Therapists in Vienna, VA

Photo of Kelly Theis, Psychologist in Vienna, VA
Kelly Theis
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Vienna, VA 22182
Every family struggles at one point or another, and it can be difficult to find someone you trust to care for your family's well-being. FamilyFirst Psychological Services is an established practice of licensed clinical psychologists who have expertise in providing therapy and psychological testing services to children, teens, and adults. I personally specialize in helping children, adolescents, and families feel better, get along better, and function better at home, school, work, and in the community. I am dedicated to working closely and collaboratively with you so that you can reach your treatment goals as soon as possible.
Every family struggles at one point or another, and it can be difficult to find someone you trust to care for your family's well-being. FamilyFirst Psychological Services is an established practice of licensed clinical psychologists who have expertise in providing therapy and psychological testing services to children, teens, and adults. I personally specialize in helping children, adolescents, and families feel better, get along better, and function better at home, school, work, and in the community. I am dedicated to working closely and collaboratively with you so that you can reach your treatment goals as soon as possible.
(703) 957-7102 View (703) 957-7102
Photo of JoAnne M Beck in Vienna, VA
JoAnne M Beck
MSN, PMHCNS, BC
Verified Verified
Vienna, VA 22180
Are you the parent of a child or teen struggling with social, emotional, behavioral, academic or family issues? I am a licensed Psychiatric Clinical Nurse Specialist with 20+ years of experience helping families effectively deal with all matter of challenges. As a counselor-therapist, I will use your strengths, interests and talents to develop a treatment plan that is tailored to your (child's) needs. I will also involve your family in the treatment process when indicated, an important factor in the most successful treatment outcomes. NOTE: I AM NOT A PSYCHIATRIST AND DO NOT PRESCRIBE MEDICATIONS .
Are you the parent of a child or teen struggling with social, emotional, behavioral, academic or family issues? I am a licensed Psychiatric Clinical Nurse Specialist with 20+ years of experience helping families effectively deal with all matter of challenges. As a counselor-therapist, I will use your strengths, interests and talents to develop a treatment plan that is tailored to your (child's) needs. I will also involve your family in the treatment process when indicated, an important factor in the most successful treatment outcomes. NOTE: I AM NOT A PSYCHIATRIST AND DO NOT PRESCRIBE MEDICATIONS .
(571) 989-7735 View (571) 989-7735
Photo of David Edelman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Vienna, VA
David Edelman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Vienna, VA 22182
Are you struggling to cope during the pandemic? Are you a young adult trying to find your place in the world? Or, are you the parent of teenager that you can’t understand what is wrong with your child? If so, you’ve come to the right place. I’m passionate about helping teens, families and adults overcome their mental health and substance abuse issues challenges. Over the past 25 years I’ve helped hundreds of people lead happier, healthier lives. I’m currently doing most of my sessions online, using secure and confidential video platforms.
Are you struggling to cope during the pandemic? Are you a young adult trying to find your place in the world? Or, are you the parent of teenager that you can’t understand what is wrong with your child? If so, you’ve come to the right place. I’m passionate about helping teens, families and adults overcome their mental health and substance abuse issues challenges. Over the past 25 years I’ve helped hundreds of people lead happier, healthier lives. I’m currently doing most of my sessions online, using secure and confidential video platforms.
(571) 620-6075 View (571) 620-6075
Photo of Virginia Substance Treatment Service in Vienna, VA
Virginia Substance Treatment Service
LSATP, CSAC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Vienna, VA 22182
Receive Intensive Outpatient Program for Substance Use Disorder (IOP for SUD) while you reside at home. IOP is the level of treatment and the bridge between inpatient care and outpatient services. This means you will receive intensive level of care while you reside in your supportive environment. This level of care involves group therapy sessions, individual therapy, somatic therapies and more using evidence-based approaches.
Receive Intensive Outpatient Program for Substance Use Disorder (IOP for SUD) while you reside at home. IOP is the level of treatment and the bridge between inpatient care and outpatient services. This means you will receive intensive level of care while you reside in your supportive environment. This level of care involves group therapy sessions, individual therapy, somatic therapies and more using evidence-based approaches.
