Therapists in Bellingham, WA

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Photo of Jake Blondheim, Counselor in Bellingham, WA
Jake Blondheim
Counselor, LMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
Bellingham, WA 98225
Not accepting new clients
Not Currently Accepting New Clients - Therapy can be a space for us to engage with not only our immediate problems, but what inevitably lies beneath. I think of it as a space for mutual trust and willingness to show up in service of understanding ourselves. It can be in some ways not the easy path as our tendencies to avoid, control or pursue are deeply part of us. When we make the choice to explore an alternative approach to life as we know it, opportunity can show itself.
Not Currently Accepting New Clients - Therapy can be a space for us to engage with not only our immediate problems, but what inevitably lies beneath. I think of it as a space for mutual trust and willingness to show up in service of understanding ourselves. It can be in some ways not the easy path as our tendencies to avoid, control or pursue are deeply part of us. When we make the choice to explore an alternative approach to life as we know it, opportunity can show itself.
(360) 800-4220 View (360) 800-4220
Photo of Marcia Joye, Counselor in Bellingham, WA
Marcia Joye
Counselor, MC, LMHC
Verified Verified
Bellingham, WA 98225
Do you often find yourself caught in the same repeated cycles or pattern in your life? Are you in a relationship that feels stuck? As a Licensed Mental Health Counselor for over 10 years, I specialize in working with adult individuals and couples. I offer a process to access deep emotional connection and change patterns that keep you stuck. A key focus in my practice is helping you to a deeper understanding about your individual journey and exploring effectively ways to interact with the significant people in your life. Free yourself from constricting self-limiting ways and learn new skills in communicating with others.
Do you often find yourself caught in the same repeated cycles or pattern in your life? Are you in a relationship that feels stuck? As a Licensed Mental Health Counselor for over 10 years, I specialize in working with adult individuals and couples. I offer a process to access deep emotional connection and change patterns that keep you stuck. A key focus in my practice is helping you to a deeper understanding about your individual journey and exploring effectively ways to interact with the significant people in your life. Free yourself from constricting self-limiting ways and learn new skills in communicating with others.
(360) 489-6228 View (360) 489-6228
Photo of Bear Counseling, LLC, Counselor in Bellingham, WA
Bear Counseling, LLC
Counselor, M Ed, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bellingham, WA 98226  (Online Only)
I believe therapy is a collaborative process and I strive to create a nonjudgmental environment that promotes self-exploration, self-awareness, and growth. I enjoy building relationships and do my best to embody core values of authenticity, openness, and vulnerability in my daily life and practice.
I believe therapy is a collaborative process and I strive to create a nonjudgmental environment that promotes self-exploration, self-awareness, and growth. I enjoy building relationships and do my best to embody core values of authenticity, openness, and vulnerability in my daily life and practice.
(360) 963-4072 View (360) 963-4072
Photo of Joshua Hilderbrand, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bellingham, WA
Joshua Hilderbrand
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Bellingham, WA 98225
Life gets us stuck in ruts and routines. Although routine is a good foundation, its function is to serve a life worth living, not to be served. Breaking out of patterns that are diminishing and shrinking your life is something that folks often need help with. The skills that brought you to this place in life, although useful, may not be the skills you need to transition to the challenges in front of you now. I can help you with that.
Life gets us stuck in ruts and routines. Although routine is a good foundation, its function is to serve a life worth living, not to be served. Breaking out of patterns that are diminishing and shrinking your life is something that folks often need help with. The skills that brought you to this place in life, although useful, may not be the skills you need to transition to the challenges in front of you now. I can help you with that.
