Therapists in Oak Brook, IL

Photo of Julie McDevitt- McDevitt- Telehealth, Counselor in Oak Brook, IL
Julie McDevitt- McDevitt- Telehealth
Counselor, LCPC, CSAT, Coach
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oak Brook, IL 60523
Welcome to the first day of change. Seeking help is the first day where change is possible because you are already doing something different, which is acknowledging you need help. 20 years ago I was in your same position. I walked into my first AA where I was ready to get serious about recovery. As of April 2023, I will celebrate 20 years sober and believe in the abstinence model of change. Because it works once you are ready to take back control over your life. Of course, there is always the option to keep digging - but let me tell you, climbing is much more satisfying.
Welcome to the first day of change. Seeking help is the first day where change is possible because you are already doing something different, which is acknowledging you need help. 20 years ago I was in your same position. I walked into my first AA where I was ready to get serious about recovery. As of April 2023, I will celebrate 20 years sober and believe in the abstinence model of change. Because it works once you are ready to take back control over your life. Of course, there is always the option to keep digging - but let me tell you, climbing is much more satisfying.
(630) 755-6260 View (630) 755-6260
Photo of Shared Vision Psychological Services, Psychologist in Oak Brook, IL
Shared Vision Psychological Services
Psychologist
Verified Verified
Oak Brook, IL 60523
The staff at Shared Vision Psychological Services is committed to providing individualized attention to every person, couple and family we see. It is our goal to help you, too. In everything we do—from individual psychotherapy, to group sessions, to our nature-inspired surroundings—we strive to make you feel comfortable, encouraged and understood. And, we will work side-by-side with you, your child or spouse, to help reach understanding, strengthen resilience and experience hope. Please see our services to see how our team of clinical psychologists can help you.
The staff at Shared Vision Psychological Services is committed to providing individualized attention to every person, couple and family we see. It is our goal to help you, too. In everything we do—from individual psychotherapy, to group sessions, to our nature-inspired surroundings—we strive to make you feel comfortable, encouraged and understood. And, we will work side-by-side with you, your child or spouse, to help reach understanding, strengthen resilience and experience hope. Please see our services to see how our team of clinical psychologists can help you.
(331) 245-3657 x224 View (331) 245-3657 x224
Photo of Jenny Versaskas, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oak Brook, IL
Jenny Versaskas
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Verified Verified
Oak Brook, IL 60523
Welcome! I am Jenny Versaskas, an empathetic and dedicated social worker that is committed to helping individuals of all ages overcome their social and emotional challenges. Therapy can offer many benefits, whether you are looking to make a change or just a place to vent. I recognize that beginning therapy can be vulnerable and intimidating and I admire the bravery it takes to reach out.
Welcome! I am Jenny Versaskas, an empathetic and dedicated social worker that is committed to helping individuals of all ages overcome their social and emotional challenges. Therapy can offer many benefits, whether you are looking to make a change or just a place to vent. I recognize that beginning therapy can be vulnerable and intimidating and I admire the bravery it takes to reach out.
(708) 729-9488 View (708) 729-9488
Photo of Katie Fitzgerald, Licensed Professional Counselor in Oak Brook, IL
Katie Fitzgerald
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
Oak Brook, IL 60523
Do you live in a constant state of anxiety? Are you experiencing feelings of depression that you have difficulty managing? I am experienced in helping people find solutions to manage their life in a more positive light. I believe that the connection the therapist makes with the client is vital. That connection allows the client to open up and express their concerns to the therapist, and together they can discover strategies for improvement. I help clients work on symptom reduction and help them achieve the goals they want in their lives by creating small, achievable steps.
Do you live in a constant state of anxiety? Are you experiencing feelings of depression that you have difficulty managing? I am experienced in helping people find solutions to manage their life in a more positive light. I believe that the connection the therapist makes with the client is vital. That connection allows the client to open up and express their concerns to the therapist, and together they can discover strategies for improvement. I help clients work on symptom reduction and help them achieve the goals they want in their lives by creating small, achievable steps.
(331) 244-6118 View (331) 244-6118