(571) 339-5644 View (571) 339-5644
Photo of Mary D McLaughlin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Vienna, VA
Mary D McLaughlin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Vienna, VA 22180
Welcome and thank you for taking the time to learn about my practice. Seeking professional support and guidance is a tremendous strength and an indication that you are proactive in making changes in your life. I became a clinical social worker 25 years ago because I truly enjoy the experience of supporting people through difficult times and life transitions. My style is friendly, non-judgmental, sensitive, and straightforward. Our sessions will be interactive, collaborative, and efficient. I look forward to the possibility of us working together.
Welcome and thank you for taking the time to learn about my practice. Seeking professional support and guidance is a tremendous strength and an indication that you are proactive in making changes in your life. I became a clinical social worker 25 years ago because I truly enjoy the experience of supporting people through difficult times and life transitions. My style is friendly, non-judgmental, sensitive, and straightforward. Our sessions will be interactive, collaborative, and efficient. I look forward to the possibility of us working together.
(703) 639-4083 View (703) 639-4083
Photo of Elena Arabia-Meyer, Pre-Licensed Professional in Vienna, VA
Elena Arabia-Meyer
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW
Verified Verified
Vienna, VA 22180
Elena received a Masters in Social Work from Virginia Commonwealth University and is currently working towards LCSW licensure. Elena has experience working with children, adolescents, and families from various backgrounds, as well as individual and group experience with adults with substance use disorders. Elena supports motivational interviewing, mindfulness and meeting the client where they are at. She is interested in working with adolescents who have experienced trauma. Elena believes that it is up to the client to make a change, and will promote encouragement and guidance, supporting clients on the paths that they create.
Elena received a Masters in Social Work from Virginia Commonwealth University and is currently working towards LCSW licensure. Elena has experience working with children, adolescents, and families from various backgrounds, as well as individual and group experience with adults with substance use disorders. Elena supports motivational interviewing, mindfulness and meeting the client where they are at. She is interested in working with adolescents who have experienced trauma. Elena believes that it is up to the client to make a change, and will promote encouragement and guidance, supporting clients on the paths that they create.
(571) 554-1864 View (571) 554-1864
Photo of Across Counseling: Psychotherapy Center, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Vienna, VA
Across Counseling: Psychotherapy Center
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Vienna, VA 22180
Do you feel anxious, stressed, confused, sad, worried or irritable, or just are not feeling your best. Are you having problems in a relationship or with parenting? We help people find solutions to troubling problems. Give me a call and we can talk about how we might help you to feel good and enjoy life again and answer your questions. Our therapists offer many different specialties and we tailor our approach to each client's individual needs. I am Anne Ross, clinical director and I will help find the best fit for you . I can be reached at Director@AcrossCounseling.com or 703-389-1913
Do you feel anxious, stressed, confused, sad, worried or irritable, or just are not feeling your best. Are you having problems in a relationship or with parenting? We help people find solutions to troubling problems. Give me a call and we can talk about how we might help you to feel good and enjoy life again and answer your questions. Our therapists offer many different specialties and we tailor our approach to each client's individual needs. I am Anne Ross, clinical director and I will help find the best fit for you . I can be reached at Director@AcrossCounseling.com or 703-389-1913
(703) 594-4094 View (703) 594-4094
Photo of Laurie Nathan-Furtuna, Pre-Licensed Professional in Vienna, VA
Laurie Nathan-Furtuna
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW
Verified Verified
Vienna, VA 22180
I approach my clients from a relational perspective. I value attachment and strength-based modalities in developing a genuine relationship with each client so that healing and lasting change can take place. Through this relational approach, clients have the opportunity to gain perspective on their experienced difficulties and expand their insight into the root causes of these difficulties. I also strongly believe in bringing a holistic perspective to understand and support my clients’ growth. I feel that all clients need a different clinical approach to best meet their unique needs.
I approach my clients from a relational perspective. I value attachment and strength-based modalities in developing a genuine relationship with each client so that healing and lasting change can take place. Through this relational approach, clients have the opportunity to gain perspective on their experienced difficulties and expand their insight into the root causes of these difficulties. I also strongly believe in bringing a holistic perspective to understand and support my clients’ growth. I feel that all clients need a different clinical approach to best meet their unique needs.
