Therapists in Chattanooga, TN

Photo of Callie Kell, Pre-Licensed Professional in Chattanooga, TN
Callie Kell
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, NCC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Chattanooga, TN 37404
Sometimes we need a space to explore what we feel inside. One of the beautiful things about therapy is that it is a space where someone else can hold compassion & hope for you until you are able to hold it for yourself. I believe you are the expert of your own experience and already possess all the tools and resources necessary for healing. I am here to create a safe space & provide guidance as you work to uncover & move through the process. I am passionate about working ages 3 and up to process traumatic life experiences, relationship issues, depression, anxiety, or other life-altering transitions.
Sometimes we need a space to explore what we feel inside. One of the beautiful things about therapy is that it is a space where someone else can hold compassion & hope for you until you are able to hold it for yourself. I believe you are the expert of your own experience and already possess all the tools and resources necessary for healing. I am here to create a safe space & provide guidance as you work to uncover & move through the process. I am passionate about working ages 3 and up to process traumatic life experiences, relationship issues, depression, anxiety, or other life-altering transitions.
(423) 561-9406 View (423) 561-9406
Photo of Kendal McDaniel, Pre-Licensed Professional in Chattanooga, TN
Kendal McDaniel
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, MFTI
Verified Verified
Chattanooga, TN 37405
As a member of the LGBTQ+ community, I am passionate about working with our community and can personally relate to how religious, childhood, relational, and societal trauma can impact sexuality and sexual orientation. Sexuality is a unique spectrum and is a beautiful part of who we are. In therapy together, you will find an accepting and safe space to explore all questions related to sexuality, sexual orientation and gender, non-traditional relationships, and sense of self, all with compassion and care. At Affirming Therapy Services, you are free to be who you are and to continue to discover your most authentic self.
As a member of the LGBTQ+ community, I am passionate about working with our community and can personally relate to how religious, childhood, relational, and societal trauma can impact sexuality and sexual orientation. Sexuality is a unique spectrum and is a beautiful part of who we are. In therapy together, you will find an accepting and safe space to explore all questions related to sexuality, sexual orientation and gender, non-traditional relationships, and sense of self, all with compassion and care. At Affirming Therapy Services, you are free to be who you are and to continue to discover your most authentic self.
(423) 592-8149 View (423) 592-8149
Photo of Dr. Carolyn E Davidson, Psychologist in Chattanooga, TN
Dr. Carolyn E Davidson
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Chattanooga, TN 37421  (Online Only)
I partner with individuals who are dealing with issues related to mood or emotions, sleep, chronic pain, trauma, or stress. Understanding that: 1. our minds and bodies are inextricably intertwined (shout out to our incredible Nervous System!), and, 2. there is often an overlap between mood, sleep, trauma, chronic pain, or stress... when we work on one area, it also has benefits in other areas! We leverage the power of these interconnections to help you figure out and move in the direction of what's really important to you in your life.
I partner with individuals who are dealing with issues related to mood or emotions, sleep, chronic pain, trauma, or stress. Understanding that: 1. our minds and bodies are inextricably intertwined (shout out to our incredible Nervous System!), and, 2. there is often an overlap between mood, sleep, trauma, chronic pain, or stress... when we work on one area, it also has benefits in other areas! We leverage the power of these interconnections to help you figure out and move in the direction of what's really important to you in your life.
(423) 397-4160 View (423) 397-4160
Photo of Daley Ryan, Pre-Licensed Professional in Chattanooga, TN
Daley Ryan
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS
Verified Verified
Chattanooga, TN 37408
I love working with a wide variety of clients, but I truly feel like I am operating in my gifting when I sit with clients who are working through depression, anxiety, or loneliness. Furthermore, my education combined with personal and professional experience has opened the door for me to work with clients who may be trying to leave an abusive relationship or who are trying to discern if they are are in an abusive/unhealthy relationship. That said, these are not the only issues I help clients with. If you have questions about how I work or the types of clients I see, give me a call.