Photo of Center for Psychological Wellness, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oak Brook, IL
Center for Psychological Wellness
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oak Brook, IL 60523
Life can be a series of beginnings, middles and ends. If you have been struggling with a situation, an experience, illness or disorder, talking about it can be the start to improving your life experience. I believe in the therapeutic partnership to help identify factors contributing to the problem, create realistic goals and foster growth and empowerment. My goal is to provide a safe place where you can consider practical solutions, learn about helpful tools and techniques, discover underlying strengths, and renew your sense of "self."
Life can be a series of beginnings, middles and ends. If you have been struggling with a situation, an experience, illness or disorder, talking about it can be the start to improving your life experience. I believe in the therapeutic partnership to help identify factors contributing to the problem, create realistic goals and foster growth and empowerment. My goal is to provide a safe place where you can consider practical solutions, learn about helpful tools and techniques, discover underlying strengths, and renew your sense of "self."
(708) 928-8315 View (708) 928-8315
Photo of Mina Lee, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oak Brook, IL
Mina Lee
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oak Brook, IL 60523
I’m a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I have obtained a Master’s degree in Social Work from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. I’m experienced in addressing various mental health concerns, including depression, anxiety, OCD, trauma/PTSD, life transition/stressors, relational problems, and self-esteem issues. I have experience working with individuals from various mental health treatment settings such as outpatient therapy office, inpatient psychiatric hospital, and residential treatment center. I believe effective therapy relies on genuine therapeutic relationships built on collaboration and trust.
I’m a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I have obtained a Master’s degree in Social Work from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. I’m experienced in addressing various mental health concerns, including depression, anxiety, OCD, trauma/PTSD, life transition/stressors, relational problems, and self-esteem issues. I have experience working with individuals from various mental health treatment settings such as outpatient therapy office, inpatient psychiatric hospital, and residential treatment center. I believe effective therapy relies on genuine therapeutic relationships built on collaboration and trust.
(217) 885-2661 View (217) 885-2661
Photo of Mark E. Zipprich, Counselor in Oak Brook, IL
Mark E. Zipprich
Counselor, MS, LCPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oak Brook, IL 60523
When you feel safe and supported, then and only then are you able to let your guard down and get in touch with your core issues and feelings. The most important measure of whether therapy will have a positive outcome is the connection between you and your therapist. For this reason, my goal is to create a warm and supportive environment in which you will be respectfully heard, cared about and not judged in any way. My overall approach is conversational, non-judgemental and solution focused with humor and laughter always welcome :)
When you feel safe and supported, then and only then are you able to let your guard down and get in touch with your core issues and feelings. The most important measure of whether therapy will have a positive outcome is the connection between you and your therapist. For this reason, my goal is to create a warm and supportive environment in which you will be respectfully heard, cared about and not judged in any way. My overall approach is conversational, non-judgemental and solution focused with humor and laughter always welcome :)
(630) 233-9259 View (630) 233-9259
Photo of Nicole Gianatasio, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oak Brook, IL
Nicole Gianatasio
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oak Brook, IL 60523
Welcome to the start of new beginnings! My name is Nicole. If you are looking for a warm, non-judgmental space where you can work through the hard parts of your life, you have found it! As your therapist, I will collaborate with you to create a safe space for your authentic self to grow. I will utilize my knowledge of therapeutic skills and techniques to support you in your goals.
Welcome to the start of new beginnings! My name is Nicole. If you are looking for a warm, non-judgmental space where you can work through the hard parts of your life, you have found it! As your therapist, I will collaborate with you to create a safe space for your authentic self to grow. I will utilize my knowledge of therapeutic skills and techniques to support you in your goals.
(847) 916-0623 View (847) 916-0623
Photo of Tonya Gilkerson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oak Brook, IL
