Photo of Andrea Miller, Resident in Counseling in Bethesda, MD
Andrea Miller
Resident in Counseling, LGPC, MA, NCC
Verified Verified
Bethesda, MD 20814
In my counseling sessions, I utilize a variety of therapeutic modalities such as Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), Trauma-Informed, and Psychodynamic approaches.
Are you in search of support? Are you struggling with symptoms of trauma, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, personal growth, life transitions, relationship conflict, multicultural issues, religion, spirituality, self-harm, suicidal ideation, or bipolar/mood disorders?
In my counseling sessions, I utilize a variety of therapeutic modalities such as Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), Trauma-Informed, and Psychodynamic approaches.
Are you in search of support? Are you struggling with symptoms of trauma, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, personal growth, life transitions, relationship conflict, multicultural issues, religion, spirituality, self-harm, suicidal ideation, or bipolar/mood disorders?
(571) 946-6525 View (571) 946-6525
Photo of Georgia Meyers, Licensed Professional Counselor in Bethesda, MD
Georgia Meyers
Licensed Professional Counselor, MAEd, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bethesda, MD 20810  (Online Only)
I draw from strengths-based, CBT and DBT clinical approaches.
By searching for a therapist, you’ve already taken the first step towards getting “unstuck.” If anxiety or depression is keeping you from making changes in your life or if you struggle with disordered eating/body image I am here to help you find a way forward. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor providing telehealth services in VA and MD. I am passionate about helping clients explore their thoughts, feelings and behaviors in a safe and welcoming space. My style is warm and energetic while also being direct and focused—in therapy its okay to laugh as well as cry. I want therapy to be something you look forward to.
I draw from strengths-based, CBT and DBT clinical approaches.
By searching for a therapist, you’ve already taken the first step towards getting “unstuck.” If anxiety or depression is keeping you from making changes in your life or if you struggle with disordered eating/body image I am here to help you find a way forward. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor providing telehealth services in VA and MD. I am passionate about helping clients explore their thoughts, feelings and behaviors in a safe and welcoming space. My style is warm and energetic while also being direct and focused—in therapy its okay to laugh as well as cry. I want therapy to be something you look forward to.
(571) 462-6634 View (571) 462-6634
Photo of Andrew Price, Marriage & Family Therapist in Bethesda, MD
Andrew Price
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LCMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bethesda, MD 20816
I utilize psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, and mindfulness interventions.
Your decision to evaluate therapists today is a strong sign change is underway. I work to help individual adults and teens, couples, and families navigate relationship difficulties, behavioral issues, and unresolved emotional needs. My office is a place where clients can speak openly about their hopes, needs, and fears - with warmth, care, and authentic feedback in return. Our work can treat symptoms of grief, depression, anxiety, trauma, and addiction. Emotionally focused repair, cognitive insight, and concrete skills development can each play a role. My training emphasizes clients' experience in family, work, and other systems.
I utilize psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, and mindfulness interventions.
Your decision to evaluate therapists today is a strong sign change is underway. I work to help individual adults and teens, couples, and families navigate relationship difficulties, behavioral issues, and unresolved emotional needs. My office is a place where clients can speak openly about their hopes, needs, and fears - with warmth, care, and authentic feedback in return. Our work can treat symptoms of grief, depression, anxiety, trauma, and addiction. Emotionally focused repair, cognitive insight, and concrete skills development can each play a role. My training emphasizes clients' experience in family, work, and other systems.
(240) 623-5606 View (240) 623-5606
Photo of Taylor Rapuano, Counselor in Bethesda, MD
Taylor Rapuano
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Bethesda, MD 20814
Welcome! I specialize in eating disorders, disordered relationships with food and movement, body image, substance use, and relationship issues. I am equally passionate about cultural humility and competence in psychotherapy—especially for members of marginalized communities—as well as LGBTQIA+ issues. I use a Non-Diet, Health at Every Size (HAES) approach to recovery from eating disorders and disordered eating. I have extensive experience working with eating disorder and substance use patients with a wide range of co-occurring diagnoses, and at all levels of care.
