Therapists in Port Townsend, WA
Jovanna Pia Casey
Counselor, MSW, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Port Townsend, WA 98368 (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
—> Not taking new clients <—Let’s clear blocks to living the life you want. Speaking up, claiming your right to happiness, stepping ahead with joy and confidence. Sometimes old patterns, beliefs or traumas get in the way. I use a blend of shamanic and other spiritual methods along with science-based neurological trauma clearing techniques. Sometimes the origins of your blocks are from childhood, past lives or even ancestral patterns. Clear core beliefs like "I am not enough" or "I don't deserve". And build new patterns (and neuro-networks) of success, self love and confidence. See: Facebook Jovanna Casey MSW LMHC for reviews.
—> Not taking new clients <—Let’s clear blocks to living the life you want. Speaking up, claiming your right to happiness, stepping ahead with joy and confidence. Sometimes old patterns, beliefs or traumas get in the way. I use a blend of shamanic and other spiritual methods along with science-based neurological trauma clearing techniques. Sometimes the origins of your blocks are from childhood, past lives or even ancestral patterns. Clear core beliefs like "I am not enough" or "I don't deserve". And build new patterns (and neuro-networks) of success, self love and confidence. See: Facebook Jovanna Casey MSW LMHC for reviews.
Sara Smithson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Port Townsend, WA 98368 (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
It's the most socially appropriate time in modern history to be a bit of a mess, but that doesn't make it easier for most of us. Being intelligent can actually make it harder to adapt to new things outside your frames of reference. Being empathetic can cause you to feel like you're constantly letting others & yourself down. Being unique or outside norms can leave you feeling lonely & questioning yourself. If you tend to hold & hide everything inside, or if you're someone who can't help but dump everything out all over the place, you may be experiencing miscommunication & judgment from others on top of everything.
It's the most socially appropriate time in modern history to be a bit of a mess, but that doesn't make it easier for most of us. Being intelligent can actually make it harder to adapt to new things outside your frames of reference. Being empathetic can cause you to feel like you're constantly letting others & yourself down. Being unique or outside norms can leave you feeling lonely & questioning yourself. If you tend to hold & hide everything inside, or if you're someone who can't help but dump everything out all over the place, you may be experiencing miscommunication & judgment from others on top of everything.
David P Eekhoff
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MDiv
Verified Verified
Port Townsend, WA 98368 (Online Only)
I bring over 20 years of experience to the Presbyterian Counseling Center. I offer a unique opportunity for people who come to me for counseling to become aware of issues about their relationships with others, and also develop a deeper awareness and appreciation of their world and their place in it...a spiritual search. When spirituality and hope meet, many say they experience a transformative change. No matter where you are in your journey, I offer you an experience in which you will be encouraged to take small steps that can make a huge difference. I welcome you to this journey...
I bring over 20 years of experience to the Presbyterian Counseling Center. I offer a unique opportunity for people who come to me for counseling to become aware of issues about their relationships with others, and also develop a deeper awareness and appreciation of their world and their place in it...a spiritual search. When spirituality and hope meet, many say they experience a transformative change. No matter where you are in your journey, I offer you an experience in which you will be encouraged to take small steps that can make a huge difference. I welcome you to this journey...
Claire Maria Chambers
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Port Townsend, WA 98368
Life is a meaning-filled adventure. But encountering meaningful change can be painful as often as it can be joyful. Each one of us struggles to find integration between challenging problems and fulfilment. Each one of us also holds the tools for our own healing. Your unique story is about learning to be fully you in the reality of this living, breathing world. You can choose to become more interconnected, more fully alive, and more free. With a background in theatre, drama, and literature, I work with children, teens, and adults to uncover creative potential in our own healing, strengthen relationships, and discover our stories.
Life is a meaning-filled adventure. But encountering meaningful change can be painful as often as it can be joyful. Each one of us struggles to find integration between challenging problems and fulfilment. Each one of us also holds the tools for our own healing. Your unique story is about learning to be fully you in the reality of this living, breathing world. You can choose to become more interconnected, more fully alive, and more free. With a background in theatre, drama, and literature, I work with children, teens, and adults to uncover creative potential in our own healing, strengthen relationships, and discover our stories.
