Therapists in Tulsa, OK

Photo of Deborah S Tommey, Licensed Professional Counselor in Tulsa, OK
Deborah S Tommey
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Tulsa, OK 74136
As a licensed therapist, I recognize that all clients are unique individuals and different types of therapy work differently with everyone. I work to assess clients and gain an understanding of what type of therapy will be most successful. Predominantly, I practice Person-Centered and Solution-focused therapy and combine some Gestalt and Existential techniques. In addition, I have a holistic approach. I start with an optimistic view of all individuals and provide a comfortable and relaxed atmosphere, without judgment, where you can find answers that help you move forward and establish what you want to achieve in talking.
As a licensed therapist, I recognize that all clients are unique individuals and different types of therapy work differently with everyone. I work to assess clients and gain an understanding of what type of therapy will be most successful. Predominantly, I practice Person-Centered and Solution-focused therapy and combine some Gestalt and Existential techniques. In addition, I have a holistic approach. I start with an optimistic view of all individuals and provide a comfortable and relaxed atmosphere, without judgment, where you can find answers that help you move forward and establish what you want to achieve in talking.
(918) 771-9649 View (918) 771-9649
Photo of Cheryl N. Hart in Tulsa, OK
Cheryl N. Hart
MA
Verified Verified
Tulsa, OK 74145
Some of our most difficult times are also our greatest opportunities for growth and healing. It can be challenging and rewarding to make changes in your life and in your relationships. I aim to create an empathetic, trusting environment and relationship where you can feel safe to discover yourself and the areas that need healing. The goal is to move through these issues while building on your strengths to achieve a greater sense of well-being, feel empowered, develop resiliency, and live a positive, fulfilling life.
Some of our most difficult times are also our greatest opportunities for growth and healing. It can be challenging and rewarding to make changes in your life and in your relationships. I aim to create an empathetic, trusting environment and relationship where you can feel safe to discover yourself and the areas that need healing. The goal is to move through these issues while building on your strengths to achieve a greater sense of well-being, feel empowered, develop resiliency, and live a positive, fulfilling life.
(539) 202-6089 View (539) 202-6089
Photo of Tulsa Dialectical Behavior Therapy, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Tulsa, OK
Tulsa Dialectical Behavior Therapy, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tulsa, OK 74114
Living with 'out-of-control' emotions is a powerless and miserable experience. You have unstable relationships, intense anger, extreme mood swings, impulsive and risky behavior, chronic feelings of emptiness, self-harm or suicidal behaviors. It's like you're on an emotional roller coaster and it is SO painful. Left untreated, these problems can be catastrophic to your relationships, career, health and general well-being. There is hope...
Living with 'out-of-control' emotions is a powerless and miserable experience. You have unstable relationships, intense anger, extreme mood swings, impulsive and risky behavior, chronic feelings of emptiness, self-harm or suicidal behaviors. It's like you're on an emotional roller coaster and it is SO painful. Left untreated, these problems can be catastrophic to your relationships, career, health and general well-being. There is hope...
(918) 215-7395 View (918) 215-7395
Photo of Angela Ragsdale, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Tulsa, OK
Angela Ragsdale
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Tulsa, OK 74129  (Online Only)
Life can be overwhelming. Guilt and shame from childhood trauma, toxic relationships, grief, or past mistakes can cause distress; and can lead to depression and anxiety.
Life can be overwhelming. Guilt and shame from childhood trauma, toxic relationships, grief, or past mistakes can cause distress; and can lead to depression and anxiety.
(918) 393-3081 View (918) 393-3081
Photo of Molly Meyer, Licensed Professional Counselor in Tulsa, OK
Molly Meyer
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Tulsa, OK 74136
Change is often scary, but with it, life can improve! Taking control or knowing what you want may seem too difficult. When we are ready, having a teammate can help us make the most of it. Therapy doesn't have to be overwhelming and scary. The goal is to partner with someone trained in providing support and guidance on your journey. Whether struggling with depression, anxiety, anger or facing a past trauma, changes are possible!
