Therapists in San Jose, CA

View neighborhoods in San Jose
Photo of Christian Counseling Center San Jose, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Jose, CA
Christian Counseling Center San Jose
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95124
Christian Counseling Center San Jose has provided mental health services, support, and educational training to the Bay Area community for more than 30+ Years. Our team of 50+ therapists are passionate about caring for your emotional, mental, and relational needs through our broad range of clinical expertise. We are here to help!
Christian Counseling Center San Jose has provided mental health services, support, and educational training to the Bay Area community for more than 30+ Years. Our team of 50+ therapists are passionate about caring for your emotional, mental, and relational needs through our broad range of clinical expertise. We are here to help!
(408) 413-4529 View (408) 413-4529
Photo of Nicole Egan, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Jose, CA
Nicole Egan
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
San Jose, CA 95126
Do you find yourself feeling hopelessly anxious about not being able to get past your perfectionism, no matter what you do? You’re someone who is hard working and insightful. But you still find yourself doubting yourself and the perfectionist voice in your head keeps you feeling anxious and on edge constantly. You struggle to feel good about yourself in relationships. But you’re ready to make a change! You’re ready to feel hopeful again and practice putting yourself first. You’re ready to learn control over your anxiety. Most of all you’re ready to believe in yourself, no matter what. I want to help you get there.
Do you find yourself feeling hopelessly anxious about not being able to get past your perfectionism, no matter what you do? You’re someone who is hard working and insightful. But you still find yourself doubting yourself and the perfectionist voice in your head keeps you feeling anxious and on edge constantly. You struggle to feel good about yourself in relationships. But you’re ready to make a change! You’re ready to feel hopeful again and practice putting yourself first. You’re ready to learn control over your anxiety. Most of all you’re ready to believe in yourself, no matter what. I want to help you get there.
(408) 763-8737 View (408) 763-8737
Photo of Brittany Woodward, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Jose, CA
Brittany Woodward
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Jose, CA 95120  (Online Only)
Currently has availability! Brittany Woodward, LMFT, specializes in working with adolescents, young adults, and adults, providing individual and family therapy. With a client-centered approach, Brittany values and respects each individual's autonomy, empowering them to create positive changes in their lives. Her years of experience in high acuity programs, such as intensive outpatient treatment and partial hospitalization, have equipped her with the skills necessary to handle complex cases and provide comprehensive care.
Currently has availability! Brittany Woodward, LMFT, specializes in working with adolescents, young adults, and adults, providing individual and family therapy. With a client-centered approach, Brittany values and respects each individual's autonomy, empowering them to create positive changes in their lives. Her years of experience in high acuity programs, such as intensive outpatient treatment and partial hospitalization, have equipped her with the skills necessary to handle complex cases and provide comprehensive care.
(408) 457-1394 View (408) 457-1394
Photo of Linda Nastari, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Jose, CA
Linda Nastari
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Jose, CA 95150
I have over 30 years experience as a licensed pyschotherapist. I enjoy working with adolescents, individual adults, and couples. I treat a wide variety of issues including; anxiety/depression, relational difficulties, addictions, grief/loss, parenting challenges, spiritual concerns, eating disorders, family of origin issues, work related stress, and trauma. I also provide consultation to small family businesses around communication, conflict resolution, business management, and succession planning. I also am part of a collaborative team of estate attorneys, financial planners, and therapists to help families with Trust and Estate issues.
I have over 30 years experience as a licensed pyschotherapist. I enjoy working with adolescents, individual adults, and couples. I treat a wide variety of issues including; anxiety/depression, relational difficulties, addictions, grief/loss, parenting challenges, spiritual concerns, eating disorders, family of origin issues, work related stress, and trauma. I also provide consultation to small family businesses around communication, conflict resolution, business management, and succession planning. I also am part of a collaborative team of estate attorneys, financial planners, and therapists to help families with Trust and Estate issues.
(408) 669-3554 View (408) 669-3554
Photo of Terry Fowler, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Jose, CA
Terry Fowler
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95136
My name is Terry Fowler and I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) based in California. I work with adolescents and adults and specialize in eating disorders, addiction medicine, anxiety, stress, and depression. The approaches I use are Cognitive Behavior Therapy, and Client Centered Therapy to help clients gain the skills to help themselves. My approach to goal setting is driven by you client and what you want and need. In order to establish clear goals, I will work with you to establish your needs and build on your existing strengths. You are the expert in you! I want to help you find that within.
My name is Terry Fowler and I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) based in California. I work with adolescents and adults and specialize in eating disorders, addiction medicine, anxiety, stress, and depression. The approaches I use are Cognitive Behavior Therapy, and Client Centered Therapy to help clients gain the skills to help themselves. My approach to goal setting is driven by you client and what you want and need. In order to establish clear goals, I will work with you to establish your needs and build on your existing strengths. You are the expert in you! I want to help you find that within.
