Therapists in Pasadena, CA

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Photo of Claudia Melo, Marriage & Family Therapist in Pasadena, CA
Claudia Melo
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91101
Are you seeking a mindful and whole-hearted connection? Do you wish to be aligned in body, mind, and spirit? Imagine experiencing an infinite sense of belonging, trust, connection, and understanding in all of your relationships by discovering your untapped strengths and intentionally applying them to your everyday. I am a bilingual Latinx therapist who supports anyone seeking a holistic approach to therapy. I am here to guide individuals towards intentional healing by releasing what is no longer needed, and ultimately reconnect individuals to their own hearts & bodies.
Are you seeking a mindful and whole-hearted connection? Do you wish to be aligned in body, mind, and spirit? Imagine experiencing an infinite sense of belonging, trust, connection, and understanding in all of your relationships by discovering your untapped strengths and intentionally applying them to your everyday. I am a bilingual Latinx therapist who supports anyone seeking a holistic approach to therapy. I am here to guide individuals towards intentional healing by releasing what is no longer needed, and ultimately reconnect individuals to their own hearts & bodies.
(626) 316-6897 View (626) 316-6897
Photo of Maria Barelli, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Pasadena, CA
Maria Barelli
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91107  (Online Only)
Are you struggling at work? Maybe you're having difficulties in your relationships. Or do you want to feel more confident about yourself? During difficult times, I will help you find new ways of managing your life by teaching you coping skills. Do you beat yourself up? Therapy will teach you how to be kind to yourself. I like to do "what works". I pull from different approaches because every client is unique. My style of relating is warm and empathetic. I currently work with individuals, couples, teens, and families with issues including: Bipolar Disorder, Depression, Anxiety, and Substance abuse.
Are you struggling at work? Maybe you're having difficulties in your relationships. Or do you want to feel more confident about yourself? During difficult times, I will help you find new ways of managing your life by teaching you coping skills. Do you beat yourself up? Therapy will teach you how to be kind to yourself. I like to do "what works". I pull from different approaches because every client is unique. My style of relating is warm and empathetic. I currently work with individuals, couples, teens, and families with issues including: Bipolar Disorder, Depression, Anxiety, and Substance abuse.
(626) 236-4971 View (626) 236-4971
Photo of Katie Szymanski, Marriage & Family Therapist in Pasadena, CA
Katie Szymanski
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91103
My name is Katie Szymanski (she/her/hers) and I am an Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist based in Eagle Rock, LA. I work with children, teens, adults, and families. I specialize in trauma, grief, anxiety, depression, substance abuse, eating disorders and creative and career blocks. I work with teens and children to help give tools and strategies for dealing with life's tough stuff and by giving them a place to be themselves and talk about difficult feelings.
My name is Katie Szymanski (she/her/hers) and I am an Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist based in Eagle Rock, LA. I work with children, teens, adults, and families. I specialize in trauma, grief, anxiety, depression, substance abuse, eating disorders and creative and career blocks. I work with teens and children to help give tools and strategies for dealing with life's tough stuff and by giving them a place to be themselves and talk about difficult feelings.
(323) 970-3017 View (323) 970-3017
Photo of Cherri Duffy, Marriage & Family Therapist in Pasadena, CA
Cherri Duffy
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91101  (Online Only)
I have had the joy of working with individuals for over 18 years who find themselves struggling with problems related to work/life balance, stress, depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, relationship issues as well as questions related to life’s purpose. I have had the opportunity to work with those in the creative industry in Los Angeles to those in the high demand tech community of Silicon Valley. I have seen first hand the impact of stress, loneliness, worry and depression. My goal is to support an individual in feeling better with strategies that can be implemented outside of therapy.
