Therapists in Chapel Hill, NC

Photo of Christopher Stephens, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chapel Hill, NC
Christopher Stephens
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chapel Hill, NC 27517
Psychotherapy is a collaborative experience in which you take an in-depth look at your life, perspectives and behaviors and explore what may or may not be working with a trained professional. Each individual experiences life in one's own unique way, with one's own set of personal values and goals. Sometimes life circumstances can create a conflict with a person's values. Sometimes people try their best and cannot change the way they feel. "Good people" can experience depression, anxiety, anger, grief, substance abuse, trauma and other circumstances, which, with the assistance of a trained professional, can be resolved.
Psychotherapy is a collaborative experience in which you take an in-depth look at your life, perspectives and behaviors and explore what may or may not be working with a trained professional. Each individual experiences life in one's own unique way, with one's own set of personal values and goals. Sometimes life circumstances can create a conflict with a person's values. Sometimes people try their best and cannot change the way they feel. "Good people" can experience depression, anxiety, anger, grief, substance abuse, trauma and other circumstances, which, with the assistance of a trained professional, can be resolved.
(919) 249-7217 View (919) 249-7217
Photo of Piereangello Cruz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chapel Hill, NC
Piereangello Cruz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LCAS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chapel Hill, NC 27516
Waitlist for new clients
Reaching out for support can be daunting and intimidating and I want to help you feel as comfortable as possible throughout the process. I want you to feel comfortable asking questions and not worrying if you are doing something right or wrong or if it's too soon or too late to ask any questions. I strive to be empathetic and understanding of people and the ways we show up every day. No judgments, no dumb questions...just non-judgmental support because that’s what we all deserve.
Reaching out for support can be daunting and intimidating and I want to help you feel as comfortable as possible throughout the process. I want you to feel comfortable asking questions and not worrying if you are doing something right or wrong or if it's too soon or too late to ask any questions. I strive to be empathetic and understanding of people and the ways we show up every day. No judgments, no dumb questions...just non-judgmental support because that’s what we all deserve.
(919) 504-5156 View (919) 504-5156
Photo of Jennifer Graves, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chapel Hill, NC
Jennifer Graves
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
Waitlist for new clients
As a psychotherapist and social worker, I strive to meet you where you are, with warmth, openness and curiosity. While training in modalities such as Emotion Focused Therapy, and Somatic Experiencing inform my practice, I take an unstructured, "big picture" approach to practicing psychotherapy. Often the crisis, life transition, or symptoms that bring people therapy are the "tip of the iceberg." I believe the most meaningful and lasting change can be facilitated if together we can look, with compassion, at the iceberg, or (rather) the complexities of the whole person and their past and present contexts and relationships.
As a psychotherapist and social worker, I strive to meet you where you are, with warmth, openness and curiosity. While training in modalities such as Emotion Focused Therapy, and Somatic Experiencing inform my practice, I take an unstructured, "big picture" approach to practicing psychotherapy. Often the crisis, life transition, or symptoms that bring people therapy are the "tip of the iceberg." I believe the most meaningful and lasting change can be facilitated if together we can look, with compassion, at the iceberg, or (rather) the complexities of the whole person and their past and present contexts and relationships.
(984) 237-2501 View (984) 237-2501
Photo of Zumrad Ahmedjanova, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chapel Hill, NC
Zumrad Ahmedjanova
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LCAS, CCS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chapel Hill, NC 27517
I am currently accepting clients for premarital counseling. I am a clinical social worker, addiction specialist and a certified supervisor. I support healing by fostering healthy relationship. I found that clients that value a psychobiological approach (relations between mind and body) tend to be drawn to me. I work with individuals and couples who don't want to settle in unhappiness and worry. I support my clients through transitions and change. My work with clients revolves around supporting them to prioritize their needs, as well as to identify coping mechanisms and resources available to them.
I am currently accepting clients for premarital counseling. I am a clinical social worker, addiction specialist and a certified supervisor. I support healing by fostering healthy relationship. I found that clients that value a psychobiological approach (relations between mind and body) tend to be drawn to me. I work with individuals and couples who don't want to settle in unhappiness and worry. I support my clients through transitions and change. My work with clients revolves around supporting them to prioritize their needs, as well as to identify coping mechanisms and resources available to them.
(919) 364-6346 View (919) 364-6346
Photo of Alexandria Bounds, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chapel Hill, NC
Alexandria Bounds
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chapel Hill, NC 27514  (Online Only)
Alex Bounds is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and Addiction Specialist with over 5 years in the mental health field. Alex has found a passion for supporting people who struggle with ADHD, depression, anxiety, relationship issues, trauma/PTSD, and life transitions. Alex is also an Addiction Specialist and has experience helping people create and maintain an effective recovery plan, as well as people treating people with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder who want to increase their independence through coping skills and building resiliency. Alex received a Bachelor's and Master's in Social Work from Western Carolina University.