I love working with a wide variety of clients, but I truly feel like I am operating in my gifting when I sit with clients who are working through depression, anxiety, or loneliness. Furthermore, my education combined with personal and professional experience has opened the door for me to work with clients who may be trying to leave an abusive relationship or who are trying to discern if they are are in an abusive/unhealthy relationship. That said, these are not the only issues I help clients with. If you have questions about how I work or the types of clients I see, give me a call.
(423) 763-1668 View (423) 763-1668
Photo of Julie Zork Kline, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist in Chattanooga, TN
Julie Zork Kline, MS, LMFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Chattanooga, TN 37408  (Online Only)
Whether you are dealing with anxiety, depression, relationship conflict, breaking free from a toxic relationship, parenting challenges, or other life stressors, I believe you can find relief in a short amount of time with some simple yet intentional changes. Together we can focus on creating strategies to help you have the life and relationships that you desire. I specialize in individual and relationship counseling, as well as working with parents of adult children who are failing to launch out on their own or who parents find difficultly in relating to in everyday interactions.
Whether you are dealing with anxiety, depression, relationship conflict, breaking free from a toxic relationship, parenting challenges, or other life stressors, I believe you can find relief in a short amount of time with some simple yet intentional changes. Together we can focus on creating strategies to help you have the life and relationships that you desire. I specialize in individual and relationship counseling, as well as working with parents of adult children who are failing to launch out on their own or who parents find difficultly in relating to in everyday interactions.
(508) 714-2219 View (508) 714-2219
Photo of Marlenny E. Johnson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chattanooga, TN
Marlenny E. Johnson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Chattanooga, TN 37411  (Online Only)
I have served in the field of Mental Health for a decade. I have worked in Hospital In-patient settings, as well as private practice. I adhere to a compassionate, holistic, and eclectic approach. I deeply believe in the importance of applying/engaging diversity, individuality and systems which interact with your journey to success and healing. Furthermore, I value elements of self-determination, uniqueness and strength.
I have served in the field of Mental Health for a decade. I have worked in Hospital In-patient settings, as well as private practice. I adhere to a compassionate, holistic, and eclectic approach. I deeply believe in the importance of applying/engaging diversity, individuality and systems which interact with your journey to success and healing. Furthermore, I value elements of self-determination, uniqueness and strength.
(334) 203-9155 View (334) 203-9155
Photo of Lauren Haley, Pre-Licensed Professional in Chattanooga, TN
Lauren Haley
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
Chattanooga, TN 37419  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I enjoy working with people across the lifespan as they navigate through life's challenges. I see clients for a variety of issues such as anxiety, depression, school/behavior issues, grief/loss, self-esteem, shame/guilt, and trauma. I especially enjoy working with neurodivergent individuals. My clients are looking for positive change in their lives and are ready to explore, grow, and challenge themselves.
I enjoy working with people across the lifespan as they navigate through life's challenges. I see clients for a variety of issues such as anxiety, depression, school/behavior issues, grief/loss, self-esteem, shame/guilt, and trauma. I especially enjoy working with neurodivergent individuals. My clients are looking for positive change in their lives and are ready to explore, grow, and challenge themselves.
(423) 436-8306 View (423) 436-8306
Photo of Marcus R Perez, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chattanooga, TN
Marcus R Perez
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP
Verified Verified
Chattanooga, TN 37421
When people experience life stressors or trauma, it's not uncommon for their lives to feel like they're unraveling. My passion is to use a solution focused methods to set goals and improve client outcomes. Many people want answers, and I enjoy helping others find answers. I enjoy exploring solutions through recognizing how life experiences impact behavior patterns.
When people experience life stressors or trauma, it's not uncommon for their lives to feel like they're unraveling. My passion is to use a solution focused methods to set goals and improve client outcomes. Many people want answers, and I enjoy helping others find answers. I enjoy exploring solutions through recognizing how life experiences impact behavior patterns.
(765) 523-4816 View (765) 523-4816
Photo of Katie Brown, Pre-Licensed Professional in Chattanooga, TN
Katie Brown
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, NCC
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Chattanooga, TN 37411