I have had the joy of working with individuals for over 18 years who find themselves struggling with problems related to work/life balance, stress, depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, relationship issues as well as questions related to life’s purpose. I have had the opportunity to work with those in the creative industry in Los Angeles to those in the high demand tech community of Silicon Valley. I have seen first hand the impact of stress, loneliness, worry and depression. My goal is to support an individual in feeling better with strategies that can be implemented outside of therapy.
(626) 714-2552 View (626) 714-2552
Photo of Jennifer L. Collins, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Pasadena, CA
Jennifer L. Collins
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91103  (Online Only)
I have extensive experience helping people who have depression and anxiety, people living with HIV, and trauma survivors. I also work with people who are dealing with long covid and who are struggling with the pandemic and how it continues to impact our lives. I have been a practicing psychotherapist for 16 years and I like what I do. I keep my practice small and am happy to provide referrals when I am booked. I hold a queer-affirming and trans-affirming collaborative space.
I have extensive experience helping people who have depression and anxiety, people living with HIV, and trauma survivors. I also work with people who are dealing with long covid and who are struggling with the pandemic and how it continues to impact our lives. I have been a practicing psychotherapist for 16 years and I like what I do. I keep my practice small and am happy to provide referrals when I am booked. I hold a queer-affirming and trans-affirming collaborative space.
(213) 223-6042 View (213) 223-6042
Photo of Genevieve Skale, Psychologist in Pasadena, CA
Genevieve Skale
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91101
Are you having difficulties getting out of the house with your toddler or preschooler as they have a meltdown over putting their shoes on? Have you ever felt the eyes of strangers watching you as you manage your child’s anger outbursts in the grocery store? Do you ever feel consumed by guilt, worry, or frustration related to raising your child? These challenges can feel debilitating, embarrassing even, but things can get better with the right kind of supports in place.
Are you having difficulties getting out of the house with your toddler or preschooler as they have a meltdown over putting their shoes on? Have you ever felt the eyes of strangers watching you as you manage your child’s anger outbursts in the grocery store? Do you ever feel consumed by guilt, worry, or frustration related to raising your child? These challenges can feel debilitating, embarrassing even, but things can get better with the right kind of supports in place.
(626) 618-9215 View (626) 618-9215
Photo of Erika L Poladian, Marriage & Family Therapist in Pasadena, CA
Erika L Poladian
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91101
I provide psychotherapy services for children, adolescents, adults, and families. I am invested in helping clients attain a better quality of life characterized by peace of mind and the ability to manage difficult thoughts and feelings using self-compassion and a knowledge of the inner workings of the mind. My main priority is to provide clients with evidenced based, customized care tailored to their specific needs and individual differences. I am a firm believer in the fact that a paramount basis for healing within the therapy setting is the bond, trust, and alliance between client and therapist.
I provide psychotherapy services for children, adolescents, adults, and families. I am invested in helping clients attain a better quality of life characterized by peace of mind and the ability to manage difficult thoughts and feelings using self-compassion and a knowledge of the inner workings of the mind. My main priority is to provide clients with evidenced based, customized care tailored to their specific needs and individual differences. I am a firm believer in the fact that a paramount basis for healing within the therapy setting is the bond, trust, and alliance between client and therapist.
(626) 243-7749 View (626) 243-7749
Photo of Megan McGrath, Marriage & Family Therapist in Pasadena, CA
Megan McGrath
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91107
Not accepting new clients
Feeling stuck in a job? A relationship? In your own life? Is something bothering you, but you have found that it is hard to put your thoughts into words or find someone to talk to? I help clients address issues related to relationships, depression, anxiety, anger, addiction, stressful or traumatic events and work toward their goals of becoming healthier, happier, and enjoying a more fulfilling life. My goal in therapy is to foster a collaborative and non-judgmental relationship that allows you to safely explore whatever is troubling you, and to build on the strengths and resources you already possess.