(408) 533-1529 View (408) 533-1529
Photo of R Marcia Vasconcellos, Psychologist in San Jose, CA
R Marcia Vasconcellos
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95119
I am a licensed clinical psychologist with over eight years of experience working with adolescents and adults. I provide individual, couples and family therapy in English, Spanish and Portuguese. My areas of expertise include Mood and Anxiety Disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety, and PTSD), life transitions, parenting, relationship and acculturation issues. I offer an individualized approach which is always supportive and placed to the needs of the client.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist with over eight years of experience working with adolescents and adults. I provide individual, couples and family therapy in English, Spanish and Portuguese. My areas of expertise include Mood and Anxiety Disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety, and PTSD), life transitions, parenting, relationship and acculturation issues. I offer an individualized approach which is always supportive and placed to the needs of the client.
(408) 706-7071 View (408) 706-7071
Photo of Andrea Ferriera, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Jose, CA
Andrea Ferriera
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT, APCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Jose, CA 95117
You know those thoughts that say "I'm not worthy," or "I'm not good enough?" It is time to remember that you are a human first, and that you deserve to have space to feel safe in exploring the most authentic version of yourself and realize that is way more than "not good enough."
You know those thoughts that say "I'm not worthy," or "I'm not good enough?" It is time to remember that you are a human first, and that you deserve to have space to feel safe in exploring the most authentic version of yourself and realize that is way more than "not good enough."
(408) 317-1652 View (408) 317-1652
Photo of Angela Maldonado-Nunes, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Jose, CA
Angela Maldonado-Nunes
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95120
I believe that the relationships we develop with significant people in our lives shape who we are, how we think about ourselves and how we act. I have a great deal of experience working with individuals and couples on a variety of issues such as depression, anxiety, communication, birth of a baby, parenting and general couples discord.
I believe that the relationships we develop with significant people in our lives shape who we are, how we think about ourselves and how we act. I have a great deal of experience working with individuals and couples on a variety of issues such as depression, anxiety, communication, birth of a baby, parenting and general couples discord.
(408) 763-4868 View (408) 763-4868
Photo of Lois Sharp, Psychologist in San Jose, CA
Lois Sharp
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95129
I enjoy working with people who have addictions or anxiety or something else weighing them down, working with them for a relatively short period of time, and watching them become energized and passionate about their lives. I believe that my clients know themselves better than anyone else. I work to help my clients achieve their goals. I believe I can best serve people by using what research has shown to be effective. I do not believe therapy should take a long time; most of my clients graduate within 3-6 months. I work on an time-sensitive basis so some require more sessions.
I enjoy working with people who have addictions or anxiety or something else weighing them down, working with them for a relatively short period of time, and watching them become energized and passionate about their lives. I believe that my clients know themselves better than anyone else. I work to help my clients achieve their goals. I believe I can best serve people by using what research has shown to be effective. I do not believe therapy should take a long time; most of my clients graduate within 3-6 months. I work on an time-sensitive basis so some require more sessions.
(408) 896-5972 View (408) 896-5972
Photo of Melissa Alexander, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Jose, CA
Melissa Alexander
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95127
Hello! My name is Melissa Alexander and I am an LMFT and a Registered Art Therapist. I typically work with adolescents and young adults that are going through stage of life struggles, dealing with depression or with anxiety. I also have some experience working with disordered eating and grief. I believe in a client centered approach, as well as using some creativity in sessions! I use a mixture of CBT and narrative therapy, along with solution focused aspects. I like to embody these theories through the use of Art Therapy.
Hello! My name is Melissa Alexander and I am an LMFT and a Registered Art Therapist. I typically work with adolescents and young adults that are going through stage of life struggles, dealing with depression or with anxiety. I also have some experience working with disordered eating and grief. I believe in a client centered approach, as well as using some creativity in sessions! I use a mixture of CBT and narrative therapy, along with solution focused aspects. I like to embody these theories through the use of Art Therapy.
(408) 715-3622 View (408) 715-3622
Photo of Hannah Ly - Therapist for Children and Teens, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Jose, CA
Hannah Ly - Therapist for Children and Teens
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Jose, CA 95128
I am a child therapist that specializes in helping children and teen with anxiety and trauma heal and thrive. If your child struggles with anxiety, shutting down, or tantrums, I get it. I understand how parenting children with anxiety is draining, and tiring. You want to help your child but you feel like you don’t have the proper tools or support. Here, I can help your child heal and grow through the power of play. As a Play Therapist, I use a child-centered approach that allows children to express themselves in their own unique way, using the language of play.
