Photo of Kristin Harris-McDonald, Psychologist in Fort Worth, TX
Kristin Harris-McDonald
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fort Worth, TX 76107  (Online Only)
You are struggling. Perhaps your mood has been low, or anxiety is keeping you from feeling fulfilled. You may be living with the effects of trauma and be uncertain how to mend relationships with yourself and others. Or maybe you have lost an important person or part of your life, and you feel empty and alone. Additionally, general life stressors may leave you feeling that there is no end to your stress. Your work, relationships, and general life satisfaction are suffering, and getting through the day is difficult. You know that something isn’t right, and you want to know how to make it better.
You are struggling. Perhaps your mood has been low, or anxiety is keeping you from feeling fulfilled. You may be living with the effects of trauma and be uncertain how to mend relationships with yourself and others. Or maybe you have lost an important person or part of your life, and you feel empty and alone. Additionally, general life stressors may leave you feeling that there is no end to your stress. Your work, relationships, and general life satisfaction are suffering, and getting through the day is difficult. You know that something isn’t right, and you want to know how to make it better.
(214) 740-6083 View (214) 740-6083
Photo of Caroline (Cara) Kasemsri, Licensed Professional Counselor in Fort Worth, TX
Caroline (Cara) Kasemsri
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fort Worth, TX 76109
Waitlist for new clients
My experience in helping clients from multiple settings work through life stressors, addiction, trauma, and grief has made compassion the foundation of my approach.
Life can feel unmanageable at certain points. It takes courage to ask for help during these times. My professional career in the mental health field has shown me the importance of an empathetic relationship. I strive to provide unconditional acceptance and support throughout the counseling process.
My experience in helping clients from multiple settings work through life stressors, addiction, trauma, and grief has made compassion the foundation of my approach.
Life can feel unmanageable at certain points. It takes courage to ask for help during these times. My professional career in the mental health field has shown me the importance of an empathetic relationship. I strive to provide unconditional acceptance and support throughout the counseling process.
(806) 450-4606 View (806) 450-4606
Photo of Mylie Greenbach, Licensed Professional Counselor in Fort Worth, TX
Mylie Greenbach
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, PhD
Verified Verified
Fort Worth, TX 76110
I am a licensed professional counselor and a Ph.D. candidate with clinical experience starting in 2005. I assist individuals, couples, and families in resolving issues such as ADHD, Anger Management, Anxiety, Coping Skills, Behavioral Issues, Aging, Bipolar Disorder, Borderline Personality, Career Counseling, Codependency, Depression, Domestic Abuse/Violence, Life Coaching, Family Conflict, Emotional Disturbance, Life Transitions, Job Stress, Grief, and many more. I use a mix of Couples ACT, EFT, EMDR, DBT, CBT, MBCT, and many more. I believe in building on my client's strengths to attain the growth and changes they want to achieve.
I am a licensed professional counselor and a Ph.D. candidate with clinical experience starting in 2005. I assist individuals, couples, and families in resolving issues such as ADHD, Anger Management, Anxiety, Coping Skills, Behavioral Issues, Aging, Bipolar Disorder, Borderline Personality, Career Counseling, Codependency, Depression, Domestic Abuse/Violence, Life Coaching, Family Conflict, Emotional Disturbance, Life Transitions, Job Stress, Grief, and many more. I use a mix of Couples ACT, EFT, EMDR, DBT, CBT, MBCT, and many more. I believe in building on my client's strengths to attain the growth and changes they want to achieve.
(281) 688-4982 View (281) 688-4982
Photo of Tricia Tillman, Marriage & Family Therapist in Fort Worth, TX
Tricia Tillman
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fort Worth, TX 76137
Not accepting new clients
I have experience in addiction, co-dependency, mental health issues, and relational issues. My specialty is working from a systemic framework and helping people understand themselves in the context of relationships in their life. I provide a safe place to be understood and to begin their path towards healing and growing.
I have experience in addiction, co-dependency, mental health issues, and relational issues. My specialty is working from a systemic framework and helping people understand themselves in the context of relationships in their life. I provide a safe place to be understood and to begin their path towards healing and growing.
(682) 628-0583 View (682) 628-0583
Photo of Shari M Purry, Licensed Professional Counselor in Fort Worth, TX
Shari M Purry
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC-S
Verified Verified
Fort Worth, TX 76101  (Online Only)
Shari M. Purry is a graduate from Pepperdine University, Graduate School of Education & Psychology, Encino, California. She has a Master of Arts Degree in Clinical Psychology with an Emphasis in Marriage and Family Therapy. Shari has been a Licensed Counselor in Louisiana since 2015 and Texas since 2023. Shari is also a Adjunct Professor at Upper Iowa University since 2012.