Laila Josephine Ayyoub
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Port Townsend, WA 98368
Not accepting new clients
All people are one of a kind, but here's where we're all alike: All of us come from a personal history and context: A past that got us through to where we are now. And "Right Now" is where all the choices and opportunities are. Some things we may want to change, other things we may choose to accept as they are. Therapy can be helpful in understanding yourself well enough to know which is which. And therapy can offer some things you may need to go forward with your choices: Hope, perspective and someone who believes in you while you practice believing in yourself.
All people are one of a kind, but here's where we're all alike: All of us come from a personal history and context: A past that got us through to where we are now. And "Right Now" is where all the choices and opportunities are. Some things we may want to change, other things we may choose to accept as they are. Therapy can be helpful in understanding yourself well enough to know which is which. And therapy can offer some things you may need to go forward with your choices: Hope, perspective and someone who believes in you while you practice believing in yourself.
Sadie Bingham
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Port Townsend, WA 98368 (Online Only)
Is anxiety, overwhelm & past trauma making you feel like the walls are caving in? You’ve done everything “right” in life, only to realize that hasn’t made life any easier. Maybe you are one of those high achievers who succeeds at everything or a people-pleaser terrified of confrontation. Either way – you feel out of control & ashamed because - why can’t you figure this mental health stuff out? On top of all this, you are at a time of great transition, change & growth. Learning to be an adult in a scary & unpredictable world can feel very lonely & crushing. Especially a world that can feel like it’s going off the rails.
Is anxiety, overwhelm & past trauma making you feel like the walls are caving in? You’ve done everything “right” in life, only to realize that hasn’t made life any easier. Maybe you are one of those high achievers who succeeds at everything or a people-pleaser terrified of confrontation. Either way – you feel out of control & ashamed because - why can’t you figure this mental health stuff out? On top of all this, you are at a time of great transition, change & growth. Learning to be an adult in a scary & unpredictable world can feel very lonely & crushing. Especially a world that can feel like it’s going off the rails.
Andrea Knutson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSWAIC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Port Townsend, WA 98368
Waitlist for new clients
Have you been to talk therapy for traumatic experiences in the past only to have symptoms resurface over time? Do you feel disconnected from others or live with ongoing shame and guilt? Maybe you feel anxious, depressed, or triggered by everyday situations resulting in confusion and fear? I offer powerful somatic and mindfulness-based interventions like EMDR, Safe and Sound Protocol, and Brainspotting, along with traditional therapy, to guide you as you make use of your own innate healing properties to experience relief and wellness. I work creatively with each client to incorporate the modalities that feel safe and most beneficial.
Have you been to talk therapy for traumatic experiences in the past only to have symptoms resurface over time? Do you feel disconnected from others or live with ongoing shame and guilt? Maybe you feel anxious, depressed, or triggered by everyday situations resulting in confusion and fear? I offer powerful somatic and mindfulness-based interventions like EMDR, Safe and Sound Protocol, and Brainspotting, along with traditional therapy, to guide you as you make use of your own innate healing properties to experience relief and wellness. I work creatively with each client to incorporate the modalities that feel safe and most beneficial.
Kenneth Roy Collins
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, SAP
Verified Verified
Port Townsend, WA 98368 (Online Only)
As a therapist, I believe in being genuine, respectful and empathetic. For a therapeutic relationship to develop, clients need to feel seen and understood. I strive to help my clients understand their own emotions, cope with difficult feelings, improve their relationships with themselves and the people they care about. Years ago, as a beginning therapist, I was influenced by research showing that the critical therapeutic element in psychotherapy, regardless of the discipline, was the relationship between the therapist and the client. Contemporary research confirms the importance of relationship in fostering therapeutic change.
As a therapist, I believe in being genuine, respectful and empathetic. For a therapeutic relationship to develop, clients need to feel seen and understood. I strive to help my clients understand their own emotions, cope with difficult feelings, improve their relationships with themselves and the people they care about. Years ago, as a beginning therapist, I was influenced by research showing that the critical therapeutic element in psychotherapy, regardless of the discipline, was the relationship between the therapist and the client. Contemporary research confirms the importance of relationship in fostering therapeutic change.