Feeling stuck in a job? A relationship? In your own life? Is something bothering you, but you have found that it is hard to put your thoughts into words or find someone to talk to? I help clients address issues related to relationships, depression, anxiety, anger, addiction, stressful or traumatic events and work toward their goals of becoming healthier, happier, and enjoying a more fulfilling life. My goal in therapy is to foster a collaborative and non-judgmental relationship that allows you to safely explore whatever is troubling you, and to build on the strengths and resources you already possess.
(626) 722-5158 View (626) 722-5158
Photo of Kate Truitt, Psychologist in Pasadena, CA
Kate Truitt
Psychologist, PhD, MBA, MA
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91101
Hello and welcome to the next evolution of psychotherapy. The future of health and wellness is in your hands. At Dr. Kate Truitt & Associates our goal to walk with you through healing the darker and more painful moments of life while building long-term and sustainable change. We focus on healing the past, creating the present, and building the future. Through incorporating brain science and body-based healing modalities, we focus on whole person healing and we don't stop there. It is our goal to help you design and create your most fulfilled life through providing services for full mind and body healing.
Hello and welcome to the next evolution of psychotherapy. The future of health and wellness is in your hands. At Dr. Kate Truitt & Associates our goal to walk with you through healing the darker and more painful moments of life while building long-term and sustainable change. We focus on healing the past, creating the present, and building the future. Through incorporating brain science and body-based healing modalities, we focus on whole person healing and we don't stop there. It is our goal to help you design and create your most fulfilled life through providing services for full mind and body healing.
(323) 629-4353 View (323) 629-4353
Photo of Ashley Mendoza, Marriage & Family Therapist in Pasadena, CA
Ashley Mendoza
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91105  (Online Only)
Hi there, my name is Ashley Mendoza a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist who is warm and comforting. I specialize in working with adolescents, young adults, couples and families through a wide range of challenges. I have walked along side many individuals, couples and families who experience symptoms of depression, anxiety as well as difficulties coping with life changes, transitions and traumas. As a psychotherapist, I believe in providing my client’s with a safe and supportive environment which I aim to create with empathy and compassion.
Hi there, my name is Ashley Mendoza a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist who is warm and comforting. I specialize in working with adolescents, young adults, couples and families through a wide range of challenges. I have walked along side many individuals, couples and families who experience symptoms of depression, anxiety as well as difficulties coping with life changes, transitions and traumas. As a psychotherapist, I believe in providing my client’s with a safe and supportive environment which I aim to create with empathy and compassion.
(626) 507-3439 View (626) 507-3439
Photo of Chelsea Reid, Marriage & Family Therapist in Pasadena, CA
Chelsea Reid
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91101  (Online Only)
I am a holistic, relational and somatically oriented therapist who sees the experience of pain, in whatever form, as a teacher that ultimately exists to direct us towards our personal evolution in this life. Because of this, I specialize in working with people who are living with chronic health issues, along with those who are suffering greatly from grief, relational trauma, or complex PTSD (which is usually the bedrock from which more serious mental illnesses arise). I help clients improve their self esteem and overall faith in life, and gain confidence in who they are so they can experience personal freedom.
I am a holistic, relational and somatically oriented therapist who sees the experience of pain, in whatever form, as a teacher that ultimately exists to direct us towards our personal evolution in this life. Because of this, I specialize in working with people who are living with chronic health issues, along with those who are suffering greatly from grief, relational trauma, or complex PTSD (which is usually the bedrock from which more serious mental illnesses arise). I help clients improve their self esteem and overall faith in life, and gain confidence in who they are so they can experience personal freedom.
(626) 635-3162 View (626) 635-3162
Photo of SherrWay Solutions, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Pasadena, CA
SherrWay Solutions, LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91101
SherrWay Solutions, LCSW is where one can find solutions the sure way... Your Way!
SherrWay Solutions, LCSW is where one can find solutions the sure way... Your Way!