(360) 583-3938 View (360) 583-3938
Photo of Washington Clinical Supervisor Karen King, Counselor in Bellingham, WA
Washington Clinical Supervisor Karen King
Counselor, MS, LMHC
Verified Verified
Bellingham, WA 98225
Are you working toward your hours post-licensure and want to find a Supervisor you really click with? I would love to help. I have a wealth of experience to draw upon as I mentor you in your journey to becoming a Professional Counselor. The main approach to Supervision I use is the Mentorship Model. I see you as a professional to respect and collaborate with, and hope to help you gain the confidence to recognize your existing skills. I give constructive feedback when asked, and enjoy differing opinions and approaches. Go to my website to schedule a time to chat: www.karencking.com/washington-state-clinical-supervision
Are you working toward your hours post-licensure and want to find a Supervisor you really click with? I would love to help. I have a wealth of experience to draw upon as I mentor you in your journey to becoming a Professional Counselor. The main approach to Supervision I use is the Mentorship Model. I see you as a professional to respect and collaborate with, and hope to help you gain the confidence to recognize your existing skills. I give constructive feedback when asked, and enjoy differing opinions and approaches. Go to my website to schedule a time to chat: www.karencking.com/washington-state-clinical-supervision
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Photo of Melissa Claire FitzGerald, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Bellingham, WA
Melissa Claire FitzGerald
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, LMFTA
Verified Verified
Bellingham, WA 98229
The clients I seek to work with are couples, families, and adult individuals who are open to the challenging process of personal growth. People who seek to deepen connections, expand knowledge beyond what you think you know, and have the capacity for curiosity. Clients who seek to experience emotions authentically in the therapy setting and between sessions make the most progress and live more satisfying and peaceful lives. I am a Neurodivergent and LGBTQIA+ affirming therapist.
The clients I seek to work with are couples, families, and adult individuals who are open to the challenging process of personal growth. People who seek to deepen connections, expand knowledge beyond what you think you know, and have the capacity for curiosity. Clients who seek to experience emotions authentically in the therapy setting and between sessions make the most progress and live more satisfying and peaceful lives. I am a Neurodivergent and LGBTQIA+ affirming therapist.
(360) 516-4450 View (360) 516-4450
Photo of Holly Zwolinski, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bellingham, WA
Holly Zwolinski
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSA, LICSW
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Bellingham, WA 98226  (Online Only)
I believe that fostering an open and collaborative therapeutic relationship with clients is key to getting the most out of therapy. Together we are able to focus on gaining insight into interpersonal relationships and identifying the patterns that affect them. I specialize in working with adults who are experiencing various issues related to trauma, stress, and life adjustments.
I believe that fostering an open and collaborative therapeutic relationship with clients is key to getting the most out of therapy. Together we are able to focus on gaining insight into interpersonal relationships and identifying the patterns that affect them. I specialize in working with adults who are experiencing various issues related to trauma, stress, and life adjustments.
(360) 299-5623 View (360) 299-5623
Photo of Nicole Wright, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bellingham, WA
Nicole Wright
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Bellingham, WA 98225  (Online Only)
You are worthy of love, honor, trust, dignity, and respect. But as trauma and grief accumulate, the harder it is to believe. The time to process past hurts is now. You can create healthy relationships and increase self-esteem. Choosing therapy takes grit and determination. You have these traits! It is an honor to accompany you during this sometimes difficult, but tremendously rewarding journey. I am committed to providing a safe space to allow you to sort through experiences and begin the process of self-actualization. Let's get started....
You are worthy of love, honor, trust, dignity, and respect. But as trauma and grief accumulate, the harder it is to believe. The time to process past hurts is now. You can create healthy relationships and increase self-esteem. Choosing therapy takes grit and determination. You have these traits! It is an honor to accompany you during this sometimes difficult, but tremendously rewarding journey. I am committed to providing a safe space to allow you to sort through experiences and begin the process of self-actualization. Let's get started....
(360) 531-6281 View (360) 531-6281
Photo of Vermeda Fred, Marriage & Family Therapist in Bellingham, WA
Vermeda Fred
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, MFA
Verified Verified
Bellingham, WA 98225
Whenever you think of talking with someone, thoroughly explaining everything from how you feel today, or how you have felt for years, or to the choices you are facing, or how your body and sense of yourself alters things, and you wonder, how do I find that "right" person to talk to? You have found them. Adolescent or adult, individual or a couple, call me for a free consultation, and let's see where to go from here!
Whenever you think of talking with someone, thoroughly explaining everything from how you feel today, or how you have felt for years, or to the choices you are facing, or how your body and sense of yourself alters things, and you wonder, how do I find that "right" person to talk to? You have found them. Adolescent or adult, individual or a couple, call me for a free consultation, and let's see where to go from here!