(571) 248-3352 View (571) 248-3352
Photo of Alyssa T. Poblete, Psychologist in Vienna, VA
Alyssa T. Poblete
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Vienna, VA 22180  (Online Only)
Pursuing therapy takes courage. The process can often feel empowering as well as anxiety-provoking. Once you have made the decision to seek help, it is important to find a therapist who is the right fit for you. As a therapist, my approach is open, supportive, and fosters curiosity rather than judgment. I seek to provide a safe environment and to collaborate with my clients in order to meet their needs. As a licensed clinical psychologist, I use an evidence-based, integrative therapy approach, drawing from my training in mindfulness/acceptance-based, cognitive-behavioral models and relational therapies.
Pursuing therapy takes courage. The process can often feel empowering as well as anxiety-provoking. Once you have made the decision to seek help, it is important to find a therapist who is the right fit for you. As a therapist, my approach is open, supportive, and fosters curiosity rather than judgment. I seek to provide a safe environment and to collaborate with my clients in order to meet their needs. As a licensed clinical psychologist, I use an evidence-based, integrative therapy approach, drawing from my training in mindfulness/acceptance-based, cognitive-behavioral models and relational therapies.
(571) 536-7527 x313 View (571) 536-7527 x313
Photo of Amanda Yi, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Vienna, VA
Amanda Yi
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Vienna, VA 22180
I received a Master’s in Social Work from Virginia Commonwealth University and received my LCSW. I have experience working with individuals and groups, and has worked in a variety of treatment settings including outpatient counseling, residential treatment facilities, and schools. I have a passion for helping clients who struggle with disordered eating, trauma, anxiety, and mood disorders through a variety of treatment modalities.
I received a Master’s in Social Work from Virginia Commonwealth University and received my LCSW. I have experience working with individuals and groups, and has worked in a variety of treatment settings including outpatient counseling, residential treatment facilities, and schools. I have a passion for helping clients who struggle with disordered eating, trauma, anxiety, and mood disorders through a variety of treatment modalities.
(571) 470-5469 View (571) 470-5469
Photo of Sarah Wahab, Psychologist in Vienna, VA
Sarah Wahab
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Vienna, VA 22182
When life gets overwhelming, it can feel like you are stuck, facing an endless cycle that you wish could change. Experiencing gridlock in your own life or in a relationship can be stressful, frustrating and lonely. Sometimes in the moment, it can seem easier to ignore/avoid the issues that are challenging you until you are faced with them again; and other times you can’t stop thinking about your challenges. It can also be difficult or painful to tolerate watching your loved ones struggle, or make decisions you think are not in their best interest. Over time these stressors can cause you to experience negative thoughts and feelings.
When life gets overwhelming, it can feel like you are stuck, facing an endless cycle that you wish could change. Experiencing gridlock in your own life or in a relationship can be stressful, frustrating and lonely. Sometimes in the moment, it can seem easier to ignore/avoid the issues that are challenging you until you are faced with them again; and other times you can’t stop thinking about your challenges. It can also be difficult or painful to tolerate watching your loved ones struggle, or make decisions you think are not in their best interest. Over time these stressors can cause you to experience negative thoughts and feelings.
(571) 517-1594 View (571) 517-1594
Photo of Shelly Johnson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Vienna, VA
Shelly Johnson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Vienna, VA 22180
Shelly enjoys helping individuals and families struggling to manage challenging life circumstances. She uses a strengths-based approach to encourage healing, life transitions and promoting a positive change in an individual’s life.
Shelly enjoys helping individuals and families struggling to manage challenging life circumstances. She uses a strengths-based approach to encourage healing, life transitions and promoting a positive change in an individual’s life.
