Therapists in Brooklyn, NY

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Photo of Jill Nawrocki, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Brooklyn, NY
Jill Nawrocki
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Brooklyn, NY 11231
Life can sometimes feel overwhelming, but you don’t have to go through it alone. Engaging in therapy can be a step towards increasing self-awareness, building self-esteem, finding deeper meaning and tapping into joy. Together we will focus on your individual strengths and personal goals to develop the tools necessary to process past traumas, overcome adversity, manage anxiety and navigate relationship challenges and transitions.
Life can sometimes feel overwhelming, but you don’t have to go through it alone. Engaging in therapy can be a step towards increasing self-awareness, building self-esteem, finding deeper meaning and tapping into joy. Together we will focus on your individual strengths and personal goals to develop the tools necessary to process past traumas, overcome adversity, manage anxiety and navigate relationship challenges and transitions.
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Photo of FRESH Psychotherapy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Brooklyn, NY
FRESH Psychotherapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Brooklyn, NY 11242  (Online Only)
Congratulations on taking the first step on your journey towards becoming a better you. Acknowledging the need to change is easy but following through is difficult. Finding the right person to help you through your journey can be draining but important in successfully accomplishing your goals. Allowing yourself to be vulnerable to another person is scary, but it is a strength that aids in the healing process. Humanistic and cognitive behavioral theories are used in an integrative approach to help understand your unique life experiences and how they have led to deficit-based feelings, emotions, and behaviors.
Congratulations on taking the first step on your journey towards becoming a better you. Acknowledging the need to change is easy but following through is difficult. Finding the right person to help you through your journey can be draining but important in successfully accomplishing your goals. Allowing yourself to be vulnerable to another person is scary, but it is a strength that aids in the healing process. Humanistic and cognitive behavioral theories are used in an integrative approach to help understand your unique life experiences and how they have led to deficit-based feelings, emotions, and behaviors.
(347) 690-7541 View (347) 690-7541
Photo of Sara Monsonis, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Brooklyn, NY
Sara Monsonis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Brooklyn, NY 11231  (Online Only)
Every stage of life has its own challenges, and having someone to explore those challenges with is the key to understanding yourself better. As we age, whether from childhood to adolescence or into midlife and beyond, our focus shifts and our desires and needs shift as well. We all struggle to understand how our complex relationships can grow and change, how understanding ourselves leads to us getting more of what we want out of life. Happiness and purpose come when we work to understand ourselves as we change.
Every stage of life has its own challenges, and having someone to explore those challenges with is the key to understanding yourself better. As we age, whether from childhood to adolescence or into midlife and beyond, our focus shifts and our desires and needs shift as well. We all struggle to understand how our complex relationships can grow and change, how understanding ourselves leads to us getting more of what we want out of life. Happiness and purpose come when we work to understand ourselves as we change.
(917) 924-6187 View (917) 924-6187
Photo of Caitlyn J Roy, Licensed Master Social Work in Brooklyn, NY
Caitlyn J Roy
Licensed Master Social Work, LMSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Brooklyn, NY 11242  (Online Only)
I am a dedicated therapist passionate about redefining the therapy experience for clients to include a holistic, whole-person approach of integrating compassionate healing through evidence-based interventions and tools. I hold working experience with young children and teens, as well as their parents, managing symptoms including but not limited to: Anxiety, Depression, ASD, Social Skills, School refusal, and Confidence. Above all else, I want my clients to realize they are capable and worthy of improvements in their life.
I am a dedicated therapist passionate about redefining the therapy experience for clients to include a holistic, whole-person approach of integrating compassionate healing through evidence-based interventions and tools. I hold working experience with young children and teens, as well as their parents, managing symptoms including but not limited to: Anxiety, Depression, ASD, Social Skills, School refusal, and Confidence. Above all else, I want my clients to realize they are capable and worthy of improvements in their life.