(360) 800-4531 View (360) 800-4531
Photo of Jamie Paxton, Counselor in Bellingham, WA
Jamie Paxton
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Bellingham, WA 98225
I work therapeutically with a wide range of ages starting at age 4 up through adults. I have experience working with children and adolescents in variety of settings including in schools, in crisis and hospital settings, and in outpatient services. With adults I provide a welcoming and nonjudgmental space to explore together your story and examine what themes emerge. I work with a wide range of issues, often seeking to look underneath the surface to help work with the underlying psychological pain that may be causing a disruption such as anxiety, depression, unwanted behaviors, or relational conflict.
I work therapeutically with a wide range of ages starting at age 4 up through adults. I have experience working with children and adolescents in variety of settings including in schools, in crisis and hospital settings, and in outpatient services. With adults I provide a welcoming and nonjudgmental space to explore together your story and examine what themes emerge. I work with a wide range of issues, often seeking to look underneath the surface to help work with the underlying psychological pain that may be causing a disruption such as anxiety, depression, unwanted behaviors, or relational conflict.
(360) 526-0140 View (360) 526-0140
Photo of DeeAnn K Schmucker, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bellingham, WA
DeeAnn K Schmucker
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW, Coach, Author, Creator
Verified Verified
Bellingham, WA 98225  (Online Only)
Do you have a health issue such as ongoing illness, chronic pain or autoimmune disease that makes it challenging to live fully? Are you starting to think about some changes in your life? Are you questioning yourself about your career, or relationships? I work with adults who are struggling with life transitions due to a change in their life or health situation and want support in adjusting to change, so they’re looking for a therapist who understands their situation and partners in developing a personalized therapy experience. I have specialized training in integrative approaches and have innovated new therapy modalities.
Do you have a health issue such as ongoing illness, chronic pain or autoimmune disease that makes it challenging to live fully? Are you starting to think about some changes in your life? Are you questioning yourself about your career, or relationships? I work with adults who are struggling with life transitions due to a change in their life or health situation and want support in adjusting to change, so they’re looking for a therapist who understands their situation and partners in developing a personalized therapy experience. I have specialized training in integrative approaches and have innovated new therapy modalities.
(360) 230-6594 View (360) 230-6594
Photo of Mari T Ritalahti, Counselor in Bellingham, WA
Mari T Ritalahti
Counselor, MA, LMHC, CRC, CDMS
Verified Verified
Bellingham, WA 98226
My clients come from a variety of experiences including anxious feelings, dark periods of life, intrusive thoughts, and traumatic exposure, to those people who are transitioning in life or working through grief and sorrow. I work with people who have had years of counseling but don't seem to be getting any better and keep going through repetitive cycles. The main factor that connects them all is the desire to heal. There is no need to be aggressive with healing and having to force ourselves to “get over” trauma, depression, anxiety, grief, etc. There is another avenue which encompasses compassion for ourselves and for others.
My clients come from a variety of experiences including anxious feelings, dark periods of life, intrusive thoughts, and traumatic exposure, to those people who are transitioning in life or working through grief and sorrow. I work with people who have had years of counseling but don't seem to be getting any better and keep going through repetitive cycles. The main factor that connects them all is the desire to heal. There is no need to be aggressive with healing and having to force ourselves to “get over” trauma, depression, anxiety, grief, etc. There is another avenue which encompasses compassion for ourselves and for others.
(360) 226-5199 View (360) 226-5199
Photo of Peter Kane, Counselor in Bellingham, WA
Peter Kane
Counselor, CC
Verified Verified
Bellingham, WA 98225
Peter Kane has been in private practice and has been teaching relationship workshops internationally for over 30 years. He utilizes a variety of experiential approaches and has an eclectic approach to general counseling. Peter has a unique gift in helping people to not only understand what is really going on in their life and relationships, but also to create the space (and the tools) to transform the issues his clients face. Peter is the author of "The Monogamy Challenge: Creating and Keeping Intimacy" a deep look at how to resolve conflict, and keep relationships alive and thriving.