(323) 553-4071 View (323) 553-4071
Photo of Andriette Pieron, Marriage & Family Therapist in Pasadena, CA
Andriette Pieron
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91101  (Online Only)
Do you need a place to be yourself? To be seen and fully accepted for who you are and encouraged to take leaps and risks to craft who you want to be? The fear of failure and judgments, our own and others, often holds us back from exploring the edge of our possibilities. I am passionate about creating a nurturing relationship where you can begin to practice and embody the changes you want to create in your own life. I work with individuals, couples, children, adolescents and families. I specialize in women who are reinventing themselves and family members of individuals with mental illness.
Do you need a place to be yourself? To be seen and fully accepted for who you are and encouraged to take leaps and risks to craft who you want to be? The fear of failure and judgments, our own and others, often holds us back from exploring the edge of our possibilities. I am passionate about creating a nurturing relationship where you can begin to practice and embody the changes you want to create in your own life. I work with individuals, couples, children, adolescents and families. I specialize in women who are reinventing themselves and family members of individuals with mental illness.
(415) 712-2667 View (415) 712-2667
Photo of Ryan Ashley Brown, Marriage & Family Therapist in Pasadena, CA
Ryan Ashley Brown
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91106
Not accepting new clients
Starting the process of exploring challenging memories, finding ways to let light in through the cracks, and get up and meet your challenges can be a difficult task to tackle on your own. I strive to be the person to advocate, provide a safe environment, and collaborate with you during unexpected, unrehearsed times of hardship, heart ache, loss, or just confusing times. I am also an ally to the LGBTQ+ community and dedicated to providing a safe space and affirmative support. My primary goal is to establish therapeutic alliance that fosters hope, healing, personal growth, and insight to continue to get up and show up in the world.
Starting the process of exploring challenging memories, finding ways to let light in through the cracks, and get up and meet your challenges can be a difficult task to tackle on your own. I strive to be the person to advocate, provide a safe environment, and collaborate with you during unexpected, unrehearsed times of hardship, heart ache, loss, or just confusing times. I am also an ally to the LGBTQ+ community and dedicated to providing a safe space and affirmative support. My primary goal is to establish therapeutic alliance that fosters hope, healing, personal growth, and insight to continue to get up and show up in the world.
(323) 375-5910 View (323) 375-5910
Photo of Nick Johnston, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Pasadena, CA
Nick Johnston
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91107
I work with adolescents and adults who desire to work through a wide spectrum of barriers and challenges. I have particular interest and experience working with survivors of trauma, major life transitions, depression and anxiety. I also have experience working with individuals in the arts and creative fields. I work from a model that considers the past as paramount to understanding our current functioning, and provide a supportive, empathetic and introspective space to address where my clients are, and what new options lay ahead.
I work with adolescents and adults who desire to work through a wide spectrum of barriers and challenges. I have particular interest and experience working with survivors of trauma, major life transitions, depression and anxiety. I also have experience working with individuals in the arts and creative fields. I work from a model that considers the past as paramount to understanding our current functioning, and provide a supportive, empathetic and introspective space to address where my clients are, and what new options lay ahead.
(626) 414-1416 View (626) 414-1416
Photo of Relate Therapy Center, Psychologist in Pasadena, CA
Relate Therapy Center
Psychologist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91101
The therapists at Relate Therapy Center specialize in relationships. If you are struggling in your marriage, with your kids, with your significant other, with your friends, or if you're struggling with maintaining relationships at all, we are here to help. Oftentimes, the relationship struggles that people face can lead to significant distress--depression, anxiety, hopelessness, anger, addiction, and more. If you are experiencing these, or other kinds of struggles, know that you don't have to face them alone. We are here to help!
The therapists at Relate Therapy Center specialize in relationships. If you are struggling in your marriage, with your kids, with your significant other, with your friends, or if you're struggling with maintaining relationships at all, we are here to help. Oftentimes, the relationship struggles that people face can lead to significant distress--depression, anxiety, hopelessness, anger, addiction, and more. If you are experiencing these, or other kinds of struggles, know that you don't have to face them alone. We are here to help!