Kelley Swanstrom
Counselor, MAC, LMHC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Port Townsend, WA 98368 (Online Only)
*Limited Spaces Available* Do you feel disappointed, drained of energy, or lonely? Have you recently faced a transition and are struggling to get your life back on a rewarding path? Do burdensome emotions or racing thoughts interrupt you throughout your day? Are you feeling disconnected or unsatisfied in your relationships? Do you wish you could live a calmer more connected life and still be true to yourself? Would you like to achieve more, grow more, and feel more alive? Depression, anxiety, trauma, and grief can cause ongoing pain that takes you to places you never meant to go.
*Limited Spaces Available* Do you feel disappointed, drained of energy, or lonely? Have you recently faced a transition and are struggling to get your life back on a rewarding path? Do burdensome emotions or racing thoughts interrupt you throughout your day? Are you feeling disconnected or unsatisfied in your relationships? Do you wish you could live a calmer more connected life and still be true to yourself? Would you like to achieve more, grow more, and feel more alive? Depression, anxiety, trauma, and grief can cause ongoing pain that takes you to places you never meant to go.
Kaarin A Hanzlian
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Port Townsend, WA 98368 (Online Only)
Becoming aware of our beliefs and behaviors can support our overall mental and physical wellbeing. We all face transitions at various life stages. I also recognize the quality care and support that is beckoning within the aging community, which includes aging with unconditional acceptance, support and guidance for aging families and promoting self-care for caregivers.
Becoming aware of our beliefs and behaviors can support our overall mental and physical wellbeing. We all face transitions at various life stages. I also recognize the quality care and support that is beckoning within the aging community, which includes aging with unconditional acceptance, support and guidance for aging families and promoting self-care for caregivers.
Lynn Gilman, Psychedelic Assisted Therapy
Counselor, MA, LMHC, CCHT
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Port Townsend, WA 98368
I offer psychedelic microdosing education and support, and journey preparation and integration. Microdosing can help rewire your brain to create new patterns; heal unresolved trauma; heal anxiety and depression; increase creativity and productivity; release emotional blocks; regulate the nervous system, and feel more connected to self and others.
I offer psychedelic microdosing education and support, and journey preparation and integration. Microdosing can help rewire your brain to create new patterns; heal unresolved trauma; heal anxiety and depression; increase creativity and productivity; release emotional blocks; regulate the nervous system, and feel more connected to self and others.
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Freida Fenn
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, CMHS
Verified Verified
Port Townsend, WA 98368
I am accepting new clients. I assist Couples, Individuals, Teens and Families. See my website: fenntherapy.com. I provide emotional support, practical communication tools and emotional coping skills. Together, we create a treatment plan for positive change. Unresolved family issues, trauma, stress, couple conflicts, parenting challenges, life transitions and changes in your primary relationships can get you down. You deserve support and help to heal. I create a safe place for you to create the healthy changes you desire. I look forward to meeting you.
I am accepting new clients. I assist Couples, Individuals, Teens and Families. See my website: fenntherapy.com. I provide emotional support, practical communication tools and emotional coping skills. Together, we create a treatment plan for positive change. Unresolved family issues, trauma, stress, couple conflicts, parenting challenges, life transitions and changes in your primary relationships can get you down. You deserve support and help to heal. I create a safe place for you to create the healthy changes you desire. I look forward to meeting you.
Jo Hadlock-King
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Port Townsend, WA 98368
Not accepting new clients
For 30+ years I have worked with adults seeking relief from depression, anxiety, relationship strains, loss, addiction. For all my clients, healing is integral: we attend to troubling emotions, patterns of thinking, body sensations and spirit. My study of biodynamic craniosacral therapy, a gentle touch therapy, confirmed for me that within each of us there is inherent health. We learn to listen and align with this health, building on already existing resources, creating a new trusting connection and discovering new skills.