I am a child therapist that specializes in helping children and teen with anxiety and trauma heal and thrive. If your child struggles with anxiety, shutting down, or tantrums, I get it. I understand how parenting children with anxiety is draining, and tiring. You want to help your child but you feel like you don’t have the proper tools or support. Here, I can help your child heal and grow through the power of play. As a Play Therapist, I use a child-centered approach that allows children to express themselves in their own unique way, using the language of play.
(510) 422-0185 View (510) 422-0185
Photo of Marcela Silva Araujo, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in San Jose, CA
Marcela Silva Araujo
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT, APCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Jose, CA 95123  (Online Only)
As a culturally sensitive, trauma informed therapist, I can help you process the trauma that impacts your emotions and thoughts on a daily basis. Do you often feel stuck in a negative thought spiral and you're unsure why? Do daily stressors impact the way you feel? I am here for you to help process your thoughts and emotions and I strive to empower you in accomplishing your goals.
As a culturally sensitive, trauma informed therapist, I can help you process the trauma that impacts your emotions and thoughts on a daily basis. Do you often feel stuck in a negative thought spiral and you're unsure why? Do daily stressors impact the way you feel? I am here for you to help process your thoughts and emotions and I strive to empower you in accomplishing your goals.
(650) 284-3106 View (650) 284-3106
Photo of Melody D London, Psychologist in San Jose, CA
Melody D London
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95129  (Online Only)
Dr. London has 20 years of experience providing services in a confidential space where you can safely explore your concerns. You can work though personal and professional transitions by learning new skills and improving relationships or, if desired, you can be led to heal from pain, conquer substance overuse or better understand and cope with bipolar disorder, depression or anxiety. Your journey will be personally crafted to meet your specific needs. Your goals, needs and perspectives will be an integral part of your treatment plan. Your therapy will be part of a collaborative process in which you will be an active participant.
Dr. London has 20 years of experience providing services in a confidential space where you can safely explore your concerns. You can work though personal and professional transitions by learning new skills and improving relationships or, if desired, you can be led to heal from pain, conquer substance overuse or better understand and cope with bipolar disorder, depression or anxiety. Your journey will be personally crafted to meet your specific needs. Your goals, needs and perspectives will be an integral part of your treatment plan. Your therapy will be part of a collaborative process in which you will be an active participant.
(408) 214-8477 View (408) 214-8477
Photo of Vernon Silva, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in San Jose, CA
Vernon Silva
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95128
My specialty is Active Listening. I listen to You. I ask You a question, and then I listen to your response. Come to a safe space where You can express yourself and get it all out. And I will be there for You providing support and validation.
My specialty is Active Listening. I listen to You. I ask You a question, and then I listen to your response. Come to a safe space where You can express yourself and get it all out. And I will be there for You providing support and validation.
(408) 478-9396 View (408) 478-9396
Photo of Dr. Thu Dang in San Jose, CA
Dr. Thu Dang
PhD, MA
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95133  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I am not accepting new clients. Hello! I am a certified coaching therapist and have been practicing since 2005. I have a Ph.D. and MA in clinical psychology and I have worked at universities, community counseling centers, and Kaiser Permanente. "What is coaching?" you might ask. Coaching is the use of positive psychology to focus on your strengths (rather than deficits) to help you reach your goals. Your goals can include being better able to communicate with your loved ones or coworkers, improve working relationships with management and/or employees, conflict management, and assertiveness training.
I am not accepting new clients. Hello! I am a certified coaching therapist and have been practicing since 2005. I have a Ph.D. and MA in clinical psychology and I have worked at universities, community counseling centers, and Kaiser Permanente. "What is coaching?" you might ask. Coaching is the use of positive psychology to focus on your strengths (rather than deficits) to help you reach your goals. Your goals can include being better able to communicate with your loved ones or coworkers, improve working relationships with management and/or employees, conflict management, and assertiveness training.
(408) 351-0030 View (408) 351-0030
Photo of Katie DiNapoli, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Jose, CA
Katie DiNapoli
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, EMDR, BSP, ART, TIST
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Jose, CA 95128
Not accepting new clients
Do you feel stuck and worried you may not be able to find help? Maybe you have a habit or behavior you want to stop but can't seem to make lasting progress. Perhaps you're unhappy, anxious, exhausted, or feel like you don't know if you will ever get better. By the time most folks seek therapy, they have been stressed or hurting for a long time. Finding someone you can work with, who gets you, is often a very difficult process. ◇I love working with toddlers, kids, couples, & families too! We can do nature walks or meet inside. Attuning to BIPOC experiences, and special focus on LGBTQIA+ community are important to my work & life.
Do you feel stuck and worried you may not be able to find help? Maybe you have a habit or behavior you want to stop but can't seem to make lasting progress. Perhaps you're unhappy, anxious, exhausted, or feel like you don't know if you will ever get better. By the time most folks seek therapy, they have been stressed or hurting for a long time. Finding someone you can work with, who gets you, is often a very difficult process. ◇I love working with toddlers, kids, couples, & families too! We can do nature walks or meet inside. Attuning to BIPOC experiences, and special focus on LGBTQIA+ community are important to my work & life.