(332) 249-8460 View (332) 249-8460
Photo of David Yellen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Brooklyn, NY
David Yellen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, IFS, Level 2
Verified Verified
Brooklyn, NY 11215
I create a warm, friendly, and welcoming environment where we can explore what’s happening in your life now to collaborate on what might be possible for you in the future. Then, we will partner to understand what burdens you’ve taken on from your past—burdens that may have limited your belief systems or distorted your experience—to blaze new pathways towards your release from pain and entry into freedom and joy. I specialize in working with clients who struggle with anxiety, depression, and relationship issues. However, my approach is not a one size fits all formula. I tailor my work to the individual and their specific needs.
I create a warm, friendly, and welcoming environment where we can explore what’s happening in your life now to collaborate on what might be possible for you in the future. Then, we will partner to understand what burdens you’ve taken on from your past—burdens that may have limited your belief systems or distorted your experience—to blaze new pathways towards your release from pain and entry into freedom and joy. I specialize in working with clients who struggle with anxiety, depression, and relationship issues. However, my approach is not a one size fits all formula. I tailor my work to the individual and their specific needs.
(917) 523-7780 View (917) 523-7780
Photo of Dr. Mitch and Lisa Marriages/Couples Workshops in Brooklyn, NY
Dr. Mitch and Lisa Marriages/Couples Workshops
PsyD, MSW, Life, Coach
Verified Verified
Brooklyn, NY 11217
Relationships in Crisis: We Have Several Private Couples/Marriage Workshops & Individual Sessions, in order to Rapidly Accelerate Your Healing & Your Communication Process (Traditional 45 min. session Simply Does Not Work). During these 2 to 4 weeks, we will see both of you Together & Individually, as well as Help each of you Learn the Art of Empathy, Sensitivity & Compassion. These Workshops are Informative & Powerful, in order to Accelerate the Healing Process & Stop any further Damage from Occurring. In Addition, Our Success RATE is 85% of Our Couples that have Successfully Completed Our Couples Workshops or Alcohol Treatment.
Relationships in Crisis: We Have Several Private Couples/Marriage Workshops & Individual Sessions, in order to Rapidly Accelerate Your Healing & Your Communication Process (Traditional 45 min. session Simply Does Not Work). During these 2 to 4 weeks, we will see both of you Together & Individually, as well as Help each of you Learn the Art of Empathy, Sensitivity & Compassion. These Workshops are Informative & Powerful, in order to Accelerate the Healing Process & Stop any further Damage from Occurring. In Addition, Our Success RATE is 85% of Our Couples that have Successfully Completed Our Couples Workshops or Alcohol Treatment.
(332) 286-4681 View (332) 286-4681
Photo of Tatiana Wilson, Counselor in Brooklyn, NY
Tatiana Wilson
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Brooklyn, NY 11211
My name is Tatiana Wilson, LMHC. My clinical approach is CBT. I have experience with crisis intervention & trauma, as well as mood disorders. My most common theoretical orientations are CBT & DBT. If you are looking to find a therapist who will provide you with a safe, warm, and welcoming space; where you can discuss about your emotional, social, and interpersonal struggles in a non-judgmental manner; and embark on your journey to growth, healing, and recovery, I would be more than honored to assist you in this process. Asking for help is not always easy, but doing so is the first step toward feeling better.
My name is Tatiana Wilson, LMHC. My clinical approach is CBT. I have experience with crisis intervention & trauma, as well as mood disorders. My most common theoretical orientations are CBT & DBT. If you are looking to find a therapist who will provide you with a safe, warm, and welcoming space; where you can discuss about your emotional, social, and interpersonal struggles in a non-judgmental manner; and embark on your journey to growth, healing, and recovery, I would be more than honored to assist you in this process. Asking for help is not always easy, but doing so is the first step toward feeling better.
(646) 906-8173 View (646) 906-8173
Photo of Carissa Small, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern in Brooklyn, NY
Carissa Small
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern
Verified Verified
Brooklyn, NY 11210  (Online Only)
When working with individuals, I utilize Narrative Therapy to help everyday people with problem-solving. For couples, Gottman level 1 certified and utilize the Gottman Method to assist with conflict management and developing problem-solving skills. Starting is often the hardest part, together we can take the necessary steps to achieve change.