Hi! I'm so glad you are here. Finding a therapist can be intimidating. I get it. This is a big, beautiful step you are taking. I want you to know that I value you as a life survivalist. Though it was painful, you have made it. You are a survivor. I would love the opportunity to create a safe space with you so that you may grow and evolve at your own pace in an environment where you are seen, heard, and accepted. My hope is for you to discover empowerment within yourself throughout our time together.
Hi! I'm so glad you are here. Finding a therapist can be intimidating. I get it. This is a big, beautiful step you are taking. I want you to know that I value you as a life survivalist. Though it was painful, you have made it. You are a survivor. I would love the opportunity to create a safe space with you so that you may grow and evolve at your own pace in an environment where you are seen, heard, and accepted. My hope is for you to discover empowerment within yourself throughout our time together.
(423) 564-5984 View (423) 564-5984
Photo of Taylor Bowman, Marriage & Family Therapist in Chattanooga, TN
Taylor Bowman
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Chattanooga, TN 37403
Many of us struggle with the tendency to isolate ourselves when we are in pain. We experience shame and guilt at the prospect of our stories being heard by others. So instead of leaning in to one another, we push away, leaving us unseen, forgotten and lonely. In spite of our fears, I believe we all have a deep, innate desire to be known and accepted in our stories, and it takes great courage to push past what we are afraid of to find the freedom that comes with sharing who we are.
Many of us struggle with the tendency to isolate ourselves when we are in pain. We experience shame and guilt at the prospect of our stories being heard by others. So instead of leaning in to one another, we push away, leaving us unseen, forgotten and lonely. In spite of our fears, I believe we all have a deep, innate desire to be known and accepted in our stories, and it takes great courage to push past what we are afraid of to find the freedom that comes with sharing who we are.
(423) 406-6783 View (423) 406-6783
Photo of Lynn Andrews in Chattanooga, TN
Lynn Andrews
LMSW
Verified Verified
Chattanooga, TN 37415
I want my clients to thrive and become the best version of themselves. I draw on my professional skills and personal experiences to make a positive impact in my client’s lives. I work with adults of all ages and stages, beliefs and orientations. Flexibility is important to me as a therapist so I customize my approach to best suit my client’s unique needs—meeting each person where they are at and empowering them in their healing journey.
I want my clients to thrive and become the best version of themselves. I draw on my professional skills and personal experiences to make a positive impact in my client’s lives. I work with adults of all ages and stages, beliefs and orientations. Flexibility is important to me as a therapist so I customize my approach to best suit my client’s unique needs—meeting each person where they are at and empowering them in their healing journey.
(423) 840-7828 View (423) 840-7828
Kindbridge Behavioral Health
Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Chattanooga, TN 37402
Kindbridge is building the largest nationwide network of mental health treatment providers with a focus on gambling and gaming disorders in the United States. Our goal is to provide a tailored telemedicine patient experience that delivers top patient care and the highest quality recovery outcomes.
Kindbridge is building the largest nationwide network of mental health treatment providers with a focus on gambling and gaming disorders in the United States. Our goal is to provide a tailored telemedicine patient experience that delivers top patient care and the highest quality recovery outcomes.
(423) 919-8379 View (423) 919-8379
Photo of Teresa Shakir, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chattanooga, TN
Teresa Shakir
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chattanooga, TN 37405  (Online Only)
I have always wanted to support others in meeting their full potential. To me this means supporting others in seeing themselves as whole and beautifully flawed. When we can acknowledge and love all parts of ourselves we are so much closer to that potential. I often hear from clients that they know what they should do to heal, but find themselves stuck in old patterns. With my training in whole body healing such as EMDR and Brainspotting, we can learn new ways of being. I also provide animal assisted therapy with my co- therapist Koda Bear.
I have always wanted to support others in meeting their full potential. To me this means supporting others in seeing themselves as whole and beautifully flawed. When we can acknowledge and love all parts of ourselves we are so much closer to that potential. I often hear from clients that they know what they should do to heal, but find themselves stuck in old patterns. With my training in whole body healing such as EMDR and Brainspotting, we can learn new ways of being. I also provide animal assisted therapy with my co- therapist Koda Bear.
(423) 393-7252 View (423) 393-7252
Photo of Jas Sullivan Milam, Art Therapist in Chattanooga, TN
Jas Sullivan Milam