For 30+ years I have worked with adults seeking relief from depression, anxiety, relationship strains, loss, addiction. For all my clients, healing is integral: we attend to troubling emotions, patterns of thinking, body sensations and spirit. My study of biodynamic craniosacral therapy, a gentle touch therapy, confirmed for me that within each of us there is inherent health. We learn to listen and align with this health, building on already existing resources, creating a new trusting connection and discovering new skills.
Karen Richards
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Port Townsend, WA 98368
Welcome! I am a climate-aware therapist, specializing in inner experience related to the climate crisis. I help you experience and process emotions, gain perspective, figure out what to do, and grow resilience. I work with groups and individuals as we figure out how to ”be with” the multiple interwoven crises of this time, how to respond with resilience, and how to live in a positive regenerative way in our individual and community lives. Additionally, individual counseling offers support with climate-related emotions, fears, and questions about the future.
Welcome! I am a climate-aware therapist, specializing in inner experience related to the climate crisis. I help you experience and process emotions, gain perspective, figure out what to do, and grow resilience. I work with groups and individuals as we figure out how to ”be with” the multiple interwoven crises of this time, how to respond with resilience, and how to live in a positive regenerative way in our individual and community lives. Additionally, individual counseling offers support with climate-related emotions, fears, and questions about the future.
Melissa S Layer
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Port Townsend, WA 98368
Can you imagine that it's possible to behold your journey as an opportunity for growth, healing and enriched connections? What would it be like to know that you have the capacity to hold both grief and gratitude? It could be that you have come to a cross-road or are standing on significant thresholds as you face transitions, challenges and decision-making. Maybe grief has cracked you open, or you are struggling with illness and long to discover meaning and balance once again. Perhaps you have an emergent sense that there is “something more” that you are yearning for?
Can you imagine that it's possible to behold your journey as an opportunity for growth, healing and enriched connections? What would it be like to know that you have the capacity to hold both grief and gratitude? It could be that you have come to a cross-road or are standing on significant thresholds as you face transitions, challenges and decision-making. Maybe grief has cracked you open, or you are struggling with illness and long to discover meaning and balance once again. Perhaps you have an emergent sense that there is “something more” that you are yearning for?
Nico Kladis
Lic Clinical Mental Health Counselor Associate, MA, LMHCA
Verified Verified
Port Townsend, WA 98368
I offer empathic presence and a wholistic approach to mental health and wellness. I have worked extensively in the field of wilderness therapy, community and clinical mental health settings. I specialize in work with depression, anxiety, trauma and grief. I support and empower clients using experiential and somatic approaches alongside traditional talk therapy. I think it’s relevant to discuss the past as it shows up in the present. I draw from a relational and attachment based perspective that integrates brain science, mindfulness and parts work to help unlock sometimes unconscious patterns.
I offer empathic presence and a wholistic approach to mental health and wellness. I have worked extensively in the field of wilderness therapy, community and clinical mental health settings. I specialize in work with depression, anxiety, trauma and grief. I support and empower clients using experiential and somatic approaches alongside traditional talk therapy. I think it’s relevant to discuss the past as it shows up in the present. I draw from a relational and attachment based perspective that integrates brain science, mindfulness and parts work to help unlock sometimes unconscious patterns.
Ann Emineth Counseling
Counselor, MS, LMHC
Verified Verified
Port Townsend, WA 98368
Relationships are important for our well-being. Relationships can also be very difficult at times. Some relationships are more difficult than others. Whether you are having difficulties with a spouse, partner, boss, or friends, I can help you learn to have better relationships with others. We will work together in finding ways to navigate difficult people and how to leave interactions feeling good. I want to help those that are currently or survived emotional abuse in finding recovery and provide a start to having healthy relationships.
Relationships are important for our well-being. Relationships can also be very difficult at times. Some relationships are more difficult than others. Whether you are having difficulties with a spouse, partner, boss, or friends, I can help you learn to have better relationships with others. We will work together in finding ways to navigate difficult people and how to leave interactions feeling good. I want to help those that are currently or survived emotional abuse in finding recovery and provide a start to having healthy relationships.