Shari M. Purry is a graduate from Pepperdine University, Graduate School of Education & Psychology, Encino, California. She has a Master of Arts Degree in Clinical Psychology with an Emphasis in Marriage and Family Therapy. Shari has been a Licensed Counselor in Louisiana since 2015 and Texas since 2023. Shari is also a Adjunct Professor at Upper Iowa University since 2012.
(504) 608-5427 View (504) 608-5427
Photo of Nathaniel J Metzger, Counselor in Fort Worth, TX
Nathaniel J Metzger
Counselor, LMHC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fort Worth, TX 76164  (Online Only)
I facilitate a creative space in order to develop practical and individualized goals for each client. I offer a solution focused approach based on a humanistic and relational framework. Me dedico a desarrollar un espacio terapéutico en donde un cliente y su terapeuta forman un proceso de colaboración. Las metas de terapia se basan en las necesidades presentes del cliente, y se navegan desde perspectivas de psicología relacionales y humanistas.
I facilitate a creative space in order to develop practical and individualized goals for each client. I offer a solution focused approach based on a humanistic and relational framework. Me dedico a desarrollar un espacio terapéutico en donde un cliente y su terapeuta forman un proceso de colaboración. Las metas de terapia se basan en las necesidades presentes del cliente, y se navegan desde perspectivas de psicología relacionales y humanistas.
(817) 661-2129 View (817) 661-2129
Photo of Christine R Nickerson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Fort Worth, TX
Christine R Nickerson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Fort Worth, TX 76110
Life's journey is different for everyone. Sometimes it feels as if we are just along for the ride, whether it's smooth or bumpy. The road to discovering yourself can be difficult and confusing. With the right skills and strategies, you can increase your capacity to navigate a thriving life and enhance your emotional awareness. I strive to help my clients regain control of their lives. As a clinical therapist, I work to help children, adolescents, adults, couples, and families manage the struggles and stress of life, as well as those affected by low self-esteem, depression, anger, anxiety, poor communication styles, and trauma.
Life's journey is different for everyone. Sometimes it feels as if we are just along for the ride, whether it's smooth or bumpy. The road to discovering yourself can be difficult and confusing. With the right skills and strategies, you can increase your capacity to navigate a thriving life and enhance your emotional awareness. I strive to help my clients regain control of their lives. As a clinical therapist, I work to help children, adolescents, adults, couples, and families manage the struggles and stress of life, as well as those affected by low self-esteem, depression, anger, anxiety, poor communication styles, and trauma.
(469) 609-1988 View (469) 609-1988
Photo of Kandace Williamson, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Fort Worth, TX
Kandace Williamson
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MS, LMFT-A
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Fort Worth, TX 76107
Is the communication in your marriage or relationship missing the mark? Do you feel unheard, unappreciated, or disregarded? Is the structure or hierarchy in your family unbalanced? Loving yourself and feeling empowered in your marriage, family or relationships can create a positive shift with the right guidance and a place to process the complexities we face in our relationships. I work couples, families, individuals, and teenagers struggling with communication issues, suicidal ideation, self-harm, trauma, grief, drug addiction, alcohol abuse, porn addiction, and sexual problems. The solutions are there. Let's find them!
Is the communication in your marriage or relationship missing the mark? Do you feel unheard, unappreciated, or disregarded? Is the structure or hierarchy in your family unbalanced? Loving yourself and feeling empowered in your marriage, family or relationships can create a positive shift with the right guidance and a place to process the complexities we face in our relationships. I work couples, families, individuals, and teenagers struggling with communication issues, suicidal ideation, self-harm, trauma, grief, drug addiction, alcohol abuse, porn addiction, and sexual problems. The solutions are there. Let's find them!
(469) 747-1183 View (469) 747-1183
Photo of Dorothy Knoll, Licensed Professional Counselor in Fort Worth, TX
Dorothy Knoll
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, NCC, CCTP
Verified Verified
Fort Worth, TX 76102
I also have the certification of a clinical trauma professional.
The client and I are partners in developing the skills necessary for managing the stresses of life while determining what a meaningful life looks like for them. Although we look at the past to learn from it, the client and I generally focus on the present and future and the unique strengths of the client. This collaborative model of therapy aids the client in taking more control of their life.
I also have the certification of a clinical trauma professional.