Alex Bounds is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and Addiction Specialist with over 5 years in the mental health field. Alex has found a passion for supporting people who struggle with ADHD, depression, anxiety, relationship issues, trauma/PTSD, and life transitions. Alex is also an Addiction Specialist and has experience helping people create and maintain an effective recovery plan, as well as people treating people with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder who want to increase their independence through coping skills and building resiliency. Alex received a Bachelor's and Master's in Social Work from Western Carolina University.
(984) 223-4938 View (984) 223-4938
Photo of Zena Chase, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor in Chapel Hill, NC
Zena Chase
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MS, LCMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
Chapel Hill, NC 27517
I’m very passionate about helping people, and celebrating their courageous strides. It takes courage to seek counseling, and courage to trust the process. I strive to create a partnership that is therapeutic in nature, and intentional in effort. It is with that intention, courage, and partnership that I assist my clients’ in reaching therapeutic goals, accepting and achieving growth, increasing awareness, and fostering resilience.
I’m very passionate about helping people, and celebrating their courageous strides. It takes courage to seek counseling, and courage to trust the process. I strive to create a partnership that is therapeutic in nature, and intentional in effort. It is with that intention, courage, and partnership that I assist my clients’ in reaching therapeutic goals, accepting and achieving growth, increasing awareness, and fostering resilience.
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Photo of Robin Tovell-Toubal, Counselor in Chapel Hill, NC
Robin Tovell-Toubal
Counselor, MEd, LMHC, LCMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chapel Hill, NC 27516
Some people seek counseling for emotional issues such as anxiety and depression associated with problems in work, school or family life. Other people enter counseling to help them heal and cope with traumatic events that have taken place in their lives. Counseling works by giving you clarity, support and the courage to move forward in your life.
Some people seek counseling for emotional issues such as anxiety and depression associated with problems in work, school or family life. Other people enter counseling to help them heal and cope with traumatic events that have taken place in their lives. Counseling works by giving you clarity, support and the courage to move forward in your life.
(984) 364-8496 View (984) 364-8496
Photo of NC Center for Resiliency, PLLC, Counselor in Chapel Hill, NC
NC Center for Resiliency, PLLC
Counselor, MS, LPCA, CRC
Verified Verified
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
I believe that everyone has the ability to find power within themselves to create a life that works best for them. I specialize in working with teenagers and adults with anxiety, depression, eating disorders, body image concerns, bipolar disorder, dissociative episodes and life transitions.
I believe that everyone has the ability to find power within themselves to create a life that works best for them. I specialize in working with teenagers and adults with anxiety, depression, eating disorders, body image concerns, bipolar disorder, dissociative episodes and life transitions.
(919) 525-3190 View (919) 525-3190
Photo of The Center for Psychological and Family Services, Psychologist in Chapel Hill, NC
The Center for Psychological and Family Services
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
As a depth therapy practice, we are committed to overcoming the discontent that is the source of fractured selves, families, and communities. Awareness of and compassion for one's own self and for others requires the growth of emotional intelligence. Therapists at CPFS have experienced in our own journeys how the difficult work of self-confrontation can lead to greater resilience, humility, love, and industry. We work to build strong voices, accepting homes, and caring communities.
As a depth therapy practice, we are committed to overcoming the discontent that is the source of fractured selves, families, and communities. Awareness of and compassion for one's own self and for others requires the growth of emotional intelligence. Therapists at CPFS have experienced in our own journeys how the difficult work of self-confrontation can lead to greater resilience, humility, love, and industry. We work to build strong voices, accepting homes, and caring communities.
(984) 207-0942 View (984) 207-0942
Photo of Dr. Sophia Walder-Hoge, Psychologist in Chapel Hill, NC
Dr. Sophia Walder-Hoge
Psychologist, PsyD, HSP-P
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
As a licensed psychologist, I provide therapy with children, families, teens, and adults experiencing a variety of challenges, including ADHD, self-esteem, interpersonal and relational difficulties, anxiety and mood disorders, major life transitions, behavioral/conduct issues, and developmental disorders/ASD. My approach to therapy emphasizes a humanist, strengths-based, and trauma-informed style. I strive to support growth, self-understanding, and adaptive skill-building in an open and nonjudgmental space.
As a licensed psychologist, I provide therapy with children, families, teens, and adults experiencing a variety of challenges, including ADHD, self-esteem, interpersonal and relational difficulties, anxiety and mood disorders, major life transitions, behavioral/conduct issues, and developmental disorders/ASD. My approach to therapy emphasizes a humanist, strengths-based, and trauma-informed style. I strive to support growth, self-understanding, and adaptive skill-building in an open and nonjudgmental space.