Tonya Gilkerson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oak Brook, IL 60523
How often do you say to yourself, “I feel stressed or overwhelmed.”? In today’s fast-paced world we have less time in our daily life to process our experiences and feelings. We can find ourselves becoming depressed or frustrated. A therapist can provide the additional support and empathy needed to guide you through these negative feelings.
How often do you say to yourself, “I feel stressed or overwhelmed.”? In today’s fast-paced world we have less time in our daily life to process our experiences and feelings. We can find ourselves becoming depressed or frustrated. A therapist can provide the additional support and empathy needed to guide you through these negative feelings.
(630) 294-2000 View (630) 294-2000
Photo of Holley Bloomfield, Licensed Professional Counselor in Oak Brook, IL
Holley Bloomfield
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oak Brook, IL 60523
Holley earned her Bachelor of Science in Criminal Justice and Psychology, from Grambling State University and her Master of Arts in Professional Counseling from Liberty University. Holley is a National Certified Counselor (NCC) and a Licensed Professional Counselor, (LPC) with 15 years of substantial experience with children & families, adolescents, adults, and geriatric populations. Holley finds fulfillment in providing healing and hope to those with social and emotional challenges, grief & loss, mental illness, and behavioral health crises.
Holley earned her Bachelor of Science in Criminal Justice and Psychology, from Grambling State University and her Master of Arts in Professional Counseling from Liberty University. Holley is a National Certified Counselor (NCC) and a Licensed Professional Counselor, (LPC) with 15 years of substantial experience with children & families, adolescents, adults, and geriatric populations. Holley finds fulfillment in providing healing and hope to those with social and emotional challenges, grief & loss, mental illness, and behavioral health crises.
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Photo of Carmen Lynas - Advanced Therapeutic Solutions, Psychologist in Oak Brook, IL
Carmen Lynas - Advanced Therapeutic Solutions
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Oak Brook, IL 60523
We provide evidence-based CBT/Exposure Therapy for anxiety disorders, specializing in social anxiety, selective mutism, separation anxiety, panic disorder, & related issues. The goal is to live a valued life in the presence of anxiety and, to do this, we treat the anxious-avoidance cycle you may find yourself in. Anxious avoidance is when a person avoids something that makes them anxious (which is normal and expected). However, when avoidance interferes with your life and keeps you from living out your goals, that’s when avoidance (not anxiety) becomes problematic. We are specialists who can help you learn how to approach vs avoid.
We provide evidence-based CBT/Exposure Therapy for anxiety disorders, specializing in social anxiety, selective mutism, separation anxiety, panic disorder, & related issues. The goal is to live a valued life in the presence of anxiety and, to do this, we treat the anxious-avoidance cycle you may find yourself in. Anxious avoidance is when a person avoids something that makes them anxious (which is normal and expected). However, when avoidance interferes with your life and keeps you from living out your goals, that’s when avoidance (not anxiety) becomes problematic. We are specialists who can help you learn how to approach vs avoid.
(331) 244-4974 View (331) 244-4974
Photo of Paula J. Butler, Marriage & Family Therapist in Oak Brook, IL
Paula J. Butler
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT, CADC, MAC, C Supv
Verified Verified
Oak Brook, IL 60523
"In any given moment we have two options: to step forward into growth or step back into safety" (Abraham Maslow). Deciding to make changes in one's life takes courage. For many of us life can be difficult. Whether it's addiction, depression, relationship issues or just the fears and insecurities of life, we all have challenges we must face. Therapy is meant to be a safe place where we are able to find courage to walk through these challenges and to find real hope with practical help.
"In any given moment we have two options: to step forward into growth or step back into safety" (Abraham Maslow). Deciding to make changes in one's life takes courage. For many of us life can be difficult. Whether it's addiction, depression, relationship issues or just the fears and insecurities of life, we all have challenges we must face. Therapy is meant to be a safe place where we are able to find courage to walk through these challenges and to find real hope with practical help.
(847) 440-3620 View (847) 440-3620
Photo of Yolanda Cosey, Licensed Professional Counselor in Oak Brook, IL
Yolanda Cosey
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdD, MA, LCPC, NCC, CAMS-II
Verified Verified
Oak Brook, IL 60523