Change is often scary, but with it, life can improve! Taking control or knowing what you want may seem too difficult. When we are ready, having a teammate can help us make the most of it. Therapy doesn't have to be overwhelming and scary. The goal is to partner with someone trained in providing support and guidance on your journey. Whether struggling with depression, anxiety, anger or facing a past trauma, changes are possible!
(918) 708-1357 View (918) 708-1357
Photo of Soo-Jung Choi, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Tulsa, OK
Soo-Jung Choi
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Tulsa, OK 74133
Life does not always go according to plan. Sometimes we are faced with overwhelming challenges and you can't see a clear path out. You don't have to go through it alone. Your past does not have to define you. As you overcome your struggles, you will become stronger for the next obstacle that you will face. Whether you are struggling in your current relationships, feeling stuck in your past, or worried about your future, I will help you see and use your strengths to work on solutions and goals to move forward in your life. I have extensive experience working with depression, anxiety, bi-polar disorder, trauma, PTSD, and grief.
Life does not always go according to plan. Sometimes we are faced with overwhelming challenges and you can't see a clear path out. You don't have to go through it alone. Your past does not have to define you. As you overcome your struggles, you will become stronger for the next obstacle that you will face. Whether you are struggling in your current relationships, feeling stuck in your past, or worried about your future, I will help you see and use your strengths to work on solutions and goals to move forward in your life. I have extensive experience working with depression, anxiety, bi-polar disorder, trauma, PTSD, and grief.
(539) 224-5960 View (539) 224-5960
Photo of Margaret Black, Licensed Professional Counselor in Tulsa, OK
Margaret Black
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC-S
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Tulsa, OK 74135
I embrace a dialectical worldview in my practice. This means that I willingly acknowledge that multiple truths can exist at the same time. I have witnessed this stance give clients permission to explore their own experiences at a greater depth, and release feelings of shame and guilt. I have observed, first hand, the resiliency for trauma survivors to heal. I am comfortable treating those that are healing from trauma and those that may have caused trauma.
I embrace a dialectical worldview in my practice. This means that I willingly acknowledge that multiple truths can exist at the same time. I have witnessed this stance give clients permission to explore their own experiences at a greater depth, and release feelings of shame and guilt. I have observed, first hand, the resiliency for trauma survivors to heal. I am comfortable treating those that are healing from trauma and those that may have caused trauma.
(918) 601-5630 View (918) 601-5630
Photo of Nichole Ruiz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Tulsa, OK
Nichole Ruiz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PMH-C
Verified Verified
Tulsa, OK 74136
The fact that you’re reading this means you’re ready for change. You’ve found more strength and courage than most. Embrace it! You are so close to creating a better life than you can imagine. So close to dismantling the ways of living that have held you down and kept you afraid and stuck. The next crucial step is finding the therapist that’s right for you. So, will we click? You should know I’m non-judgmental, sex positive, and affirming of alternative lifestyles and relationships.
The fact that you’re reading this means you’re ready for change. You’ve found more strength and courage than most. Embrace it! You are so close to creating a better life than you can imagine. So close to dismantling the ways of living that have held you down and kept you afraid and stuck. The next crucial step is finding the therapist that’s right for you. So, will we click? You should know I’m non-judgmental, sex positive, and affirming of alternative lifestyles and relationships.
(405) 926-8017 View (405) 926-8017
Photo of Terri L Frazee, Licensed Professional Counselor in Tulsa, OK
Terri L Frazee
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Tulsa, OK 74114  (Online Only)
As we continue on our journey through life, we sometimes face periods of discontent, wondering why we are here. We ask ourselves if our lives have meaning. Are we connected to those we care about? Other times we struggle with challenges and grow weary of trying to restore ourselves. I can help you through those struggles in a safe and quiet place.
As we continue on our journey through life, we sometimes face periods of discontent, wondering why we are here. We ask ourselves if our lives have meaning. Are we connected to those we care about? Other times we struggle with challenges and grow weary of trying to restore ourselves. I can help you through those struggles in a safe and quiet place.