When working with individuals, I utilize Narrative Therapy to help everyday people with problem-solving. For couples, Gottman level 1 certified and utilize the Gottman Method to assist with conflict management and developing problem-solving skills. Starting is often the hardest part, together we can take the necessary steps to achieve change.
(718) 814-6726 View (718) 814-6726
Photo of Richard Glassman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Brooklyn, NY
Richard Glassman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, R-LCSW
Verified Verified
Brooklyn, NY 11218
Psychotherapy helps one to understand the obstacles to moving forward emotionally and finding gratification in your life. Many people find themselves unable to break away from old patterns and bad feelings. I have worked with adults of all ages; couples and families, in over 30 years of practice. My style is warm, direct and engaging and I have seen people with many different types of problems, including relationship and work challenges.
Psychotherapy helps one to understand the obstacles to moving forward emotionally and finding gratification in your life. Many people find themselves unable to break away from old patterns and bad feelings. I have worked with adults of all ages; couples and families, in over 30 years of practice. My style is warm, direct and engaging and I have seen people with many different types of problems, including relationship and work challenges.
(347) 897-0228 View (347) 897-0228
Photo of Elizabeth Horsburgh, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Brooklyn, NY
Elizabeth Horsburgh
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Brooklyn, NY 11215
I am a licensed social worker offering psychotherapy services to individuals in New York City. My therapeutic approach prioritizes collaboration, patience, open-mindedness, and empathy as I learn more about who you are, what your goals are, and how to help you get there.
I am a licensed social worker offering psychotherapy services to individuals in New York City. My therapeutic approach prioritizes collaboration, patience, open-mindedness, and empathy as I learn more about who you are, what your goals are, and how to help you get there.
(929) 822-6771 View (929) 822-6771
Photo of Sophie Chen, Counselor in Brooklyn, NY
Sophie Chen
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Brooklyn, NY 11215  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
You might be feeling uncertain about what this experience will be like. Will this person understand me? Will I feel better? There can be a lot of questions and concerns standing between you and beginning this process. But, there can also be relief in knowing there is help. You don't have to figure this out on your own. We will exchange judgment for curiosity, work on feeling safe in our feelings, confront what is no longer working, and learn new strategies and tools.
You might be feeling uncertain about what this experience will be like. Will this person understand me? Will I feel better? There can be a lot of questions and concerns standing between you and beginning this process. But, there can also be relief in knowing there is help. You don't have to figure this out on your own. We will exchange judgment for curiosity, work on feeling safe in our feelings, confront what is no longer working, and learn new strategies and tools.
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Photo of Colis Baker, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Brooklyn, NY
Colis Baker
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Brooklyn, NY 11208  (Online Only)
Hello thank you for stopping by! You may be here seeking support in overcoming life's challenges, navigating transitions, looking for clarity, feeling stagnant, or just need a safe space to vent. You are at the right place at the right time! Whether you're dealing with stress, trauma, confusion, relationship issues, career issues, or just feeling stuck, I am here to support you on your journey. In the next few weeks, we will take time to get to know each another and develop goals together to support your growth. This may be your first time in counseling or you may have had a poor experience, if so this space is Home. Welcome!
Hello thank you for stopping by! You may be here seeking support in overcoming life's challenges, navigating transitions, looking for clarity, feeling stagnant, or just need a safe space to vent. You are at the right place at the right time! Whether you're dealing with stress, trauma, confusion, relationship issues, career issues, or just feeling stuck, I am here to support you on your journey. In the next few weeks, we will take time to get to know each another and develop goals together to support your growth. This may be your first time in counseling or you may have had a poor experience, if so this space is Home. Welcome!
(929) 430-2298 View (929) 430-2298
Photo of Fajir Alattar in Brooklyn, NY
Fajir Alattar
LMSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Brooklyn, NY 11209  (Online Only)
Are you looking to be heard and understood in a world where everyone seems to have it figured out—except you? Clients often come to therapy seeking connection and validation. Many grapple with fear, anxiety, and self-doubt, which can hold them back from pursuing their goals. I believe in addressing these challenges collaboratively, guiding clients towards insights and empowering them to overcome barriers.