Welcome! I specialize in eating disorders, disordered relationships with food and movement, body image, substance use, and relationship issues. I am equally passionate about cultural humility and competence in psychotherapy—especially for members of marginalized communities—as well as LGBTQIA+ issues. I use a Non-Diet, Health at Every Size (HAES) approach to recovery from eating disorders and disordered eating. I have extensive experience working with eating disorder and substance use patients with a wide range of co-occurring diagnoses, and at all levels of care.
(240) 774-2156 View (240) 774-2156
Photo of A Caring Approach, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Bethesda, MD
A Caring Approach
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC
Verified Verified
Bethesda, MD 20814
I love helping individuals and couples achieve their goals and aspirations. I offer a caring, safe, and healing environment that allows clients the opportunity to explore, experience, work through problems, and create solutions that expand their potential for growth and wellness. As a proponent of integrative and holistic therapy that honors the mind-body connection and its impact on well-being, health, and happiness, I attend to the whole person, not just a set of symptoms or problems. I emphasize teaching skills that develop inner resources for successful coping in life. I use a variety of methods, but the method has to meet your needs.
I love helping individuals and couples achieve their goals and aspirations. I offer a caring, safe, and healing environment that allows clients the opportunity to explore, experience, work through problems, and create solutions that expand their potential for growth and wellness. As a proponent of integrative and holistic therapy that honors the mind-body connection and its impact on well-being, health, and happiness, I attend to the whole person, not just a set of symptoms or problems. I emphasize teaching skills that develop inner resources for successful coping in life. I use a variety of methods, but the method has to meet your needs.
(301) 327-2909 View (301) 327-2909
Photo of Michelle Pearce, Psychologist in Bethesda, MD
Michelle Pearce
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bethesda, MD 20814  (Online Only)
I use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and a holistic approach that honors the connection between your mind, body, and spirit.
Life can be challenging and leave us feeling overwhelmed. Maybe an important relationship just ended (or needs to end) and you are limping through life. Or maybe you lost your job, your health, or your sense of direction in life, leaving you feeling anxious, unsafe, and lacking control. When you go through difficulties, it’s important to have a safe space to share your thoughts, feelings, and experiences without judgment or shame. You need someone who believes that healing and growth are possible for everyone—no matter what they’ve been through—and who has the tools and training to help you get back to a place of wholeness.
I use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and a holistic approach that honors the connection between your mind, body, and spirit.
Life can be challenging and leave us feeling overwhelmed. Maybe an important relationship just ended (or needs to end) and you are limping through life. Or maybe you lost your job, your health, or your sense of direction in life, leaving you feeling anxious, unsafe, and lacking control. When you go through difficulties, it’s important to have a safe space to share your thoughts, feelings, and experiences without judgment or shame. You need someone who believes that healing and growth are possible for everyone—no matter what they’ve been through—and who has the tools and training to help you get back to a place of wholeness.
(443) 730-5880 View (443) 730-5880
Photo of Andrew Won, Licensed Professional Counselor in Bethesda, MD
Andrew Won
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Bethesda, MD 20817  (Online Only)
I am proficient in a number of therapy styles and practices, which include EMDR, CBT and DBT.
If you are suffering from burnout, stress, anxiety, depression, trauma or simply feeling overwhelmed or stuck, I can help you. I have devoted the last 6 years of my life to studying and practicing mental health and have an incredibly deep passion for it. In addition, I have an innate ability for empathizing and connecting with others and I promise you that I will make our therapy sessions a place where you feel safe and understood. Every person is unique and we will develop a specialized approach that works for you.
I am proficient in a number of therapy styles and practices, which include EMDR, CBT and DBT.
If you are suffering from burnout, stress, anxiety, depression, trauma or simply feeling overwhelmed or stuck, I can help you. I have devoted the last 6 years of my life to studying and practicing mental health and have an incredibly deep passion for it. In addition, I have an innate ability for empathizing and connecting with others and I promise you that I will make our therapy sessions a place where you feel safe and understood. Every person is unique and we will develop a specialized approach that works for you.