(918) 400-3272 View (918) 400-3272
Photo of Dr. John D. Hurlburt, Psychologist in Tulsa, OK
Dr. John D. Hurlburt
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Tulsa, OK 74136
I have been a psychologist in the Tulsa area for 30 years. I graduated from Oklahoma State University with a PhD in Counseling Psychology. I've worked at various mental health agencies over that 30 year span, but most recently Laureate Psychiatric Clinic and Hospital. There I was an integral member of the team of psychologists who created the Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program which specialized in the treatment of major depression, bipolar, generalized anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder and post traumatic stress. I utilize a variety of therapeutic approaches to help clients reach their goals and become their "best self".
I have been a psychologist in the Tulsa area for 30 years. I graduated from Oklahoma State University with a PhD in Counseling Psychology. I've worked at various mental health agencies over that 30 year span, but most recently Laureate Psychiatric Clinic and Hospital. There I was an integral member of the team of psychologists who created the Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program which specialized in the treatment of major depression, bipolar, generalized anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder and post traumatic stress. I utilize a variety of therapeutic approaches to help clients reach their goals and become their "best self".
(918) 491-3700 View (918) 491-3700
Photo of Summer Minor in Tulsa, OK
Summer Minor
LPC-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tulsa, OK 74133
I am humbled every day when clients allow me to walk along side of them through their personal challenges and then cheer them on as they work towards the goals we have set together. We live in a world where there is more time spent on a phone instead of face-to-face conversations. Therapy gets us back to the basics of really hearing each other and figuring out a highly individualized approach. Whether you need a therapist for individual work, couple counseling, or help for your child. I will be honored to help you in your process to a healthier and happier life.
I am humbled every day when clients allow me to walk along side of them through their personal challenges and then cheer them on as they work towards the goals we have set together. We live in a world where there is more time spent on a phone instead of face-to-face conversations. Therapy gets us back to the basics of really hearing each other and figuring out a highly individualized approach. Whether you need a therapist for individual work, couple counseling, or help for your child. I will be honored to help you in your process to a healthier and happier life.
(918) 498-5010 View (918) 498-5010
Photo of Suzanna Storm, Licensed Professional Counselor in Tulsa, OK
Suzanna Storm
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tulsa, OK 74137
Waitlist for new clients
Maybe you're a chronic people-pleaser, a overwhelmed new mother, a burned-out professional, or an anxious college kid. You might be wrestling with a previous trauma that continues to show up in inconvenient ways; causing you to repeat patterns or behaviors you promised yourself you never would. Whether your struggles lie rooted in the past or the uncertainty of your future, therapy can help. That's where I come in! With a decade of clinical experience, a non-judgmental presence, and a supportive 'hype woman' approach, it is my privilege to partner with you on your journey to healing and wholeness.
Maybe you're a chronic people-pleaser, a overwhelmed new mother, a burned-out professional, or an anxious college kid. You might be wrestling with a previous trauma that continues to show up in inconvenient ways; causing you to repeat patterns or behaviors you promised yourself you never would. Whether your struggles lie rooted in the past or the uncertainty of your future, therapy can help. That's where I come in! With a decade of clinical experience, a non-judgmental presence, and a supportive 'hype woman' approach, it is my privilege to partner with you on your journey to healing and wholeness.
(918) 233-3262 View (918) 233-3262
Photo of Sarah West, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Tulsa, OK
Sarah West
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Tulsa, OK 74137
I am a Licensed Clinical Social worker with 10 years of professional counseling experience. I have over 20 years of professional Health Advocacy experience within the medical and mental health setting. I have experience and passion in helping clients with stress and anxiety, trauma and abuse, personal and professional motivation, self esteem, confidence and career difficulties.I believe you are the expert of your own story, but may need some professional guidance in navigating difficult chapters in your life. With gentle and focused direction, I will help you uncover strengths that you didn’t know you had, or you simply forgot.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social worker with 10 years of professional counseling experience. I have over 20 years of professional Health Advocacy experience within the medical and mental health setting. I have experience and passion in helping clients with stress and anxiety, trauma and abuse, personal and professional motivation, self esteem, confidence and career difficulties.I believe you are the expert of your own story, but may need some professional guidance in navigating difficult chapters in your life. With gentle and focused direction, I will help you uncover strengths that you didn’t know you had, or you simply forgot.