The client and I are partners in developing the skills necessary for managing the stresses of life while determining what a meaningful life looks like for them. Although we look at the past to learn from it, the client and I generally focus on the present and future and the unique strengths of the client. This collaborative model of therapy aids the client in taking more control of their life.
(913) 828-4670 View (913) 828-4670
Photo of Terri A Plaisance, Counselor in Fort Worth, TX
Terri A Plaisance
Counselor, MS, LPC-S, RPT-S
Verified Verified
Fort Worth, TX 76177
I have extensive training and experience working with children who have experienced trauma, abuse, and neglect.
Everyone has uphill battles to fight and hurdles to overcome at some point in their busy lives. Whatever the struggle in your life, there is hope for a better tomorrow. I am here to help you work toward your goals and overcome barriers in a safe and comfortable environment. I provide mental health services to individuals, children, adolescents, and families. I specialize in the treatment of a wide variety of problems and challenges.
I have extensive training and experience working with children who have experienced trauma, abuse, and neglect.
Everyone has uphill battles to fight and hurdles to overcome at some point in their busy lives. Whatever the struggle in your life, there is hope for a better tomorrow. I am here to help you work toward your goals and overcome barriers in a safe and comfortable environment. I provide mental health services to individuals, children, adolescents, and families. I specialize in the treatment of a wide variety of problems and challenges.
(682) 204-4335 View (682) 204-4335
Photo of Wendy Bates, Psychologist in Fort Worth, TX
Wendy Bates
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Fort Worth, TX 76107
Dallas Therapy Associates was founded by Dr. Bates in 2019. We are a group of psychologists who specialize in the treatment of individuals, couples, and families. As a group we consider the study of human development, the mind and human interactions our passion. Individually we are well versed in a variety of treatment approaches and have a diverse clinical background.
Dallas Therapy Associates was founded by Dr. Bates in 2019. We are a group of psychologists who specialize in the treatment of individuals, couples, and families. As a group we consider the study of human development, the mind and human interactions our passion. Individually we are well versed in a variety of treatment approaches and have a diverse clinical background.
(972) 445-9560 View (972) 445-9560
Photo of Mind Above Matter in Fort Worth, TX
Mind Above Matter
LMSW, LPC, MD, PhD, MSSW
Verified Verified
Fort Worth, TX 76137
Does life seem unbearable? Are things becoming more difficult to cope with? Are you seeking help, but feel overwhelmed with the possible options? At Mind Above Matter, our unique treatment approach provides virtually all levels of care, under one roof. The advantage to our Continuity of Care Model, is that you're able to work with the same group of therapists and psychiatrists throughout your entire treatment. No more switching counselors and retelling your story over and over, and no more medication changes due to psychiatrists learning how you respond to different psychotropic medications. We offer personalized care and are locally owned and operated.
Does life seem unbearable? Are things becoming more difficult to cope with? Are you seeking help, but feel overwhelmed with the possible options? At Mind Above Matter, our unique treatment approach provides virtually all levels of care, under one roof. The advantage to our Continuity of Care Model, is that you're able to work with the same group of therapists and psychiatrists throughout your entire treatment. No more switching counselors and retelling your story over and over, and no more medication changes due to psychiatrists learning how you respond to different psychotropic medications. We offer personalized care and are locally owned and operated.
(817) 857-6577 View (817) 857-6577
Photo of Metroplex Mental Health, PLLC in Fort Worth, TX
Metroplex Mental Health, PLLC
MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fort Worth, TX 76104
Therapy tailored to meet your needs. Do you find yourself having more bad days than good ones? Are there times it feels like one more thing in your world will make you snap? Tired of constantly fighting over money and laundry and who fed the dog last? Tapped out by the demands of social media? Relationship problems? How about lacking general direction in your life and wanting to explore more of who you are and want you want in the world? Depression? Anxiety? Spirituality? LGBTQIA+? Testing to better understand yourself? We understand what it means to be wonderfully complex people who want to live a happier and healthier life.
Therapy tailored to meet your needs. Do you find yourself having more bad days than good ones? Are there times it feels like one more thing in your world will make you snap? Tired of constantly fighting over money and laundry and who fed the dog last? Tapped out by the demands of social media? Relationship problems? How about lacking general direction in your life and wanting to explore more of who you are and want you want in the world? Depression? Anxiety? Spirituality? LGBTQIA+? Testing to better understand yourself? We understand what it means to be wonderfully complex people who want to live a happier and healthier life.