(703) 255-7012 View (703) 255-7012
Photo of Donya Muse, Licensed Professional Counselor in Vienna, VA
Donya Muse
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Vienna, VA 22181  (Online Only)
Do you feel stressed, overwhelmed, and stuck in your own head? Do you struggle with feelings of not being enough, feeling lost, or just going through the motions of daily life? Many of us go through our days feeling numb and disconnected or struggle with anxious and low moods. Unfortunately, in these overly busy and stress filled times, the loss of joy and vitality is all too common. When things are hectic and we are just trying to get through the day, it is easy to lose sight of our true values and our lives can veer off course, leaving us feeling empty and lost.
Do you feel stressed, overwhelmed, and stuck in your own head? Do you struggle with feelings of not being enough, feeling lost, or just going through the motions of daily life? Many of us go through our days feeling numb and disconnected or struggle with anxious and low moods. Unfortunately, in these overly busy and stress filled times, the loss of joy and vitality is all too common. When things are hectic and we are just trying to get through the day, it is easy to lose sight of our true values and our lives can veer off course, leaving us feeling empty and lost.
(703) 828-0504 View (703) 828-0504
Photo of Cecilia Graves, Resident in Counseling in Vienna, VA
Cecilia Graves
Resident in Counseling
Verified Verified
Vienna, VA 22180  (Online Only)
Maternal mental health has become my expertise, particularly in addressing the complexities of postpartum anxiety, depression, and relationship changes that happen postpartum. I have a strong passion for equipping parents with the vital skills required to cultivate a wholesome and nurturing environment for their children while also juggling the realitys of modern day living.
Maternal mental health has become my expertise, particularly in addressing the complexities of postpartum anxiety, depression, and relationship changes that happen postpartum. I have a strong passion for equipping parents with the vital skills required to cultivate a wholesome and nurturing environment for their children while also juggling the realitys of modern day living.
(571) 496-8156 View (571) 496-8156
Photo of Katie Rosenthal, Licensed Master's Social Worker in Vienna, VA
Katie Rosenthal
Licensed Master's Social Worker
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Vienna, VA 22182  (Online Only)
I believe in creating a calm, approachable, and non-judgmental space for clients to share their thoughts and emotions openly. Through empathy, acceptance, and support, I work from a holistic and strength-based perspective of clients' needs. By exploring and processing inner thoughts and feelings, clients can better understand their situation and ultimately move towards positive change. I offer insight into clients' patterns of behavior and help to identify and build new or existing skills with the purpose of uncovering clients' true potential.
I believe in creating a calm, approachable, and non-judgmental space for clients to share their thoughts and emotions openly. Through empathy, acceptance, and support, I work from a holistic and strength-based perspective of clients' needs. By exploring and processing inner thoughts and feelings, clients can better understand their situation and ultimately move towards positive change. I offer insight into clients' patterns of behavior and help to identify and build new or existing skills with the purpose of uncovering clients' true potential.
(571) 982-8613 View (571) 982-8613
Photo of Loretta McCommas, Resident in Counseling in Vienna, VA
Loretta McCommas
Resident in Counseling, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Vienna, VA 22182
Worried, anxious, depressed, lonely, isolated, struggling with addiction, low self-esteem - these are the struggles of so many adults and teens in today's world. But you dont have to face the challenges of a difficult world alone. As a therapist my goal is to provide a safe environment where you can name and process your thoughts and emotions with honesty and compassion, and not be alone. If you are considering counseling but feel unsure, please feel free to reach out to me by emailing or calling with any questions. I would love the opportunity to meet you.
Worried, anxious, depressed, lonely, isolated, struggling with addiction, low self-esteem - these are the struggles of so many adults and teens in today's world. But you dont have to face the challenges of a difficult world alone. As a therapist my goal is to provide a safe environment where you can name and process your thoughts and emotions with honesty and compassion, and not be alone. If you are considering counseling but feel unsure, please feel free to reach out to me by emailing or calling with any questions. I would love the opportunity to meet you.
(571) 520-4587 View (571) 520-4587
Photo of Barbara E Eckert, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Vienna, VA
Barbara E Eckert
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Vienna, VA 22180
Life presents challenges which require us to explore our innate strengths and resilience. I work collaboratively to explore emotions and core beliefs, create balance, set healthy boundaries and reframe negative thinking. I work exclusively with women age 18 and above - individually and in groups. If you are feeling unsettled, depressed or anxious, I provide a safe and comfortable environment to explore these issues, to gain insights, to develop solutions, and to navigate life's challenges.
