Therapists in San Diego, CA

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Photo of Heather Foster, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Diego, CA
Heather Foster
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92121
RECONNECT with YOUR LOVER!!! You love your significant other, but lately you can't seem to get along. Are you missing the way your relationship was when you first fell in love, but you are just not sure how to get it back? Everyone goes through tough times connecting with their significant other. Regardless of how long you've been together there are ups and downs. It is not uncommon for couples to hit a rough patch in their relationship and counseling can help get your relationship back on track.
RECONNECT with YOUR LOVER!!! You love your significant other, but lately you can't seem to get along. Are you missing the way your relationship was when you first fell in love, but you are just not sure how to get it back? Everyone goes through tough times connecting with their significant other. Regardless of how long you've been together there are ups and downs. It is not uncommon for couples to hit a rough patch in their relationship and counseling can help get your relationship back on track.
(619) 618-2499 View (619) 618-2499
Photo of Laura Wilhoit, Psychologist in San Diego, CA
Laura Wilhoit
Psychologist, PhD, PMH-C
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92128  (Online Only)
Hello! My name is Dr. Laura Wilhoit and I offer virtual therapy throughout the state of California. In my 12+ years of experience, I have worked with a variety of people, including those struggling with anxiety, depression, chronic pain, and substance use. Outside of depression and anxiety, one of my current areas of focus is helping people as they adjust to parenting challenges, including postpartum depression. I am certified through the Perinatal Mental Health Certification program (PMH-C) to help parents. As a mother of 3 children myself, I know that parenting can be challenging and parents often aren't given sufficient support.
Hello! My name is Dr. Laura Wilhoit and I offer virtual therapy throughout the state of California. In my 12+ years of experience, I have worked with a variety of people, including those struggling with anxiety, depression, chronic pain, and substance use. Outside of depression and anxiety, one of my current areas of focus is helping people as they adjust to parenting challenges, including postpartum depression. I am certified through the Perinatal Mental Health Certification program (PMH-C) to help parents. As a mother of 3 children myself, I know that parenting can be challenging and parents often aren't given sufficient support.
(858) 422-4146 View (858) 422-4146
Photo of Dora Gilbert, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Diego, CA
Dora Gilbert
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92120
Dr. Gilbert incorporates her cultural experience, educator knowledge, and interest in families and children into her therapeutic work. As a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist she focuses on treating families, adults, adolescents and children through a family-systems approach. She works with individuals and/or families to overcome lifetime challenges and provide assistance to create a meaningful balanced life.
Dr. Gilbert incorporates her cultural experience, educator knowledge, and interest in families and children into her therapeutic work. As a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist she focuses on treating families, adults, adolescents and children through a family-systems approach. She works with individuals and/or families to overcome lifetime challenges and provide assistance to create a meaningful balanced life.
(858) 786-0380 View (858) 786-0380
Photo of Lindsay Kramer Damoose, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Diego, CA
Lindsay Kramer Damoose
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92103
Waitlist for new clients
I specialize in treating substance use disorders, trauma, mood/anxiety, and relational issues. I have spent my career working with adolescents and adults in various treatment settings and have worked with a variety of issues in my private practice. I have been happily employed within the Sharp Healthcare system since 2013, and I currently support the overall wellness of frontline staff at one of our medical hospitals. My previous work through Sharp has been providing trauma-informed care to patients with substance use disorders, severe mental illness, personality disorders, and other phase-of-life issues.
I specialize in treating substance use disorders, trauma, mood/anxiety, and relational issues. I have spent my career working with adolescents and adults in various treatment settings and have worked with a variety of issues in my private practice. I have been happily employed within the Sharp Healthcare system since 2013, and I currently support the overall wellness of frontline staff at one of our medical hospitals. My previous work through Sharp has been providing trauma-informed care to patients with substance use disorders, severe mental illness, personality disorders, and other phase-of-life issues.
(619) 329-9662 View (619) 329-9662
Photo of Miyoung Son, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Diego, CA
Miyoung Son
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92123  (Online Only)
Reaching out for help can be challenging for many. As psychotherapy aims at positive changes you desire, I am honored to provide a safe place for your self-exploration and reflection in which you can gain your inner peace and change you long for. Being specialized in trauma, PTSD, sexual abuse and domestic violence, I can offer some resolution in your trauma work. Trauma can penetrate not only your emotional well-being but also almost every facet of your life. My warm and peaceful presence would guide you through an effective treatment you deserve. My other specialties include performance anxiety, and psychological impotence (ED).
Reaching out for help can be challenging for many. As psychotherapy aims at positive changes you desire, I am honored to provide a safe place for your self-exploration and reflection in which you can gain your inner peace and change you long for. Being specialized in trauma, PTSD, sexual abuse and domestic violence, I can offer some resolution in your trauma work. Trauma can penetrate not only your emotional well-being but also almost every facet of your life. My warm and peaceful presence would guide you through an effective treatment you deserve. My other specialties include performance anxiety, and psychological impotence (ED).