Hello! Do you find it difficult to stay focused, falling and remaining asleep, or enjoy daily activities? Are you looking for a counselor who is willing to listen to your concerns? Look no further, I am dedicated to welcoming those who are experiencing challenges in their lives and find themselves needing support, safety, and comfort in order to create improved relationships and better lives. I offer a nonjudgmental and safe environment where we can explore challenges and develop solutions together. The use of talk therapy helps us gain a better understanding of ourselves, our patterns and our goals.
Hello! Do you find it difficult to stay focused, falling and remaining asleep, or enjoy daily activities? Are you looking for a counselor who is willing to listen to your concerns? Look no further, I am dedicated to welcoming those who are experiencing challenges in their lives and find themselves needing support, safety, and comfort in order to create improved relationships and better lives. I offer a nonjudgmental and safe environment where we can explore challenges and develop solutions together. The use of talk therapy helps us gain a better understanding of ourselves, our patterns and our goals.
(312) 818-4443 View (312) 818-4443
Photo of Karen Cipriano, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Oak Brook, IL
Karen Cipriano
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oak Brook, IL 60523
Whether you are seeking therapy to increase self-confidence, manage anxiety or depression, find motivation, identify and process emotions, or manage a difficult situation, a positive connection with your therapist is crucial. I strive to build that connection by meeting you where you’re at, and supporting you with empathy and understanding while we work together to accomplish your goals.
Whether you are seeking therapy to increase self-confidence, manage anxiety or depression, find motivation, identify and process emotions, or manage a difficult situation, a positive connection with your therapist is crucial. I strive to build that connection by meeting you where you’re at, and supporting you with empathy and understanding while we work together to accomplish your goals.
(847) 558-6502 View (847) 558-6502
Photo of Siomy Nambo, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Oak Brook, IL
Siomy Nambo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Oak Brook, IL 60523
Are you ready to embark on a journey towards emotional healing and self-discovery? I'm here to guide you through life's stressors and uncertainties, helping you resolve fears, doubts, and barriers while addressing old patterns and behaviors. While therapy can't remove life's difficulties, it can remind us that we're not alone. Healing and growth flourish within supportive communities. As a therapist, I pride myself on my non-traditional, warm and laid-back demeanor, drawing on my own lived experiences to inform my practice. My therapeutic style is client-centered, prioritizing your needs, experiences, and perspectives.
Are you ready to embark on a journey towards emotional healing and self-discovery? I'm here to guide you through life's stressors and uncertainties, helping you resolve fears, doubts, and barriers while addressing old patterns and behaviors. While therapy can't remove life's difficulties, it can remind us that we're not alone. Healing and growth flourish within supportive communities. As a therapist, I pride myself on my non-traditional, warm and laid-back demeanor, drawing on my own lived experiences to inform my practice. My therapeutic style is client-centered, prioritizing your needs, experiences, and perspectives.
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Photo of Aiki Relationship Institute, Psychologist in Oak Brook, IL
Aiki Relationship Institute
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Oak Brook, IL 60523
Intimate relationships can be our greatest source of joy or pain. Unfortunately, many find their relationships slipping toward the second option. It is very unpleasant to feel lonely when in a relationship. And walking around on eggshells is exhausting and can make you miserable. It is possible to restore the connection you want with your partner and go forward in life feeling like a team. That is my purpose and the focus of my practice. Our society tells us relationships are supposed to be easy if they are right. Healthy relationships are some work but are also worth it.
Intimate relationships can be our greatest source of joy or pain. Unfortunately, many find their relationships slipping toward the second option. It is very unpleasant to feel lonely when in a relationship. And walking around on eggshells is exhausting and can make you miserable. It is possible to restore the connection you want with your partner and go forward in life feeling like a team. That is my purpose and the focus of my practice. Our society tells us relationships are supposed to be easy if they are right. Healthy relationships are some work but are also worth it.
(630) 733-1854 View (630) 733-1854
Photo of Anthony M Tucci: Neuropsychologist, Psychologist in Oak Brook, IL
Anthony M Tucci: Neuropsychologist
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Oak Brook, IL 60523