(984) 265-2176 View (984) 265-2176
Photo of Sage Navarra, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chapel Hill, NC
Sage Navarra
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
I do individual psychotherapy and coaching work. I specialize in relationships, trauma and anxiety. My intention is to provide a safe, nonjudgmental relationship in which people can explore their feelings, needs, beliefs and perceptual frames in order to make significant and lasting changes. For some people learning the effective use of assertiveness, self compassion and boundaries can be key components to changing their relationship to self and others.
I do individual psychotherapy and coaching work. I specialize in relationships, trauma and anxiety. My intention is to provide a safe, nonjudgmental relationship in which people can explore their feelings, needs, beliefs and perceptual frames in order to make significant and lasting changes. For some people learning the effective use of assertiveness, self compassion and boundaries can be key components to changing their relationship to self and others.
(919) 426-2713 View (919) 426-2713
Photo of Jacob Long, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor in Chapel Hill, NC
Jacob Long
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MEd, LCMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
I am a psychodynamically-oriented psychotherapist that works with individuals experiencing relational difficulties and/or disruptions in their overall sense of self. Such concerns result in emerging or worsening psychological symptoms that are painful and difficult to manage. In addressing underlying mental conflicts and their associated compromises, I work with people to get behind their symptoms with the goal of developing more insight, self-agency, and a fuller life.
I am a psychodynamically-oriented psychotherapist that works with individuals experiencing relational difficulties and/or disruptions in their overall sense of self. Such concerns result in emerging or worsening psychological symptoms that are painful and difficult to manage. In addressing underlying mental conflicts and their associated compromises, I work with people to get behind their symptoms with the goal of developing more insight, self-agency, and a fuller life.
(919) 939-2399 View (919) 939-2399
Photo of Beatrice Andres, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chapel Hill, NC
Beatrice Andres
Licensed Professional Counselor, SEP, LCMHC, NCC, Somatic
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Chapel Hill, NC 27516  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor (LCMHC), Somatic Experiencing Practitioner (SEP), and a Transforming Touch® Therapist.
I am a Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor (LCMHC), Somatic Experiencing Practitioner (SEP), and a Transforming Touch® Therapist.
(984) 205-7210 View (984) 205-7210
Photo of Joseph Thomas, Counselor in Chapel Hill, NC
Joseph Thomas
Counselor, MA, LCMHCA, LPC
Verified Verified
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
It can be isolating and confusing trying to break out of a negative cycle, especially when you feel disconnected from yourself or those around you. No matter your situation, I believe improvement is possible. If you want to address career, mental health, or relationship challenges in a confidential and solutions-focused environment, I would love to work together. We will combine your self-expertise with my experience and training to resolve mental blocks, improve self awareness, increase career satisfaction, and deepen your connection with others.
It can be isolating and confusing trying to break out of a negative cycle, especially when you feel disconnected from yourself or those around you. No matter your situation, I believe improvement is possible. If you want to address career, mental health, or relationship challenges in a confidential and solutions-focused environment, I would love to work together. We will combine your self-expertise with my experience and training to resolve mental blocks, improve self awareness, increase career satisfaction, and deepen your connection with others.
(919) 647-7525 View (919) 647-7525
Photo of Deborah Sebring, Psychologist in Chapel Hill, NC
Deborah Sebring
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
Not accepting new clients
Whether you’ve been struggling with painful issues for a while or have recently been clobbered by difficult challenges, you’ve already taken a healthy step forward... you’re here! Actively looking for someone you can trust to guide and support your efforts toward change. For almost 30 years I’ve provided therapy in settings ranging from hospitals to Army bases and have accumulated a wealth of experience and success stories. Let's work together to move you toward the positive changes you want in life!
Whether you’ve been struggling with painful issues for a while or have recently been clobbered by difficult challenges, you’ve already taken a healthy step forward... you’re here! Actively looking for someone you can trust to guide and support your efforts toward change. For almost 30 years I’ve provided therapy in settings ranging from hospitals to Army bases and have accumulated a wealth of experience and success stories. Let's work together to move you toward the positive changes you want in life!
(919) 323-8579 View (919) 323-8579
Photo of Dana Gillispie, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chapel Hill, NC
Dana Gillispie
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chapel Hill, NC 27514  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
My practice is currently full. Welcome! I offer an open-hearted, compassionate approach, rooted in relational, mindfulness, and spiritual techniques. You have an innate strength, capable of leading you to peace and clarity, and I am here to partner with you and guide you to that inner wisdom. I take a non-pathological approach and view "symptoms" and "diagnoses" as protective coping mechanisms with positive intent, despite their negative impact. When we get curious about these protective parts, we can form a relationship with them and discover the underlying vulnerability needing attention and healing.