(619) 485-6056 View (619) 485-6056
Photo of Kristine M Chadsey, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Diego, CA
Kristine M Chadsey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92104
Eyes Forward. Heart Open. As a holistic and integrative psychotherapist, my passion is towards empowering others to tune into their natural well being and align with the fuller version of themselves. Everyone has the ability to connect and harmonize with their true self, gain greater clarity and understanding of their higher purpose, and move into more joyful and satisfying lives. I utilize meditation, mindfulness, visualization, and expressive modalities to access greater self-awareness.
Eyes Forward. Heart Open. As a holistic and integrative psychotherapist, my passion is towards empowering others to tune into their natural well being and align with the fuller version of themselves. Everyone has the ability to connect and harmonize with their true self, gain greater clarity and understanding of their higher purpose, and move into more joyful and satisfying lives. I utilize meditation, mindfulness, visualization, and expressive modalities to access greater self-awareness.
(858) 924-0385 View (858) 924-0385
Photo of Shibley Psychology, Psychologist in San Diego, CA
Shibley Psychology
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92108
Shibley Psychology is a private practice where we provide individual, couples, and group psychotherapy. We also specialize in conducting psychological evaluations for immigration cases (such as extreme hardship, VAWA, U-Visas, asylum, competency, etc.) and forensic evaluations for State and Federal Court.
Shibley Psychology is a private practice where we provide individual, couples, and group psychotherapy. We also specialize in conducting psychological evaluations for immigration cases (such as extreme hardship, VAWA, U-Visas, asylum, competency, etc.) and forensic evaluations for State and Federal Court.
(619) 598-1626 View (619) 598-1626
Photo of Sean O'Hara, Psychologist in San Diego, CA
Sean O'Hara
Psychologist, PsyD, NCAC, I, SAP
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92127
Sean O'Hara Psy.D, NCAC I, SAP is a State of California and State of Hawai'i Board Licensed Psychologist in San Diego, California and Kahului, Hawai'i, with 36 years experience with psychiatric, mental health, dual-diagnosis and crises intervention health problems. Dr. O'Hara works in Rancho Bernardo and does tele heath sessions. Dr. O'Hara travels the United States to work with clients, corporations and athletes residing in other states. Dr. O'Hara works with all populations and does diversified work with corporations, collegiate and professional sports teams, the entertainment industries and concert tours.
Sean O'Hara Psy.D, NCAC I, SAP is a State of California and State of Hawai'i Board Licensed Psychologist in San Diego, California and Kahului, Hawai'i, with 36 years experience with psychiatric, mental health, dual-diagnosis and crises intervention health problems. Dr. O'Hara works in Rancho Bernardo and does tele heath sessions. Dr. O'Hara travels the United States to work with clients, corporations and athletes residing in other states. Dr. O'Hara works with all populations and does diversified work with corporations, collegiate and professional sports teams, the entertainment industries and concert tours.
(619) 567-5255 View (619) 567-5255
Photo of Valerie Davis, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Diego, CA
Valerie Davis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92117
Hello there. I am a licensed therapist who is passionate about working with people who could really use some support in a nonjudgmental atmosphere. I believe the client's needs guide treatment, so therapy will be tailored to you as an individual. I lean toward person-centered therapy techniques of genuineness and unconditional positive regard. I utilize techniques from many treatment modalities, and I'll customize services based on your specific needs. What I will do consistently is be open and kind. I will also do my best to understand who you are and how I can help you face the challenges you're up against.
Hello there. I am a licensed therapist who is passionate about working with people who could really use some support in a nonjudgmental atmosphere. I believe the client's needs guide treatment, so therapy will be tailored to you as an individual. I lean toward person-centered therapy techniques of genuineness and unconditional positive regard. I utilize techniques from many treatment modalities, and I'll customize services based on your specific needs. What I will do consistently is be open and kind. I will also do my best to understand who you are and how I can help you face the challenges you're up against.
(619) 393-6930 View (619) 393-6930
Photo of Stephanie Castillo, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Diego, CA
Stephanie Castillo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92121
I provide individual therapy to adults working through trauma, anxiety, depression, life transitions, family conflict, and relationship problems, among other issues.
I provide individual therapy to adults working through trauma, anxiety, depression, life transitions, family conflict, and relationship problems, among other issues.