Dr. Tucci welcomes you to Piece by Piece: Neurobehavioral Services. Our team is dedicated to providing patients with comprehensive testing for all ages (2-99). As neuropsychologists, we work hard to understand what is going on in your life and your most pressing concerns. We use a series of interactive tasks to then identify your personal strengths and weaknesses. In doing so, we can then help you more deeply understand your unique set of strengths and weakness and how this impacts daily life. This information is then used to determine the best recommendations to help you meet your goals.
Dr. Tucci welcomes you to Piece by Piece: Neurobehavioral Services. Our team is dedicated to providing patients with comprehensive testing for all ages (2-99). As neuropsychologists, we work hard to understand what is going on in your life and your most pressing concerns. We use a series of interactive tasks to then identify your personal strengths and weaknesses. In doing so, we can then help you more deeply understand your unique set of strengths and weakness and how this impacts daily life. This information is then used to determine the best recommendations to help you meet your goals.
(708) 419-2072 View (708) 419-2072
Photo of Karin Madsen-Lagacy, Psychologist in Oak Brook, IL
Karin Madsen-Lagacy
Psychologist, PsyD, LCPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Oak Brook, IL 60523
I admire the courage it takes to ask for help and hope to provide you with tools to change your life to what you want it to be. I believe that people face many challenges in their lives. I believe that with perseverance and with focus many challenges can be overcome. I am a licensed clinical psychologist specializing in eating disorders, self-injury, self esteem issues, anxiety disorders, and depression. I believe that you are the expert on your own life and I strive to help you navigate your unique situation with more adaptive coping skills and general sense of fulfillment.
I admire the courage it takes to ask for help and hope to provide you with tools to change your life to what you want it to be. I believe that people face many challenges in their lives. I believe that with perseverance and with focus many challenges can be overcome. I am a licensed clinical psychologist specializing in eating disorders, self-injury, self esteem issues, anxiety disorders, and depression. I believe that you are the expert on your own life and I strive to help you navigate your unique situation with more adaptive coping skills and general sense of fulfillment.
(630) 478-8593 View (630) 478-8593
Photo of Madeline Malabanan, Counselor in Oak Brook, IL
Madeline Malabanan
Counselor, MA, LCPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Oak Brook, IL 60523
Often times we look back on our past with disdain and dwell on “what ifs” and fall into second-guessing ourselves. In my work with you, we will focus on how you can accept and make peace with your past, while also learning from past situations. I believe that everyone has a story to tell and can learn to embrace their past as a stepping stone for a brighter tomorrow. My goal is to create an open and safe environment where you can: raise your concerns, fears and needs; become more accepting of yourself; clarify your goals; and determine how you can work to achieve your goals and resolve current challenges.
Often times we look back on our past with disdain and dwell on “what ifs” and fall into second-guessing ourselves. In my work with you, we will focus on how you can accept and make peace with your past, while also learning from past situations. I believe that everyone has a story to tell and can learn to embrace their past as a stepping stone for a brighter tomorrow. My goal is to create an open and safe environment where you can: raise your concerns, fears and needs; become more accepting of yourself; clarify your goals; and determine how you can work to achieve your goals and resolve current challenges.
(331) 244-7842 x37 View (331) 244-7842 x37
Photo of Linsay Heimberg, Counselor in Oak Brook, IL
Linsay Heimberg
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Oak Brook, IL 60523
With over two decades of experience working with diverse populations in the Chicagoland area specializing in MDD, GAD, PTSD, and OCD.
With over two decades of experience working with diverse populations in the Chicagoland area specializing in MDD, GAD, PTSD, and OCD.
(630) 474-6857 View (630) 474-6857

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Oak Brook, IL

200+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Oak Brook, IL who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
90% Depression
80% Relationship Issues
79% Self Esteem
70% Coping Skills
69% Trauma and PTSD
64% Stress

Average years in practice

14 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

92% BlueCross and BlueShield
63% Aetna
58% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Oak Brook, IL see their clients

86% In Person and Online
14% Online Only

Gender breakdown

86% Female
13% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Oak Brook?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.