Intervention NW
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, AAS, SUDP
Verified Verified
Port Townsend, WA 98368
I am writing to you with a profound passion for helping individuals embark on their transformative journey towards recovery from drug and alcohol addiction. My commitment to fostering positive change, coupled with a wealth of experience and a genuine empathy for those facing the challenges of addiction, makes me the ideal choice for your counseling needs. As a dedicated drug and alcohol counselor, my primary goal is to provide a safe and supportive space where you can explore the complexities of your journey. I bring a comprehensive understanding of addiction, drawing from both academic knowledge and years of hands-on experience.
I am writing to you with a profound passion for helping individuals embark on their transformative journey towards recovery from drug and alcohol addiction. My commitment to fostering positive change, coupled with a wealth of experience and a genuine empathy for those facing the challenges of addiction, makes me the ideal choice for your counseling needs. As a dedicated drug and alcohol counselor, my primary goal is to provide a safe and supportive space where you can explore the complexities of your journey. I bring a comprehensive understanding of addiction, drawing from both academic knowledge and years of hands-on experience.
Cynthia Flowers
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Port Townsend, WA 98368
I am a licensed mental health counselor, and have been in practice for over 30 years. Over the years I've worked with a diverse population of individuals with a broad range of life's gifts and challenges. My abiding concern in this work is developing an attentive and respectful relationship where a deepening collaboration is possible. I will be interested in your current life, your history and memories, your dreams and aspirations. I will also be interested in how your body, it's symptoms and sensations, aches, pains and illnesses speak to us as we carefully listen and attune.
I am a licensed mental health counselor, and have been in practice for over 30 years. Over the years I've worked with a diverse population of individuals with a broad range of life's gifts and challenges. My abiding concern in this work is developing an attentive and respectful relationship where a deepening collaboration is possible. I will be interested in your current life, your history and memories, your dreams and aspirations. I will also be interested in how your body, it's symptoms and sensations, aches, pains and illnesses speak to us as we carefully listen and attune.
Paula L Casey
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, CMHS, AT
Verified Verified
Port Townsend, WA 98368
Paula, is a licensed Marriage & Family Therapist, Child Mental Health Specialist,Art Therapist and Psychedelic Assisted Psychotherapist. with graduate degree in Psychology and BA in Biology and Psychology. Paula has trained extensively in complex trauma, childhood neurodevelopment, attachment, developmental trauma, parent/child interactionalTherapy (PCIT), and generational trauma. As a Psychedelic Assisted Psychotherapy, she helps identify and support the development of healing intentions and ongoing integration of insights gained through the sacred journey.
Paula, is a licensed Marriage & Family Therapist, Child Mental Health Specialist,Art Therapist and Psychedelic Assisted Psychotherapist. with graduate degree in Psychology and BA in Biology and Psychology. Paula has trained extensively in complex trauma, childhood neurodevelopment, attachment, developmental trauma, parent/child interactionalTherapy (PCIT), and generational trauma. As a Psychedelic Assisted Psychotherapy, she helps identify and support the development of healing intentions and ongoing integration of insights gained through the sacred journey.
See more therapy options for Port Townsend
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How does your Therapist compare?
Number of Therapists in Port Townsend, WA
60+
Average cost per session
$150
Therapists in Port Townsend, WA who prioritize treating:
97% | Anxiety |
92% | Depression |
84% | Relationship Issues |
81% | Self Esteem |
80% | Trauma and PTSD |
77% | Grief |
64% | Life Transitions |
Average years in practice
15 Years
Top 3 insurances accepted
76% | Aetna |
72% | Premera |
72% | Regence |
How Therapists in Port Townsend, WA see their clients
69% | In Person and Online | |
31% | Online Only |
Gender breakdown
76% | Female | |
21% | Male | |
3% | Non-Binary |
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling
How can I find a therapist in Port Townsend?
Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.
Learn more about how to find a therapist
Learn more about how to find a therapist
Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?
The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.
Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.
Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.
What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?
Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.
Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.
Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.
What type of therapy is right for me?
The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.
How much does therapy cost?
The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.
What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?
Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.
Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?
Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.
Is online therapy a good option?
Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.
Are therapy sessions confidential?
Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.