(619) 514-4019 View (619) 514-4019
Photo of Linda Huey, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Diego, CA
Linda Huey
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92109  (Online Only)
My hope is to help you remove whatever is keeping you from being the best version of yourself you can be. This often means looking at the things that make us feel vulnerable.. This isn't always easy considering that vulnerability is often considered a weakness. Supporting my clients to transform vulnerabilities into strengths is what I do best. And sometimes asking for help can be the hardest thing to do. It is through connection that we grow and become our authentic selves. I have been licensed since 2001. My experience includes working with depression, anxiety, substance abuse, LGBTQ, and bicultural issues.
My hope is to help you remove whatever is keeping you from being the best version of yourself you can be. This often means looking at the things that make us feel vulnerable.. This isn't always easy considering that vulnerability is often considered a weakness. Supporting my clients to transform vulnerabilities into strengths is what I do best. And sometimes asking for help can be the hardest thing to do. It is through connection that we grow and become our authentic selves. I have been licensed since 2001. My experience includes working with depression, anxiety, substance abuse, LGBTQ, and bicultural issues.
(619) 940-1890 View (619) 940-1890
Photo of Shera Daroga, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Diego, CA
Shera Daroga
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92101  (Online Only)
Hi there! I'm Shera and my pronouns are she/her/hers. Thanks for stopping by! Have you been feeling isolated or lonely lately? Needing support, whether LGBTQIA+ , sexism, racism, ableism, or anything else that resonates with you? Let's work together to build your sense of self. Ready to make a significant shift in who you are and how you show up in life? Or questioning your purpose? Or perhaps you're struggling with all that is happening in our world these days and need an outlet to talk about it.
Hi there! I'm Shera and my pronouns are she/her/hers. Thanks for stopping by! Have you been feeling isolated or lonely lately? Needing support, whether LGBTQIA+ , sexism, racism, ableism, or anything else that resonates with you? Let's work together to build your sense of self. Ready to make a significant shift in who you are and how you show up in life? Or questioning your purpose? Or perhaps you're struggling with all that is happening in our world these days and need an outlet to talk about it.
(310) 807-6985 View (310) 807-6985
Isabel Reyes @ Grow Through Life Counseling
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, APCC, AMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92121
Hello! I provide therapy for children, teens, and families. I have supported children, adolescents, and families in navigating mental health challenges, interpersonal conflicts, identity exploration, and life transitions in school, outpatient hospital, and community mental health settings. I strive to create a warm environment for clients to feel safe while processing their thoughts, emotions, and experiences and gain confidence to make desired changes in their lives. I empower my clients to recognize their own strengths, reach their fullest potentials, and encourage healthy connections to their loved ones and their community.
Hello! I provide therapy for children, teens, and families. I have supported children, adolescents, and families in navigating mental health challenges, interpersonal conflicts, identity exploration, and life transitions in school, outpatient hospital, and community mental health settings. I strive to create a warm environment for clients to feel safe while processing their thoughts, emotions, and experiences and gain confidence to make desired changes in their lives. I empower my clients to recognize their own strengths, reach their fullest potentials, and encourage healthy connections to their loved ones and their community.
(858) 330-4299 View (858) 330-4299
Photo of Kelly Rein - Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Diego, CA
Kelly Rein - Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92121
If you're an adult interested in learning how Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy (KAP) may help break unhealthy patterns and shed negative self beliefs from the past, I'm here to support you. Ketamine induces an altered state of consciousness, which enables you to access and explore deep-seated thoughts, emotions, and memories in an emotionally safe way. We can then reframe traumatic memories or negative thought patterns. I am passionate about helping parents shed their stress and trauma so they can show up for their kids. I also offer talk therapy for teens and enjoy helping them learn new skills to help them flourish into adulthood.
If you're an adult interested in learning how Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy (KAP) may help break unhealthy patterns and shed negative self beliefs from the past, I'm here to support you. Ketamine induces an altered state of consciousness, which enables you to access and explore deep-seated thoughts, emotions, and memories in an emotionally safe way. We can then reframe traumatic memories or negative thought patterns. I am passionate about helping parents shed their stress and trauma so they can show up for their kids. I also offer talk therapy for teens and enjoy helping them learn new skills to help them flourish into adulthood.
(858) 946-4930 View (858) 946-4930
Jordyn Skaggs
Registered Psychological Associate, PsyD
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92109
I treat children, adolescents, and young adults with depression, anxiety, behavioral issues, eating disorders and trauma by changing their mood, thought patterns, acceptance, and the way they approach their struggles. I believe in managing issues from a holistic perspective and that the right support and tools can help impact a positive change. I am also qualified to complete psychological assessments and evaluations.
I treat children, adolescents, and young adults with depression, anxiety, behavioral issues, eating disorders and trauma by changing their mood, thought patterns, acceptance, and the way they approach their struggles. I believe in managing issues from a holistic perspective and that the right support and tools can help impact a positive change. I am also qualified to complete psychological assessments and evaluations.