Peter Kane has been in private practice and has been teaching relationship workshops internationally for over 30 years. He utilizes a variety of experiential approaches and has an eclectic approach to general counseling. Peter has a unique gift in helping people to not only understand what is really going on in their life and relationships, but also to create the space (and the tools) to transform the issues his clients face. Peter is the author of "The Monogamy Challenge: Creating and Keeping Intimacy" a deep look at how to resolve conflict, and keep relationships alive and thriving.
(425) 440-3174 View (425) 440-3174
Photo of Ellen L Walker, Psychologist in Bellingham, WA
Ellen L Walker
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Bellingham, WA 98229  (Online Only)
In private practice in Bellingham since 1991 and in the mental health field since 1986. I provide evaluations and therapy to adults throughout Washington State. I have specialized in ADHD since opening my practice. I also enjoy evaluating adults for Autism Spectrum Disorder, depression, and anxiety, with the goal of providing you with clear and helpful answers to your evaluation questions. In addition to assessments, I also provide Cognitive-Behavioral therapy. I am an optimistic, solution-focused counselor. I am the author of Complete Without Kids: An Insider's Guide To Childfree Living By Choice Or By Chance. 3rd Edition soon!
In private practice in Bellingham since 1991 and in the mental health field since 1986. I provide evaluations and therapy to adults throughout Washington State. I have specialized in ADHD since opening my practice. I also enjoy evaluating adults for Autism Spectrum Disorder, depression, and anxiety, with the goal of providing you with clear and helpful answers to your evaluation questions. In addition to assessments, I also provide Cognitive-Behavioral therapy. I am an optimistic, solution-focused counselor. I am the author of Complete Without Kids: An Insider's Guide To Childfree Living By Choice Or By Chance. 3rd Edition soon!
(360) 310-4657 View (360) 310-4657
Photo of Layla Jasper, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bellingham, WA
Layla Jasper
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSWAIC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Bellingham, WA 98225
I provide a safe space to creatively heal trauma, learn nervous system regulation tools and explore your authentic and creative self. People who experience the most success with me want to use expressive arts and mindfulness to heal trauma, increase embodiment, unlearn limiting beliefs and learn tools for nervous system regulation. I am especially skilled at working with children and youth to heal from trauma and learn social-emotional skills. I am a queer non-binary neurodivergent dancer, performer, artist and facilitator committed to providing support to the LGBTQIA2S+ community.
I provide a safe space to creatively heal trauma, learn nervous system regulation tools and explore your authentic and creative self. People who experience the most success with me want to use expressive arts and mindfulness to heal trauma, increase embodiment, unlearn limiting beliefs and learn tools for nervous system regulation. I am especially skilled at working with children and youth to heal from trauma and learn social-emotional skills. I am a queer non-binary neurodivergent dancer, performer, artist and facilitator committed to providing support to the LGBTQIA2S+ community.
(360) 564-7961 View (360) 564-7961
Photo of Bonnie Johnson, Counselor in Bellingham, WA
Bonnie Johnson
Counselor, MS, LMHC, NCC, DCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bellingham, WA 98229  (Online Only)
My style is solution-focused and fairly interactive because I assume that if you knew what to do, you would have done by now. I excel at helping others sort out what's bothering them and what to do to about it. I'll help you develop new skills and resources for living a happier, more satisfying life. I genuinely care about people and will listen with empathy, compassion and respect while providing the information, support and guidance you need.
My style is solution-focused and fairly interactive because I assume that if you knew what to do, you would have done by now. I excel at helping others sort out what's bothering them and what to do to about it. I'll help you develop new skills and resources for living a happier, more satisfying life. I genuinely care about people and will listen with empathy, compassion and respect while providing the information, support and guidance you need.
(360) 529-3445 View (360) 529-3445
Photo of Kara Kellison, Psychologist in Bellingham, WA
Kara Kellison
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Bellingham, WA 98226
My belief is the work of therapy is often to learn how to be present with discomfort and cultivate a new path forward in the direction of the life one wants that is full, rich, and meaningful. I aim to help clients identify and cope with internal obstacles that keep them from having the kind of life they want. If you are interested in exploring the process of making necessary changes to live a more fulfilling life that is centered on your personal values and strengths then this will likely be a good fit.