Are you looking to be heard and understood in a world where everyone seems to have it figured out—except you? Clients often come to therapy seeking connection and validation. Many grapple with fear, anxiety, and self-doubt, which can hold them back from pursuing their goals. I believe in addressing these challenges collaboratively, guiding clients towards insights and empowering them to overcome barriers.
(718) 568-5735 View (718) 568-5735
Photo of Angela Jefferson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Brooklyn, NY
Angela Jefferson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Brooklyn, NY 11215
Not accepting new clients
We live in the context of our relationships and in times where we experience conflicts within them, we can feel like we are hitting a wall, stuck, or that we are not being seen or heard. Blind spots and ineffective patterns of communication can also leave us feeling unhappy and unfulfilled. Whether with our family, friends, or colleagues, our ability to navigate our complex intersectional identities (i.e., race, class, sexual orientation, gender, and spirituality) can be challenging. Working to improve this area can a catalyst for improved relationships and wellbeing.
We live in the context of our relationships and in times where we experience conflicts within them, we can feel like we are hitting a wall, stuck, or that we are not being seen or heard. Blind spots and ineffective patterns of communication can also leave us feeling unhappy and unfulfilled. Whether with our family, friends, or colleagues, our ability to navigate our complex intersectional identities (i.e., race, class, sexual orientation, gender, and spirituality) can be challenging. Working to improve this area can a catalyst for improved relationships and wellbeing.
(631) 994-3046 View (631) 994-3046
Photo of Mattie Chein, Licensed Master Social Worker in Brooklyn, NY
Mattie Chein
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
Verified Verified
Brooklyn, NY 11230  (Online Only)
If you're grappling with the weight of anxiety, feeling lost in insecurity, or wrestling with an inner voice that whispers you're not enough, you're not alone. It's okay to feel overwhelmed, to be irritated or unmotivated, to struggle with self-doubt or the pressures of daily life.
If you're grappling with the weight of anxiety, feeling lost in insecurity, or wrestling with an inner voice that whispers you're not enough, you're not alone. It's okay to feel overwhelmed, to be irritated or unmotivated, to struggle with self-doubt or the pressures of daily life.
(646) 681-1284 View (646) 681-1284
Photo of Cal Irwin Flachner, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Brooklyn, NY
Cal Irwin Flachner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Brooklyn, NY 11217
I am a psychotherapist with over forty years experience. I work with individuals, couples and groups who are seeking help with many different issues including anxiety, depression, grief/loss, trauma/PTSD, self esteem, identity, relationship, career and other areas of human concern. I offer a safe and comfortable environment in which to explore issues relating to your life circumstances. My approach is compassionate, supportive and interactive with focus on the whole person. It is important to explore the mind, body, spirit connection to work toward insight, awareness, practical solutions, positive action and change.
I am a psychotherapist with over forty years experience. I work with individuals, couples and groups who are seeking help with many different issues including anxiety, depression, grief/loss, trauma/PTSD, self esteem, identity, relationship, career and other areas of human concern. I offer a safe and comfortable environment in which to explore issues relating to your life circumstances. My approach is compassionate, supportive and interactive with focus on the whole person. It is important to explore the mind, body, spirit connection to work toward insight, awareness, practical solutions, positive action and change.
(551) 267-9895 View (551) 267-9895
Photo of Lily Thom, Psychologist in Brooklyn, NY
Lily Thom
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Brooklyn, NY 11201
I am a Licensed Clinical Psychologist with more than twelve years of experience providing psychotherapy to individuals, couples and groups. I use relational and cognitive-behavioral techniques in therapy and continually integrate evidence-based approaches that meet the needs of each individual. Psychodynamic theory provides me with a humanistic understanding of the basic struggles and conflicts that we all face. I am currently seeing patients both in-person and in video sessions using a secure, HIPPA-compliant telehealth system.