Art Therapist, ATR/BC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chattanooga, TN 37404
Have you tried talk therapy but still feel stuck? I am an artist and art therapist with over 35 years of personal recovery. My background is in 12 Step models, Jungian psychology, family systems and lots of art making experience. YOU DO NOT NEED ART TRAINING OR TALENT TO BENEFIT FROM ART THERAPY. Because art is a right-brained function, art therapy can be especially useful to people who are "too smart" for talk therapy. I have also begun using art to process trauma as well. Interested? Schedule an assessment!
Have you tried talk therapy but still feel stuck? I am an artist and art therapist with over 35 years of personal recovery. My background is in 12 Step models, Jungian psychology, family systems and lots of art making experience. YOU DO NOT NEED ART TRAINING OR TALENT TO BENEFIT FROM ART THERAPY. Because art is a right-brained function, art therapy can be especially useful to people who are "too smart" for talk therapy. I have also begun using art to process trauma as well. Interested? Schedule an assessment!
(423) 708-4228 View (423) 708-4228
Photo of Amy Fowler, Pre-Licensed Professional in Chattanooga, TN
Amy Fowler
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Chattanooga, TN 37403
If you feel weighed down by overwhelming emotions and life events, an empathetic ear can be a source of healing. I am passionate about working toward hope with those who feel stuck, broken, isolated, or for whom change seems impossible. I advocate for and teach clients the power of fierce self-compassion, which allows them to explore their thoughts, emotions, and actions more clearly. I work with adolescents, adults, and couples navigating anxiety, depression, life transitions, grief, loss, trauma, chronic health issues, marital and parental challenges, spiritual wounds, disordered eating, and addictions.
If you feel weighed down by overwhelming emotions and life events, an empathetic ear can be a source of healing. I am passionate about working toward hope with those who feel stuck, broken, isolated, or for whom change seems impossible. I advocate for and teach clients the power of fierce self-compassion, which allows them to explore their thoughts, emotions, and actions more clearly. I work with adolescents, adults, and couples navigating anxiety, depression, life transitions, grief, loss, trauma, chronic health issues, marital and parental challenges, spiritual wounds, disordered eating, and addictions.
(423) 454-3268 View (423) 454-3268
Photo of Karen Casey, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chattanooga, TN
Karen Casey
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP
Verified Verified
Chattanooga, TN 37403
Not accepting new clients
I have 18 years experience working with a variety of concerns including : relationship issues, disordered eating, body image struggles, substance addiction, life transitions, grief and loss and individuation from family of origin experiences. I have a special interest in helping couples develop deeper emotional connections based on attachment, vulnerability, and authenticity and recovering from losses such as the impact of addiction, fertility challenges, emotional distance, and conflict in communication. I enjoy helping others explore their relationship with food and eating behaviors.
I have 18 years experience working with a variety of concerns including : relationship issues, disordered eating, body image struggles, substance addiction, life transitions, grief and loss and individuation from family of origin experiences. I have a special interest in helping couples develop deeper emotional connections based on attachment, vulnerability, and authenticity and recovering from losses such as the impact of addiction, fertility challenges, emotional distance, and conflict in communication. I enjoy helping others explore their relationship with food and eating behaviors.
(423) 564-4348 View (423) 564-4348
Photo of Come As You Are Art Therapy, Art Therapist in Chattanooga, TN
Come As You Are Art Therapy
Art Therapist, MA, ATR-BC
Verified Verified
Chattanooga, TN 37415
You find yourself in a reoccurring pattern that you don't know how to break- You do SO much for others, understanding the importance of caring for yourself too, yet you find that it's difficult to trust them with the "too-much-ness"/ "intense emotion" that you've been accused of possessing. You're left to carry it on your own, not wanting to burden others with your struggles. You wish you could shut off that nagging, critical voice in your head & all the self-doubt that comes with it. Maybe, at times, you feel as if the tug-of-war of thoughts & emotions is too messy & overwhelming to touch. You think, "Maybe 'they' were right."...
You find yourself in a reoccurring pattern that you don't know how to break- You do SO much for others, understanding the importance of caring for yourself too, yet you find that it's difficult to trust them with the "too-much-ness"/ "intense emotion" that you've been accused of possessing. You're left to carry it on your own, not wanting to burden others with your struggles. You wish you could shut off that nagging, critical voice in your head & all the self-doubt that comes with it. Maybe, at times, you feel as if the tug-of-war of thoughts & emotions is too messy & overwhelming to touch. You think, "Maybe 'they' were right."...