Life presents challenges which require us to explore our innate strengths and resilience. I work collaboratively to explore emotions and core beliefs, create balance, set healthy boundaries and reframe negative thinking. I work exclusively with women age 18 and above - individually and in groups. If you are feeling unsettled, depressed or anxious, I provide a safe and comfortable environment to explore these issues, to gain insights, to develop solutions, and to navigate life's challenges.
(703) 988-6557 View (703) 988-6557
Photo of Dr. Grandela - Bridge to Wellness Centers LLC, Marriage & Family Therapist in Vienna, VA
Dr. Grandela - Bridge to Wellness Centers LLC
Marriage & Family Therapist, LSATP , PsyD, LMFT , LPC - S, CSAC
Verified Verified
Vienna, VA 22182
Not accepting new clients
Dr. Jorge Grandela, Psy D, holds a doctorate degree in Clinical Psychology and brings over 20 years of experience to the marriage counseling field. He is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) and is a clinical fellow of the American Association of Marriage and Family Therapists (AAMFT), indicating advanced training in this field. He specializes in both couples counseling as well as family therapy with children.
Dr. Jorge Grandela, Psy D, holds a doctorate degree in Clinical Psychology and brings over 20 years of experience to the marriage counseling field. He is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) and is a clinical fellow of the American Association of Marriage and Family Therapists (AAMFT), indicating advanced training in this field. He specializes in both couples counseling as well as family therapy with children.
(757) 690-2360 View (757) 690-2360
Photo of Dr. Goldberg and Associates, Psychologist in Vienna, VA
Dr. Goldberg and Associates
Psychologist, PsyD, MEd
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Vienna, VA 22180
Welcome. Our large practice has over 200 openings! We focus on the relationship with your therapist. Working through conflicts or past pain happens through experiencing, not just through merely reading or thinking about things. Gaining self acceptance and discovering how to bring an open heart to your family or intimate relationships does not come simply from acquiring an insight, or from reading a "how to" book. It starts with the healing relationship... and the only way you will find out how comfortable you might feel with your therapist is to talk to them in person. My focus in treatment is on the relationship.
Welcome. Our large practice has over 200 openings! We focus on the relationship with your therapist. Working through conflicts or past pain happens through experiencing, not just through merely reading or thinking about things. Gaining self acceptance and discovering how to bring an open heart to your family or intimate relationships does not come simply from acquiring an insight, or from reading a "how to" book. It starts with the healing relationship... and the only way you will find out how comfortable you might feel with your therapist is to talk to them in person. My focus in treatment is on the relationship.
(703) 348-9545 View (703) 348-9545
Photo of Elisabeth Varkiani, Psychologist in Vienna, VA
Elisabeth Varkiani
Psychologist, PsyD, LCP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Vienna, VA 22180
Are you feeling down or stressed? Dr. Varkiani offers a caring, accepting approach to help you navigate through difficulties like depression, anxiety and trauma, relationship problems. and life transitions. She is currently accepting new clients for therapy (adolescents and adults) and for psychological testing (all ages). Please reach out if you would like a consultation; Dr. Varkiani looks forward to meeting you!
Are you feeling down or stressed? Dr. Varkiani offers a caring, accepting approach to help you navigate through difficulties like depression, anxiety and trauma, relationship problems. and life transitions. She is currently accepting new clients for therapy (adolescents and adults) and for psychological testing (all ages). Please reach out if you would like a consultation; Dr. Varkiani looks forward to meeting you!
(571) 554-1841 View (571) 554-1841

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Vienna, VA

300+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in Vienna, VA who prioritize treating:

96% Anxiety
91% Depression
76% Self Esteem
73% Relationship Issues
69% Coping Skills
68% Trauma and PTSD
67% Grief

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

70% BlueCross and BlueShield
63% Cigna and Evernorth
60% Anthem | Elevance

How Therapists in Vienna, VA see their clients

68% In Person and Online
32% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Vienna?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.