I am a Licensed Clinical Psychologist with more than twelve years of experience providing psychotherapy to individuals, couples and groups. I use relational and cognitive-behavioral techniques in therapy and continually integrate evidence-based approaches that meet the needs of each individual. Psychodynamic theory provides me with a humanistic understanding of the basic struggles and conflicts that we all face. I am currently seeing patients both in-person and in video sessions using a secure, HIPPA-compliant telehealth system.
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Photo of Naje Julia Edgerton in Brooklyn, NY
Naje Julia Edgerton
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Brooklyn, NY 11226  (Online Only)
Congratulations! You have decided to take control of your life and be an active agent in manifesting the life you want to live. Therapy is not magic and there is no one spell to make your dreams come true. When it comes to counseling I stand by the collaborative approach in which I believe the greatest achievement is made. I am not a healer but simply a helper to heal. Confucius said our greatest glory is not in never falling, but rising every time we fall.
Congratulations! You have decided to take control of your life and be an active agent in manifesting the life you want to live. Therapy is not magic and there is no one spell to make your dreams come true. When it comes to counseling I stand by the collaborative approach in which I believe the greatest achievement is made. I am not a healer but simply a helper to heal. Confucius said our greatest glory is not in never falling, but rising every time we fall.
(718) 569-5719 View (718) 569-5719
Photo of Meaghan Confer, Counselor in Brooklyn, NY
Meaghan Confer
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Brooklyn, NY 11201  (Online Only)
I have always been passionate about supporting trauma survivors, which led me to focus the beginning of my career on crisis intervention and counseling survivors of domestic violence. My work is exploratory and skill-focused, using solution-focused, emotion-focused, psychodynamic, dialectical-behavioral, and cognitive-behavioral therapeutic principles. I apply these techniques to help clients whose goals include: building self-esteem, healthy relationships, coping with anxiety, depression, & PTSD, becoming more attuned to their emotions, and navigating life transitions.
I have always been passionate about supporting trauma survivors, which led me to focus the beginning of my career on crisis intervention and counseling survivors of domestic violence. My work is exploratory and skill-focused, using solution-focused, emotion-focused, psychodynamic, dialectical-behavioral, and cognitive-behavioral therapeutic principles. I apply these techniques to help clients whose goals include: building self-esteem, healthy relationships, coping with anxiety, depression, & PTSD, becoming more attuned to their emotions, and navigating life transitions.
(646) 588-1153 View (646) 588-1153
Photo of Shelley Juran, Psychologist in Brooklyn, NY
Shelley Juran
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Brooklyn, NY 11201
Are you having having relationship problems or overwhelming stress? I am a psychologist and psychoanalyst with an interpersonal/humanistic approach who specializes in relationship problems, couples therapy, women's issues and gender identity concerns. In individual therapy, clients discover the causes of their distress and find ways to feel "real" and "alive" in the world. Self-defeating patterns of thoughts and behaviors are identified and re-evaluated. More realistic and helpful perceptions, attitudes and behaviors can then emerge. Couples therapy emphasizes respectful communication and listening techniques. "Hearing" one's partner as well as expressing one's own distress becomes important.
Are you having having relationship problems or overwhelming stress? I am a psychologist and psychoanalyst with an interpersonal/humanistic approach who specializes in relationship problems, couples therapy, women's issues and gender identity concerns. In individual therapy, clients discover the causes of their distress and find ways to feel "real" and "alive" in the world. Self-defeating patterns of thoughts and behaviors are identified and re-evaluated. More realistic and helpful perceptions, attitudes and behaviors can then emerge. Couples therapy emphasizes respectful communication and listening techniques. "Hearing" one's partner as well as expressing one's own distress becomes important.
(718) 625-6526 View (718) 625-6526

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Brooklyn, NY

3,000+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in Brooklyn, NY who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
82% Relationship Issues
77% Self Esteem
71% Trauma and PTSD
69% Stress
67% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

83% Aetna
66% Cigna and Evernorth
65% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Brooklyn, NY see their clients

50% In Person and Online
50% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
19% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Brooklyn?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.