My practice is currently full. Welcome! I offer an open-hearted, compassionate approach, rooted in relational, mindfulness, and spiritual techniques. You have an innate strength, capable of leading you to peace and clarity, and I am here to partner with you and guide you to that inner wisdom. I take a non-pathological approach and view "symptoms" and "diagnoses" as protective coping mechanisms with positive intent, despite their negative impact. When we get curious about these protective parts, we can form a relationship with them and discover the underlying vulnerability needing attention and healing.
(512) 872-3328 View (512) 872-3328
Photo of Allison Schad, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chapel Hill, NC
Allison Schad
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCAS, SEP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chapel Hill, NC 27516  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Let’s be real, life can be stressful. Whether it’s coping with present day experiences, unpacking past hurts, or finding different ways to be in the future, therapy can help. As a somatic psychotherapist, I believe in your ability to heal, to be present, & to change. I specialize in treating anxiety, depression, trauma, LGBTQ+ issues, adjusting to personal & professional life challenges, & sustaining recovery from substance use. I enjoy working with students, professionals, & those in the healthcare field.
Let’s be real, life can be stressful. Whether it’s coping with present day experiences, unpacking past hurts, or finding different ways to be in the future, therapy can help. As a somatic psychotherapist, I believe in your ability to heal, to be present, & to change. I specialize in treating anxiety, depression, trauma, LGBTQ+ issues, adjusting to personal & professional life challenges, & sustaining recovery from substance use. I enjoy working with students, professionals, & those in the healthcare field.
(919) 918-0361 View (919) 918-0361
Photo of Sylvia Ward Graves, Counselor in Chapel Hill, NC
Sylvia Ward Graves
Counselor, MA, LCMHCA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chapel Hill, NC 27514  (Online Only)
I approach counseling with the belief that I encounter every client in the middle of a story. Within these stories, individuals are influenced by their relational contexts and histories––therefore, what they have been through is worth exploring. At the same time, I believe all are active agents in their present and future––I seek to empower clients toward change while fostering awareness of what has shaped them. In the context of safety, individuals are able to begin embracing agency and taking new risks which might otherwise feel inaccessible or overwhelming. Through these new risks, freedom and growth is possible.
I approach counseling with the belief that I encounter every client in the middle of a story. Within these stories, individuals are influenced by their relational contexts and histories––therefore, what they have been through is worth exploring. At the same time, I believe all are active agents in their present and future––I seek to empower clients toward change while fostering awareness of what has shaped them. In the context of safety, individuals are able to begin embracing agency and taking new risks which might otherwise feel inaccessible or overwhelming. Through these new risks, freedom and growth is possible.
(919) 873-4564 View (919) 873-4564
Photo of Rachel Marshall, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor in Chapel Hill, NC
Rachel Marshall
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, LCMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
Rachel has been working with adults, children, couples,and adolescents in a mental health capacity since 2003. She tries to meet people where they are at and maintain a nonjudgmental approach to helping each person she serves in a unique and supportive way. She has been licensed since 2010 and in private practice since 2012. She has had the opportunity to train with world renowned experts in her field. In addition to creating her own personalized approach to treating trauma Rachel is also trained in the following evidence based treatment modalities:
Rachel has been working with adults, children, couples,and adolescents in a mental health capacity since 2003. She tries to meet people where they are at and maintain a nonjudgmental approach to helping each person she serves in a unique and supportive way. She has been licensed since 2010 and in private practice since 2012. She has had the opportunity to train with world renowned experts in her field. In addition to creating her own personalized approach to treating trauma Rachel is also trained in the following evidence based treatment modalities:
(919) 343-9726 View (919) 343-9726
Photo of Jennifer Plumb Vilardaga, Psychologist in Chapel Hill, NC
Jennifer Plumb Vilardaga
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
Embracing your humanity isn't easy, but you don't have to face it alone. Many of my clients experience anxiety, perfectionism, burnout and professional challenges, navigating life transitions, parenting and caregiving stress, challenges with aging or medical conditions, and discrimination or difficulties related to their identity. I welcome the opportunity to learn with you and help you gain perspective, live with purpose, and see possibility in each moment. Let's journey together as I listen, support, and guide you towards a vital and connected life.
Embracing your humanity isn't easy, but you don't have to face it alone. Many of my clients experience anxiety, perfectionism, burnout and professional challenges, navigating life transitions, parenting and caregiving stress, challenges with aging or medical conditions, and discrimination or difficulties related to their identity. I welcome the opportunity to learn with you and help you gain perspective, live with purpose, and see possibility in each moment. Let's journey together as I listen, support, and guide you towards a vital and connected life.
(984) 230-3754 View (984) 230-3754

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Chapel Hill, NC

700+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Chapel Hill, NC who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
82% Relationship Issues
79% Self Esteem
71% Coping Skills
71% Stress
67% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

85% BlueCross and BlueShield
66% Aetna
43% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Chapel Hill, NC see their clients

72% In Person and Online
28% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
18% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Chapel Hill?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.