(423) 205-5769 View (423) 205-5769
Photo of Sheaba Chacko, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chattanooga, TN
Sheaba Chacko
Licensed Professional Counselor, MHSP
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Chattanooga, TN 37405  (Online Only)
Is Anxiety holding you back? You’ve always been proactive, perceptive, and personable - but you’re afraid of losing your edge. Things are piling up, getting bottlenecked, and feeling dicey. Your mind is racing and your body is lagging. It’s challenging to maintain that upbeat, agreeable, and positive outlook that you’re known for - especially when you're in the car or working alone. Typically you’d put your head down and push through. But this time? You know that’s not enough. Nothing is glaringly obvious from the outside…but that’s why internally you want to stay ahead of it. Hi! I’m Sheaba. I can help.
Is Anxiety holding you back? You’ve always been proactive, perceptive, and personable - but you’re afraid of losing your edge. Things are piling up, getting bottlenecked, and feeling dicey. Your mind is racing and your body is lagging. It’s challenging to maintain that upbeat, agreeable, and positive outlook that you’re known for - especially when you're in the car or working alone. Typically you’d put your head down and push through. But this time? You know that’s not enough. Nothing is glaringly obvious from the outside…but that’s why internally you want to stay ahead of it. Hi! I’m Sheaba. I can help.
Photo of Mackenzie Dickson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chattanooga, TN
Mackenzie Dickson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Chattanooga, TN 37419
Hey there, I'm Mack. As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker I believe in the inherent dignity and worth of every individual, no matter your background or circumstances. In a world in which we are all just learning and adapting as we go, everyone deserves the opportunity to access their innate potential and every human needs support in that endeavor. I'm passionate about teaching and empowering people to navigate life's challenges, losses, barriers, joys, and victories. We don't have to do this alone. All it takes is teamwork.
Hey there, I'm Mack. As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker I believe in the inherent dignity and worth of every individual, no matter your background or circumstances. In a world in which we are all just learning and adapting as we go, everyone deserves the opportunity to access their innate potential and every human needs support in that endeavor. I'm passionate about teaching and empowering people to navigate life's challenges, losses, barriers, joys, and victories. We don't have to do this alone. All it takes is teamwork.
(423) 436-7156 View (423) 436-7156
Photo of Anaely (Ani) Hernandez Johnson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chattanooga, TN
Anaely (Ani) Hernandez Johnson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, MHSP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chattanooga, TN 37402
Not accepting new clients
I'm a firm believer that we were never intended to do life alone, and that everyone has a story worth telling. But, so often shame, guilt or embarrassment, silences us, and our stories go untold. Oftentimes, robbing us of living life fully. It is my desire to foster an environment where clients feel safe and accepted as they pursue healing and growth. I'm humbled and honored to walk alongside of my clients during some of their most difficult times. My therapeutic approach is collaborative, relational, and empowering. I focus my practice on serving young children, adults of all ages, and families.
I'm a firm believer that we were never intended to do life alone, and that everyone has a story worth telling. But, so often shame, guilt or embarrassment, silences us, and our stories go untold. Oftentimes, robbing us of living life fully. It is my desire to foster an environment where clients feel safe and accepted as they pursue healing and growth. I'm humbled and honored to walk alongside of my clients during some of their most difficult times. My therapeutic approach is collaborative, relational, and empowering. I focus my practice on serving young children, adults of all ages, and families.
(423) 401-9432 View (423) 401-9432

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Chattanooga, TN

400+

Average cost per session

$120

Therapists in Chattanooga, TN who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
85% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
79% Self Esteem
76% Trauma and PTSD
75% Coping Skills
74% Stress

Average years in practice

8 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

78% Cigna and Evernorth
71% Aetna
64% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Chattanooga, TN see their clients

75% In Person and Online
25% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
20% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Chattanooga?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.