(410) 881-8302 View (410) 881-8302
Photo of Cara Miller, Psychologist in Bethesda, MD
Cara Miller
Psychologist, PhD, SEP
Verified Verified
Bethesda, MD 20817  (Online Only)
I believe every person has the ability to grow and transform. I believe that we can best do so when accompanied compassionately along our journeys. Through increasing self-awareness, cultivating our inner and external resources, and understanding the interconnected influences of mind and body in our daily lives, we can transform through painful times and arrive into greater and deeper capacity for relationships to ourselves and with others. I specialize in working with adults through trauma healing, grief and loss (including that of beloved animals), LGBTQIA+ identities and relationships, depression/anxiety, and life transitions.
I believe every person has the ability to grow and transform. I believe that we can best do so when accompanied compassionately along our journeys. Through increasing self-awareness, cultivating our inner and external resources, and understanding the interconnected influences of mind and body in our daily lives, we can transform through painful times and arrive into greater and deeper capacity for relationships to ourselves and with others. I specialize in working with adults through trauma healing, grief and loss (including that of beloved animals), LGBTQIA+ identities and relationships, depression/anxiety, and life transitions.
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Photo of Jonathan R Helwig, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bethesda, MD
Jonathan R Helwig
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Bethesda, MD 20814  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Jonathan Helwig, LCSW-C, is a Licensed Certified Social Worker-Clinical who approaches therapy from an integrative and holistic perspective. Jonathan is an Acceptance and Commitment (ACT) and Mindfulness based therapist who believes therapeutic goals should be collaborative and self-determined by the client. He aims to empower his clients to feel confident sitting in the “driver seat” of their own lives. Jonathan has expertise in working with individuals of all ages and backgrounds.
Jonathan Helwig, LCSW-C, is a Licensed Certified Social Worker-Clinical who approaches therapy from an integrative and holistic perspective. Jonathan is an Acceptance and Commitment (ACT) and Mindfulness based therapist who believes therapeutic goals should be collaborative and self-determined by the client. He aims to empower his clients to feel confident sitting in the “driver seat” of their own lives. Jonathan has expertise in working with individuals of all ages and backgrounds.
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Photo of Christopher Barry Hill, Licensed Professional Counselor in Bethesda, MD
Christopher Barry Hill
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Bethesda, MD 20814
Chris focuses on integrative CBT to heal and address the underlying causes of a patient's concerns.
*Now Accepting Tele-therapy Clients* Do you find yourself feeling sad, anxious, unhappy with life circumstances? Are you having relationship difficulties, feel stress from work, or have a child experiencing difficulties? I offer comprehensive assistance to change and work through many of life's challenges. If you find yourself suffering from any of these situations, or if you do not feel quite like yourself, let us help you begin on the road to improvement by addressing patient concerns, including but not limited to the following:
Chris focuses on integrative CBT to heal and address the underlying causes of a patient's concerns.
*Now Accepting Tele-therapy Clients* Do you find yourself feeling sad, anxious, unhappy with life circumstances? Are you having relationship difficulties, feel stress from work, or have a child experiencing difficulties? I offer comprehensive assistance to change and work through many of life's challenges. If you find yourself suffering from any of these situations, or if you do not feel quite like yourself, let us help you begin on the road to improvement by addressing patient concerns, including but not limited to the following:
(202) 759-4221 View (202) 759-4221
Photo of Roberta Eisen, Licensed Professional Counselor in Bethesda, MD
Roberta Eisen
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
Bethesda, MD 20810
Being a parent can be one of life’s greatest rewards. It also is one of life’s most challenging responsibilities. My goal is to assist parents and children through the transitions of divorce and beyond to achieve the best outcomes possible.
Being a parent can be one of life’s greatest rewards. It also is one of life’s most challenging responsibilities. My goal is to assist parents and children through the transitions of divorce and beyond to achieve the best outcomes possible.