(408) 609-3870 View (408) 609-3870
Photo of Nicole Perkins, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Jose, CA
Nicole Perkins
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95136
Greeting! My name is Nicole Perkins, and I am a skilled, professional, Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with over 20 years of experience in assisting individuals and families with a range of emotional, social, and psychological needs. I am deeply passionate about helping others effectively overcome life issues and mental health problems. My formal education comes from Pepperdine University in Malibu, California, where I earned a Master of Arts in Psychology (MA) as well as a Master of Arts in Clinical Psychology with an emphasis in Marriage and Family Therapy (LMFT).
Greeting! My name is Nicole Perkins, and I am a skilled, professional, Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with over 20 years of experience in assisting individuals and families with a range of emotional, social, and psychological needs. I am deeply passionate about helping others effectively overcome life issues and mental health problems. My formal education comes from Pepperdine University in Malibu, California, where I earned a Master of Arts in Psychology (MA) as well as a Master of Arts in Clinical Psychology with an emphasis in Marriage and Family Therapy (LMFT).
(408) 762-3267 View (408) 762-3267
Photo of Veiss Zandieh, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Jose, CA
Veiss Zandieh
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, LPCC
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95129
Congratulations on taking the courageous step to begin therapy. As we all know, life can be challenging and demanding at times. This may lead us to feeling sad, angry, hopeless or confused. We may feel stuck and not know how to move forward; which can be a very lonely and scary place to be as well. However, you are not alone and healing is possible! My role as a therapist is to provide a safe place and offer warmth and empathy throughout this collaborative process, in order to help you in exploring your thoughts and feelings, as well as guide you in developing insight and identifying skills to achieve the thriving life you deserve.
Congratulations on taking the courageous step to begin therapy. As we all know, life can be challenging and demanding at times. This may lead us to feeling sad, angry, hopeless or confused. We may feel stuck and not know how to move forward; which can be a very lonely and scary place to be as well. However, you are not alone and healing is possible! My role as a therapist is to provide a safe place and offer warmth and empathy throughout this collaborative process, in order to help you in exploring your thoughts and feelings, as well as guide you in developing insight and identifying skills to achieve the thriving life you deserve.
(669) 222-6755 View (669) 222-6755
Photo of Austin Smythe, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Jose, CA
Austin Smythe
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Jose, CA 95125  (Online Only)
What do you want? This is the question you and I will start with. At times we know who we are and know what we want and simply need support to get there. At other times we feel torn or confused and need to look deeper into ourselves to uncover the right path. I help people with both. As you talk me through what’s troubling you, I’ll help you feel and think through your experiences. I’ll help you work through internal obstacles and take thoughtful action to solve external ones. You will leave me feeling more connected to yourself, your needs, and your desires, and more capable of communicating and acting on them.
What do you want? This is the question you and I will start with. At times we know who we are and know what we want and simply need support to get there. At other times we feel torn or confused and need to look deeper into ourselves to uncover the right path. I help people with both. As you talk me through what’s troubling you, I’ll help you feel and think through your experiences. I’ll help you work through internal obstacles and take thoughtful action to solve external ones. You will leave me feeling more connected to yourself, your needs, and your desires, and more capable of communicating and acting on them.
(650) 662-6853 View (650) 662-6853
Photo of Amy R Swenson, Marriage & Family Therapist in San Jose, CA
Amy R Swenson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Jose, CA 95128
Would you like to feel more grounded on your fertility journey, during pregnancy, or postpartum? Would you like to reduce stress & anxiety, build and maintain firm boundaries, and find a support system that truly understands what you’re going through so you can feel less alone? Would you like to replace feelings of shame and self-blame with deep self-compassion? Together we will build a safe, collaborative relationship to help you learn new coping skills and make well-informed decisions regarding your life path. Over time, you will become more confident in who you are, how you feel, and where you're headed.
Would you like to feel more grounded on your fertility journey, during pregnancy, or postpartum? Would you like to reduce stress & anxiety, build and maintain firm boundaries, and find a support system that truly understands what you’re going through so you can feel less alone? Would you like to replace feelings of shame and self-blame with deep self-compassion? Together we will build a safe, collaborative relationship to help you learn new coping skills and make well-informed decisions regarding your life path. Over time, you will become more confident in who you are, how you feel, and where you're headed.
(408) 380-1208 View (408) 380-1208

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in San Jose, CA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$180

Therapists in San Jose, CA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
86% Depression
75% Relationship Issues
73% Self Esteem
70% Stress
67% Coping Skills
65% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

75% Aetna
72% Cigna and Evernorth
68% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in San Jose, CA see their clients

69% In Person and Online
31% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in San Jose?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.