed Professional Counselor in Austin, TX
Jennifer McKay
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78705  (Online Only)
Hello and congratulations on making the choice to better yourself - you won't regret it! I'm a Licensed Professional Counselor in the state of Texas. I have several years of professional experience working with individuals who are struggling with depression, anxiety, psychosis, trauma, and developmental disabilities. I also have personal experience as a foster/adoptive mom with family and relationship issues, trauma, and loss.
Hello and congratulations on making the choice to better yourself - you won't regret it! I'm a Licensed Professional Counselor in the state of Texas. I have several years of professional experience working with individuals who are struggling with depression, anxiety, psychosis, trauma, and developmental disabilities. I also have personal experience as a foster/adoptive mom with family and relationship issues, trauma, and loss.
(737) 260-5217 View (737) 260-5217
Photo of Cheryl Cavey, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Austin, TX
Cheryl Cavey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Austin, TX 78705
As a mental health counselor, I love working with kids, teens, and young adults to develop practical and effective skills to help them navigate an ever-complicated world. Whether you have been in treatment before or are seeking therapy for the first time, I would be honored to provide a safe and comforting space that promotes understanding and growth. I firmly believe that every individual is going to need something different, and utilize my education and experience to support your growth!
As a mental health counselor, I love working with kids, teens, and young adults to develop practical and effective skills to help them navigate an ever-complicated world. Whether you have been in treatment before or are seeking therapy for the first time, I would be honored to provide a safe and comforting space that promotes understanding and growth. I firmly believe that every individual is going to need something different, and utilize my education and experience to support your growth!
(512) 861-6924 View (512) 861-6924
Photo of Aniela Baczewski, Licensed Professional Counselor in Austin, TX
Aniela Baczewski
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Austin, TX 78752
Therapy - all of us have our own definition, belief, opinion, or awareness as to what the journey entails. Whether this is your very first therapy experience or you are simply looking for a new therapist, you hold your own idea of what therapy is. Our world is filled with a colossal amount of uncertainty, which can lead us to feeling stressed, disconnected, and unable to access our truest selves. I believe that through therapy, the uncertainty can become more approachable, which allows us to unveil our genuine form and live a fuller life. No matter what therapy means to you, it focuses on the future you, uncertainty and all.
Therapy - all of us have our own definition, belief, opinion, or awareness as to what the journey entails. Whether this is your very first therapy experience or you are simply looking for a new therapist, you hold your own idea of what therapy is. Our world is filled with a colossal amount of uncertainty, which can lead us to feeling stressed, disconnected, and unable to access our truest selves. I believe that through therapy, the uncertainty can become more approachable, which allows us to unveil our genuine form and live a fuller life. No matter what therapy means to you, it focuses on the future you, uncertainty and all.
(512) 859-7882 View (512) 859-7882

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Austin, TX

3,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Austin, TX who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
87% Depression
75% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
70% Stress
69% Trauma and PTSD
67% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

79% Aetna
74% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
65% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Austin, TX see their clients

54% In Person and Online
46% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Austin?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.