(202) 517-7639 View (202) 517-7639
Photo of Carl D Siegel, Psychologist in Bethesda, MD
Carl D Siegel
Psychologist, MDiv, PhD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Bethesda, MD 20815
I've been working with stressed out, overworked, anxious and depressed Washingtonians for over 30 years and call me crazy but I still love the work. It's such a privilege to work with an amazing diversity of smart interesting people! While I have been trained in a variety of different therapeutic modalities I've learned the most from my clients. About half of my caseload is working with couples primarily using the Imago relationship therapy approach. The rest of my client load is working with individual adults and relationship groups for men. Men really flourish in these relationship groups.
I've been working with stressed out, overworked, anxious and depressed Washingtonians for over 30 years and call me crazy but I still love the work. It's such a privilege to work with an amazing diversity of smart interesting people! While I have been trained in a variety of different therapeutic modalities I've learned the most from my clients. About half of my caseload is working with couples primarily using the Imago relationship therapy approach. The rest of my client load is working with individual adults and relationship groups for men. Men really flourish in these relationship groups.
(202) 836-6168 View (202) 836-6168
Photo of Michael A Vigorito, Marriage & Family Therapist in Bethesda, MD
Michael A Vigorito
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, CGP, CST-S
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Bethesda, MD 20813
How do you know if your sexual behavior is out of control? It's a subjective question that many men unfortunately wait until relationship, occupational or medical consequences accumulate before considering. I believe the most important person to evaluate concerns with regulating sexual behavior is the man experiencing the dilemma. I start with two basic questions: "What is your conflict with your sexual behavior?" and "What is your vision for your sexual health?" Since 2001, I have provided a safe, informed and confidential space for sexual health conversations with heterosexual, gay and bisexual men.
How do you know if your sexual behavior is out of control? It's a subjective question that many men unfortunately wait until relationship, occupational or medical consequences accumulate before considering. I believe the most important person to evaluate concerns with regulating sexual behavior is the man experiencing the dilemma. I start with two basic questions: "What is your conflict with your sexual behavior?" and "What is your vision for your sexual health?" Since 2001, I have provided a safe, informed and confidential space for sexual health conversations with heterosexual, gay and bisexual men.
(202) 949-7872 View (202) 949-7872
Photo of Empowered Connections, Counselor in Bethesda, MD
Empowered Connections
Counselor, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bethesda, MD 20816
Scared. Worried. Anxious. Unsure. You look happy on the outside but inside, you're falling apart: you're feeling overwhelmed and having panic attacks out of the blue. You're a successful woman who is trying to do it all: it's a scary feeling, we know! Our team of women counselor's has been there ourselves & we can help you get your life back! We are also pleased to provide a girl/teen girl expert to help your daughter with the issues she may be struggling with such as self-esteem, anxiety, self-harming, etc. Two locations to better serve you: Leonardtown and Dunkirk.
Scared. Worried. Anxious. Unsure. You look happy on the outside but inside, you're falling apart: you're feeling overwhelmed and having panic attacks out of the blue. You're a successful woman who is trying to do it all: it's a scary feeling, we know! Our team of women counselor's has been there ourselves & we can help you get your life back! We are also pleased to provide a girl/teen girl expert to help your daughter with the issues she may be struggling with such as self-esteem, anxiety, self-harming, etc. Two locations to better serve you: Leonardtown and Dunkirk.
(240) 712-5327 x700 View (240) 712-5327 x700
Photo of Leslie Maron, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Bethesda, MD
Leslie Maron
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LPC, LCPC, NBCC
Verified Verified
Bethesda, MD 20810  (Online Only)
If you find yourself feeling stuck, overwhelmed, and unable to make the changes you want in your life, then I am so glad you are here. I am a licensed therapist with over 12 years of experience working with individuals, adults, adolescents and couples, who are experiencing a wide variety of issues including anxiety, depression, life transitions, relationship issues, LGBTQ+ related issues, work stress, trauma/PTSD and grief/loss. I am passionate about helping people develop healthy relationships in all facets of their lives. My clients will develop the tools to help them to achieve significant change and personal growth.