(626) 727-7037 View (626) 727-7037
Photo of Mark Christopher Yates, Psychologist in Pasadena, CA
Mark Christopher Yates
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91101
Waitlist for new clients
When it is overwhelming to be faced with life's many challenges, having an experienced and compassionate ally on your side can help you get through the tough times and also begin a process of growth and discovery. Seeking psychotherapy is a courageous step to create meaningful and lasting change. Dealing with the end of a relationship or the loss of a loved one can leave you feeling paralyzed; Uncertainty about how to face into the fears about career, school, and relationships can leave you feeling stuck; Occasionally one may just wake up feeling depressed, anxious or in physical pain.
When it is overwhelming to be faced with life's many challenges, having an experienced and compassionate ally on your side can help you get through the tough times and also begin a process of growth and discovery. Seeking psychotherapy is a courageous step to create meaningful and lasting change. Dealing with the end of a relationship or the loss of a loved one can leave you feeling paralyzed; Uncertainty about how to face into the fears about career, school, and relationships can leave you feeling stuck; Occasionally one may just wake up feeling depressed, anxious or in physical pain.
(626) 354-1562 View (626) 354-1562
Photo of Alex Van Fleet, Marriage & Family Therapist in Pasadena, CA
Alex Van Fleet
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91107  (Online Only)
Let's be honest, relationships are hard work! Therapy takes intentional effort, vulnerability and persistence to bring about meaningful change in our lives. Before that change can occur, we must first learn what is going on. I want to help you identify the negative patterns in your life and provide tools to replace them with new life-giving actions and transforming truths to bring about healing and restoration in your relationships.
Let's be honest, relationships are hard work! Therapy takes intentional effort, vulnerability and persistence to bring about meaningful change in our lives. Before that change can occur, we must first learn what is going on. I want to help you identify the negative patterns in your life and provide tools to replace them with new life-giving actions and transforming truths to bring about healing and restoration in your relationships.
(626) 325-0693 View (626) 325-0693
Photo of Mercedes Borrayo, Marriage & Family Therapist in Pasadena, CA
Mercedes Borrayo
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91101  (Online Only)
In my career, I tend to lean on Cognitive Behavioral therapy as I find that it helps clients with symptom reduction. Additionally, the skills that are introduced to the clients help them to feel like they are gaining some control over their emotions. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Narrative therapy are some of the ones where I find people tend to make a lot of progress.
In my career, I tend to lean on Cognitive Behavioral therapy as I find that it helps clients with symptom reduction. Additionally, the skills that are introduced to the clients help them to feel like they are gaining some control over their emotions. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Narrative therapy are some of the ones where I find people tend to make a lot of progress.
(626) 238-1616 View (626) 238-1616
Photo of Michelle Stobaugh, Marriage & Family Therapist in Pasadena, CA
Michelle Stobaugh
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA
Verified Verified
Pasadena, CA 91101
I love getting to know someone on a deeper level. I love working collaboratively with my clients to help them live more meaningful and enriched lives. I work with individuals, couples, children, and families. I help individuals heal and connect with themselves to find or continue passionately about their purpose. I establish coping skills and positive ways to help and reconnect to establish a solid and secure sense of self.
I love getting to know someone on a deeper level. I love working collaboratively with my clients to help them live more meaningful and enriched lives. I work with individuals, couples, children, and families. I help individuals heal and connect with themselves to find or continue passionately about their purpose. I establish coping skills and positive ways to help and reconnect to establish a solid and secure sense of self.
(626) 610-4930 View (626) 610-4930

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Pasadena, CA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in Pasadena, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
89% Depression
80% Relationship Issues
74% Self Esteem
71% Trauma and PTSD
66% Grief
65% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

66% Aetna
55% Cigna and Evernorth
52% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Pasadena, CA see their clients

67% In Person and Online
33% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Pasadena?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.