(858) 289-0898 View (858) 289-0898
Photo of Christina Edwards - Personal Evolution Psychotherapy, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Diego, CA
Christina Edwards - Personal Evolution Psychotherapy
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92108
Are you feeling overwhelmed, stressed out or sad to the point that you can't live the life you want? Do you want to feel better & have a life worth living? Personal Evolution Psychotherapy (PEP) is a team of therapists that use Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) to overcome social anxiety, depression, communication & relationship issues, family conflict, panic, excessive worry & depression. Visit Us at www.PersonalEvolutionPsychotherapy.com. We provide much more than traditional talk therapy & help you get results to help control your emotions & your life. By doing this we can help more quickly. Call us today to schedule an appt.
Are you feeling overwhelmed, stressed out or sad to the point that you can't live the life you want? Do you want to feel better & have a life worth living? Personal Evolution Psychotherapy (PEP) is a team of therapists that use Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) to overcome social anxiety, depression, communication & relationship issues, family conflict, panic, excessive worry & depression. Visit Us at www.PersonalEvolutionPsychotherapy.com. We provide much more than traditional talk therapy & help you get results to help control your emotions & your life. By doing this we can help more quickly. Call us today to schedule an appt.
(619) 603-0655 View (619) 603-0655
Photo of Amy L Juleson, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Diego, CA
Amy L Juleson
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92110
I have experience in treating individual adults of all ages and enjoy working with couples desiring deeper connection, intimacy, and improved communication and conflict resolution skills. I specialize in working with attachment injuries, trauma, grief and loss, depression and anxiety management, relationship concerns, and major life transitions. I am here to hold space for my clients and help them realize their strengths and how they relate to themselves and others.
I have experience in treating individual adults of all ages and enjoy working with couples desiring deeper connection, intimacy, and improved communication and conflict resolution skills. I specialize in working with attachment injuries, trauma, grief and loss, depression and anxiety management, relationship concerns, and major life transitions. I am here to hold space for my clients and help them realize their strengths and how they relate to themselves and others.
(619) 345-5206 View (619) 345-5206
Photo of Jen Smith, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Diego, CA
Jen Smith
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92108
I’m assuming something’s not working anymore. Or maybe it’s starting to feel like nothing is working. Luckily there’s always the opportunity to explore what can change for the better, at a pace that's comfortable for you. One of the greatest advantages of therapy is creating an intentional space for that self-awareness to be developed. Awareness allows the opportunity for choice to enter, leading to empowerment & growth. I'd be honored to join you in this space of personal development!
I’m assuming something’s not working anymore. Or maybe it’s starting to feel like nothing is working. Luckily there’s always the opportunity to explore what can change for the better, at a pace that's comfortable for you. One of the greatest advantages of therapy is creating an intentional space for that self-awareness to be developed. Awareness allows the opportunity for choice to enter, leading to empowerment & growth. I'd be honored to join you in this space of personal development!
(619) 554-8355 View (619) 554-8355
Photo of Donald Hua, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in San Diego, CA
Donald Hua
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MS, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Diego, CA 92119
Not accepting new clients
Do you lash out at people for no obvious reason? Do you avoid certain situations or emotions? Do past memories seem to haunt you? Does it seem like there is an ongoing battle inside yourself? These are often signs of trauma, symptoms that can keep people from living fulfilling lives. I have 5+ years working with military veterans, LGBTQ+ folx, and survivors of childhood trauma using culturally sensitive and intersectional approaches. Poly and kink friendly.
Do you lash out at people for no obvious reason? Do you avoid certain situations or emotions? Do past memories seem to haunt you? Does it seem like there is an ongoing battle inside yourself? These are often signs of trauma, symptoms that can keep people from living fulfilling lives. I have 5+ years working with military veterans, LGBTQ+ folx, and survivors of childhood trauma using culturally sensitive and intersectional approaches. Poly and kink friendly.
(619) 326-3767 View (619) 326-3767
Photo of Angelina Demers, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Diego, CA
Angelina Demers
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Diego, CA 92127
I believe everyone has the potential for growth and healing. As a therapist specializing in individuals, couples, and families, I am passionate about helping you navigate life's challenges, big or small. Whether you're facing difficult emotions, relationship issues, or major transitions, I am here to support your journey.
I believe everyone has the potential for growth and healing. As a therapist specializing in individuals, couples, and families, I am passionate about helping you navigate life's challenges, big or small. Whether you're facing difficult emotions, relationship issues, or major transitions, I am here to support your journey.
(858) 330-3975 View (858) 330-3975

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in San Diego, CA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$160

Therapists in San Diego, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
71% Self Esteem
66% Relationship Issues
66% Trauma and PTSD
66% Coping Skills
62% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

77% Aetna
74% Cigna and Evernorth
69% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in San Diego, CA see their clients

55% In Person and Online
45% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in San Diego?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.