If you find yourself feeling stuck, overwhelmed, and unable to make the changes you want in your life, then I am so glad you are here. I am a licensed therapist with over 12 years of experience working with individuals, adults, adolescents and couples, who are experiencing a wide variety of issues including anxiety, depression, life transitions, relationship issues, LGBTQ+ related issues, work stress, trauma/PTSD and grief/loss. I am passionate about helping people develop healthy relationships in all facets of their lives. My clients will develop the tools to help them to achieve significant change and personal growth.
(240) 222-5663 View (240) 222-5663
Photo of Stewart A Zelman, Psychologist in Bethesda, MD
Stewart A Zelman
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Bethesda, MD 20817  (Online Only)
CFM provides unique cognitive therapy for individuals and couples to reach their full potential and lead happier lives.
I work with clients who want to finally change their psychology and manage their lives more effectively. This work can help you manage your obesity, depression and anxiety. Based on your needs and goals, we can improve your relationships,ability to create and achieve your goals. If you are struggling with finally lose weight, we have developed an assessment, WALT and tools to help you stop struggling. By improving your ability to manage your mind and emotions, improve your motivation and body image we can help you lose the weight. We use specific treatment modalities which create goal achievement in a solution focused atmosphere.
CFM provides unique cognitive therapy for individuals and couples to reach their full potential and lead happier lives.
I work with clients who want to finally change their psychology and manage their lives more effectively. This work can help you manage your obesity, depression and anxiety. Based on your needs and goals, we can improve your relationships,ability to create and achieve your goals. If you are struggling with finally lose weight, we have developed an assessment, WALT and tools to help you stop struggling. By improving your ability to manage your mind and emotions, improve your motivation and body image we can help you lose the weight. We use specific treatment modalities which create goal achievement in a solution focused atmosphere.
(301) 485-6914 View (301) 485-6914
Photo of Nancy Julia, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Bethesda, MD
Nancy Julia
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Bethesda, MD 20814  (Online Only)
Hi! I am a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Maryland, where I was initially licensed. I have also been licensed in 9 other states (AZ, CO, IA, ID, NE, NV, VA, UT, WI). I have been actively working as a mental health therapist for 15 years. I have been helping adults with anger issues, adults who want to gain coping skills and strategies, discussing different perspectives and insights toward self, relationships with others, and their situations. I also have been working with adults (including older adults) with existential crises, issues with motivation, low self-confidence, and communication challenges effectively.
Hi! I am a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Maryland, where I was initially licensed. I have also been licensed in 9 other states (AZ, CO, IA, ID, NE, NV, VA, UT, WI). I have been actively working as a mental health therapist for 15 years. I have been helping adults with anger issues, adults who want to gain coping skills and strategies, discussing different perspectives and insights toward self, relationships with others, and their situations. I also have been working with adults (including older adults) with existential crises, issues with motivation, low self-confidence, and communication challenges effectively.
(240) 896-2044 View (240) 896-2044
Photo of Gabriel Martinez, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Bethesda, MD
Gabriel Martinez
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bethesda, MD 20814
At the core of my practice is a humanistic value that honors the individual person and the whole of their life experience within the larger global system. I focus on helping people build awareness of their needs and how to be able to effectively weigh decisions for action. I work with all genders in the age spectrum of adolescence to adulthood. To compliment the diversity of the experiences that define life, I use a variety of psychological modalities. My approach to therapy draws heavily from training in systems theory, existential therapy, relational therapy, ecotherapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy.
At the core of my practice is a humanistic value that honors the individual person and the whole of their life experience within the larger global system. I focus on helping people build awareness of their needs and how to be able to effectively weigh decisions for action. I work with all genders in the age spectrum of adolescence to adulthood. To compliment the diversity of the experiences that define life, I use a variety of psychological modalities. My approach to therapy draws heavily from training in systems theory, existential therapy, relational therapy, ecotherapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy.