(918) 731-3749 View (918) 731-3749
Photo of Ella L Robertson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Tulsa, OK
Ella L Robertson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Tulsa, OK 74135
Not accepting new clients
Counseling provides the opportunity for growth and self-discovery in the context of a safe, supportive, and therapeutic relationship. My therapeutic orientation draws on several counseling theories. Together the client and I work to identify thoughts and beliefs that may impact feelings, as well as deepen their understanding of choices they make and patterns in their life. Basic to my approach is a respect for a person and his or her ability to grow and change. I believe people possess a desire to heal and grow.
Counseling provides the opportunity for growth and self-discovery in the context of a safe, supportive, and therapeutic relationship. My therapeutic orientation draws on several counseling theories. Together the client and I work to identify thoughts and beliefs that may impact feelings, as well as deepen their understanding of choices they make and patterns in their life. Basic to my approach is a respect for a person and his or her ability to grow and change. I believe people possess a desire to heal and grow.
(918) 721-0907 View (918) 721-0907
Photo of Shelly Kennedy-Gonzalez, Licensed Professional Counselor in Tulsa, OK
Shelly Kennedy-Gonzalez
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Tulsa, OK 74133
As a therapist I am committed to helping individuals find hope in even the most hopeless situations. My goal is to help you be the best version of yourself, to feel comfortable in the uncomfortable and build healthy positive relationships. Through the power of the therapeutic relationship, I can help you identify positive changes and create new thought patterns to help you accomplish your goals and be the person you have always wanted to be. I believe that making positive changes to improve your life may be difficult, but it will be one of the most rewarding gifts an individual can offer themselves.
As a therapist I am committed to helping individuals find hope in even the most hopeless situations. My goal is to help you be the best version of yourself, to feel comfortable in the uncomfortable and build healthy positive relationships. Through the power of the therapeutic relationship, I can help you identify positive changes and create new thought patterns to help you accomplish your goals and be the person you have always wanted to be. I believe that making positive changes to improve your life may be difficult, but it will be one of the most rewarding gifts an individual can offer themselves.
(539) 224-2987 View (539) 224-2987
Photo of Serenity Marriage and Family Counseling, LLC, Marriage & Family Therapist in Tulsa, OK
Serenity Marriage and Family Counseling, LLC
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
12 Endorsed
Tulsa, OK 74133
Not accepting new clients
Are you feeling empty? Come find hope, rest, and freedom! At Serenity Counseling, you will learn coping skills to help you better face present difficulties and disturbances from your past. As an EMDR trained Christian counselor I am dedicated to working with individuals, families, and couples experiencing any of the following: anxiety, depression, stress, anger, mood disorders, relationship turmoil, life transitions, ineffective communication styles, and post traumatic reactions. Furthermore, I provide premarital therapy services. I am also DBT informed.
Are you feeling empty? Come find hope, rest, and freedom! At Serenity Counseling, you will learn coping skills to help you better face present difficulties and disturbances from your past. As an EMDR trained Christian counselor I am dedicated to working with individuals, families, and couples experiencing any of the following: anxiety, depression, stress, anger, mood disorders, relationship turmoil, life transitions, ineffective communication styles, and post traumatic reactions. Furthermore, I provide premarital therapy services. I am also DBT informed.
(918) 932-3978 View (918) 932-3978
Photo of Frederic Hendreson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Tulsa, OK
Frederic Hendreson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MHR
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tulsa, OK 74129
When men get hurt, the first reaction is to lash out or shut down. Neither helps us to understand or process the pain. What no one tells us is that “I don’t want to talk about it” is the first step to locking ourselves into a self-made prison. It's not only destructive to ourselves, but to the people around us. In that prison, pain becomes a wound that festers and makes it difficult for us to enjoy healthy relationships. Logically, the key to getting out of that prison is talking things out. That’s what I'm here for.