My belief is the work of therapy is often to learn how to be present with discomfort and cultivate a new path forward in the direction of the life one wants that is full, rich, and meaningful. I aim to help clients identify and cope with internal obstacles that keep them from having the kind of life they want. If you are interested in exploring the process of making necessary changes to live a more fulfilling life that is centered on your personal values and strengths then this will likely be a good fit.
(360) 967-0837 View (360) 967-0837
Photo of Nicholas Barth, Marriage & Family Therapist in Bellingham, WA
Nicholas Barth
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Bellingham, WA 98225
Currently Accepting New Couples Clients. I meet with individuals, couples, and families to connect with body, spirit, and mind, to heal from past injuries, and explore how habits from injuries limit freedom, self-acceptance, and fulfillment. Helping you reconnect with your purpose in life, rekindle your playfulness and passion, and invite moments of harmony and peace. I welcome people in a non-judgemental and supportive environment to heal and grow through depression, trauma, anxiety, and addictions.
Currently Accepting New Couples Clients. I meet with individuals, couples, and families to connect with body, spirit, and mind, to heal from past injuries, and explore how habits from injuries limit freedom, self-acceptance, and fulfillment. Helping you reconnect with your purpose in life, rekindle your playfulness and passion, and invite moments of harmony and peace. I welcome people in a non-judgemental and supportive environment to heal and grow through depression, trauma, anxiety, and addictions.
(360) 654-7142 View (360) 654-7142
Photo of Jennifer Johnson, Counselor in Bellingham, WA
Jennifer Johnson
Counselor, LMHC, LCPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bellingham, WA 98225
Not accepting new clients
Hello! If you are looking for an open-minded, positive, empathic listener to assist you or your loved one with a current challenge, I’d love to help. I’ve searched for a few counselors of my own over the years, and I know it can be a tricky decision. As a professional counselor, my main priority is to offer you safety & non-judgement; a safe place to share, to try on new ways of being, to confront bothersome or anxious thoughts - to assist you in grappling with the ideas of personal meaning and purpose.
Hello! If you are looking for an open-minded, positive, empathic listener to assist you or your loved one with a current challenge, I’d love to help. I’ve searched for a few counselors of my own over the years, and I know it can be a tricky decision. As a professional counselor, my main priority is to offer you safety & non-judgement; a safe place to share, to try on new ways of being, to confront bothersome or anxious thoughts - to assist you in grappling with the ideas of personal meaning and purpose.
(360) 968-7707 View (360) 968-7707
Photo of Dylan Keenberg, Psychologist in Bellingham, WA
Dylan Keenberg
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Bellingham, WA 98225
My clients often begin therapy due to anxious and/or depressive symptoms emerging from more complex concerns that challenge their pursuits of meaningful living. They may have difficulties managing stress related to their relationships, work or study, and/or identity. Some struggle with the loss of someone or something important to them. Others may feel rudderless, uncertain about how to steer their life in a more fulfilling direction. In all cases I aim to provide a warm, nonjudgmental, and authentic relationship that encourages growth through the exploration of each client's sense of who they are and who they want to become.
My clients often begin therapy due to anxious and/or depressive symptoms emerging from more complex concerns that challenge their pursuits of meaningful living. They may have difficulties managing stress related to their relationships, work or study, and/or identity. Some struggle with the loss of someone or something important to them. Others may feel rudderless, uncertain about how to steer their life in a more fulfilling direction. In all cases I aim to provide a warm, nonjudgmental, and authentic relationship that encourages growth through the exploration of each client's sense of who they are and who they want to become.
(360) 526-0179 View (360) 526-0179

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Bellingham, WA

500+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Bellingham, WA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
79% Self Esteem
77% Stress
75% Trauma and PTSD
71% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

82% Premera
63% Aetna
60% Regence

How Therapists in Bellingham, WA see their clients

61% In Person and Online
39% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
17% Male
5% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Bellingham?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.