(240) 618-2296 View (240) 618-2296
Photo of Mary E Javel, Psychologist in Bethesda, MD
Mary E Javel
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Bethesda, MD 20817
I truly enjoy helping people move forward in their lives. My primary orientation is relational where therapist and client co-create the therapeutic process. I like to take the time to get to know you and understand what brings you to therapy. Working within an atmosphere of trust and openness allows true growth to happen. I'm a very creative person and able to work across therapeutic modalities to meet the needs of each client.
I truly enjoy helping people move forward in their lives. My primary orientation is relational where therapist and client co-create the therapeutic process. I like to take the time to get to know you and understand what brings you to therapy. Working within an atmosphere of trust and openness allows true growth to happen. I'm a very creative person and able to work across therapeutic modalities to meet the needs of each client.
(301) 284-3731 View (301) 284-3731
Photo of Shannon Wilson: Sage Grace Counseling. Maryland New Jersey, Counselor in Bethesda, MD
Shannon Wilson: Sage Grace Counseling. Maryland New Jersey
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bethesda, MD 20810  (Online Only)
Has life thrown you a "plot twist"? A complex and/or unexpected transition in career, relationships (e.g., romantic, familial, adult friendships), your faith or religious identity, gender or sexuality, geographic moves, grief/loss, or other confusing crossroads? Perhaps you're feeling "stuck" or unhappy in a relationship, job, or circumstance but conflicted on whether to stay or go. Or maybe you already left what no longer serves you, and now need to process and grieve. Together, let's collaborate and heal toward a healthy, sustainable and authentic future. Happy to work with clients based in Maryland and New Jersey.
Has life thrown you a "plot twist"? A complex and/or unexpected transition in career, relationships (e.g., romantic, familial, adult friendships), your faith or religious identity, gender or sexuality, geographic moves, grief/loss, or other confusing crossroads? Perhaps you're feeling "stuck" or unhappy in a relationship, job, or circumstance but conflicted on whether to stay or go. Or maybe you already left what no longer serves you, and now need to process and grieve. Together, let's collaborate and heal toward a healthy, sustainable and authentic future. Happy to work with clients based in Maryland and New Jersey.
(410) 401-8159 View (410) 401-8159
Cognitive Behavioral (CBT) Therapists

How does cognitive behavioral therapy work?

Cognitive behavioral therapy works by exploring how your thoughts affect your emotions and experiences. CBT helps you identify distortions in your thinking. For example, you may tend to jump to the worst case scenario catastrophizing or think in extremes (all-or-nothing thinking). A therapist can teach you how to push back against those thoughts to ultimately change your feelings and behavior for the better. They can also provide coping skills to better deal with stressors and challenges.

When do I know to seek treatment with cognitive behavioral therapy?

It’s reasonable to consider cognitive behavioral therapy if you struggle to manage difficult emotions or behaviors to such an extent that you are not getting the most out of life on a day-to-day basis. If you want a shorter term, concrete, skills-based approach, CBT is a great option. (By contrast, other types of therapy may devote more time to exploring your past and its effects.) The decision to seek CBT also depends on the condition you’re treating; CBT is an effective treatment for anxiety, depression, trauma, and many other disorders.

How can I find a cognitive behavioral therapist for someone else?

To find a cognitive behavioral therapist for someone else, you may want to begin by discussing the person’s problem, researching cognitive behavioral therapy, and assessing whether the approach is the right fit. You could then reach out to a few cognitive behavioral therapists in this directory, explain the scenario, have a consultation with those available, and determine who could be a good match.

Why is CBT such a popular form of therapy?

CBT has become a popular form of therapy because it is effective and accessible. Robust research has demonstrated that CBT is an effective treatment for many mental health conditions. And CBT can be learned in relatively few sessions, which means that many people can engage in the process, afford it, and see results quickly. It involves learning concrete skills such as disputing unhelpful thoughts; these skills can also be taught and spread widely.