When men get hurt, the first reaction is to lash out or shut down. Neither helps us to understand or process the pain. What no one tells us is that “I don’t want to talk about it” is the first step to locking ourselves into a self-made prison. It's not only destructive to ourselves, but to the people around us. In that prison, pain becomes a wound that festers and makes it difficult for us to enjoy healthy relationships. Logically, the key to getting out of that prison is talking things out. That’s what I'm here for.
(918) 268-7642 View (918) 268-7642
Photo of Sheila Self, Licensed Professional Counselor in Tulsa, OK
Sheila Self
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Tulsa, OK 74133
Sheila Self, LPC, has been a licensed professional counselor since 2003 and received her Master's in Counseling at Northeastern State University in 2000. She has served as a clinical supervisor since 2005 and practices solution-focused brief therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy with a focus on client strengths. Over the course of her career, she has helped people struggling with trauma, depression, anxiety, and other transitions and life adjustments. Sheila also has a background in crisis work, threat assessment, leadership development, and counselor supervision.
Sheila Self, LPC, has been a licensed professional counselor since 2003 and received her Master's in Counseling at Northeastern State University in 2000. She has served as a clinical supervisor since 2005 and practices solution-focused brief therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy with a focus on client strengths. Over the course of her career, she has helped people struggling with trauma, depression, anxiety, and other transitions and life adjustments. Sheila also has a background in crisis work, threat assessment, leadership development, and counselor supervision.
(918) 393-3183 View (918) 393-3183
Photo of Abigail Bliss, Counselor in Tulsa, OK
Abigail Bliss
Counselor, MA, LPC, ATR/BC
Verified Verified
Tulsa, OK 74105
I’ve been an LPC and art therapist for awhile now but I’ve been an artist most of my life. Being able to blend art and therapy has been personally and professionally rewarding. We can talk through your emotional struggles. But for clients interested in exploring a nonverbal means of expression through the art process, art therapy can be the shift that is needed for change and healing. My work with clients includes help with anxiety, depression, greif/loss, relationships, stress, trauma and more. I work with clients to help them process their life challenges and discover solutions.
I’ve been an LPC and art therapist for awhile now but I’ve been an artist most of my life. Being able to blend art and therapy has been personally and professionally rewarding. We can talk through your emotional struggles. But for clients interested in exploring a nonverbal means of expression through the art process, art therapy can be the shift that is needed for change and healing. My work with clients includes help with anxiety, depression, greif/loss, relationships, stress, trauma and more. I work with clients to help them process their life challenges and discover solutions.
(918) 265-3701 x4 View (918) 265-3701 x4
Photo of Melissa Thorman, Licensed Professional Counselor in Tulsa, OK
Melissa Thorman
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Tulsa, OK 74136
Melissa strives to create a therapeutic relationship in which clients feel empowered and respected. She guides people towards growth and developing the skills they need to overcome life's struggles. Having experience helping people of all ages, she has worked extensively with children and families addressing trauma, depression, anxiety, ADHD, and life adjustments.
Melissa strives to create a therapeutic relationship in which clients feel empowered and respected. She guides people towards growth and developing the skills they need to overcome life's struggles. Having experience helping people of all ages, she has worked extensively with children and families addressing trauma, depression, anxiety, ADHD, and life adjustments.
(918) 701-1383 View (918) 701-1383

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Tulsa, OK

600+

Average cost per session

$130

Therapists in Tulsa, OK who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
87% Depression
78% Trauma and PTSD
74% Relationship Issues
74% Self Esteem
70% Coping Skills
68% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

79% BlueCross and BlueShield
68% Health Choice
67% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Tulsa, OK see their clients

80% In Person and Online
20% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Tulsa?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.