(817) 697-7372 View (817) 697-7372
Photo of Azadeh Shirgir, Licensed Professional Counselor in Fort Worth, TX
Azadeh Shirgir
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LMHC, EMDR-tr
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fort Worth, TX 76244  (Online Only)
My therapeutic approaches include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), existential therapy, EMDR, and NET for trauma, feminist therapy, along with mindfulness practices.
Hello everyone, I'm Azadeh, also known as Azi. With nearly a decade of experience as a psychotherapist, I've worked with clients of diverse ages and backgrounds. My focus is on assisting individuals dealing with anxiety and depression, guiding them to discover their inner strength for a happier self. Certified as a trauma and anxiety clinician (CCTP and CCATP), I draw inspiration from quotes like Mary Oliver's "Tell me, what is it you plan to do with your one wild and precious life?" and “Breathing in, I calm my body. Breathing out, I smile. Dwelling in the present moment, I know this is the only moment.” Thich Nhat Hahn.
My therapeutic approaches include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), existential therapy, EMDR, and NET for trauma, feminist therapy, along with mindfulness practices.
Hello everyone, I'm Azadeh, also known as Azi. With nearly a decade of experience as a psychotherapist, I've worked with clients of diverse ages and backgrounds. My focus is on assisting individuals dealing with anxiety and depression, guiding them to discover their inner strength for a happier self. Certified as a trauma and anxiety clinician (CCTP and CCATP), I draw inspiration from quotes like Mary Oliver's "Tell me, what is it you plan to do with your one wild and precious life?" and “Breathing in, I calm my body. Breathing out, I smile. Dwelling in the present moment, I know this is the only moment.” Thich Nhat Hahn.
(682) 327-1176 View (682) 327-1176
Photo of Nikki Dear, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fort Worth, TX
Nikki Dear
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Fort Worth, TX 76132
My goal is to walk with you through overcoming shame, negative self-talk, and trauma so that you can start to live the life that you want.
We live in a world where we are expected to do it all, perfectly, and without struggling. We are constantly comparing ourselves to others and we declare ourselves "not good enough." These feelings tend to dictate our response to those around us, so that we are really just reacting to what is going on behind the scenes without even realizing it. I believe that a lot of the issues that present on the surface -- family issues, addiction, depression, and anxiety -- can be treated by focusing on overcoming shame, negative self-talk, and trauma. If this can be done, then the chances of improving your quality of life increases.
My goal is to walk with you through overcoming shame, negative self-talk, and trauma so that you can start to live the life that you want.
We live in a world where we are expected to do it all, perfectly, and without struggling. We are constantly comparing ourselves to others and we declare ourselves "not good enough." These feelings tend to dictate our response to those around us, so that we are really just reacting to what is going on behind the scenes without even realizing it. I believe that a lot of the issues that present on the surface -- family issues, addiction, depression, and anxiety -- can be treated by focusing on overcoming shame, negative self-talk, and trauma. If this can be done, then the chances of improving your quality of life increases.
(682) 255-3520 View (682) 255-3520
Photo of Kathryn Foster, Psychologist in Fort Worth, TX
Kathryn Foster
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Fort Worth, TX 76132
Hi. I understand that when you're hurting, you need understanding and sensitivity. I fit therapy to my individual client's personality and needs so it will work! We can use talk therapy, including cognitive-behavioral, hypnosis, sensorimotor psychotherapy (see more on my website.) I tend to be an active therapist and have worked extensively with abused, depressed, and anxious persons, and also specialize in couples therapy and dissociative disorders. With a Ph.D. in psychology and masters in couples/family therapy, I've done psychotherapy for 32 years. Please don't hesitate to write me.
Hi. I understand that when you're hurting, you need understanding and sensitivity. I fit therapy to my individual client's personality and needs so it will work! We can use talk therapy, including cognitive-behavioral, hypnosis, sensorimotor psychotherapy (see more on my website.) I tend to be an active therapist and have worked extensively with abused, depressed, and anxious persons, and also specialize in couples therapy and dissociative disorders. With a Ph.D. in psychology and masters in couples/family therapy, I've done psychotherapy for 32 years. Please don't hesitate to write me.
(817) 438-0711 View (817) 438-0711
Photo of Center for Counseling and Family Relationships, Marriage & Family Therapist in Fort Worth, TX
Center for Counseling and Family Relationships
Marriage & Family Therapist, LPC-S, LMFT-S, RPT-S, CEAP, NCC
Verified Verified
Fort Worth, TX 76137
Our Mission is that lasting change can happen by providing: Support on life’s journey, an Opportunity to heal, and Sifting of values during decisions (S.O.S). Our core values are: Healing – Providing counseling to help resolve issues impacting your life and the lives of your family members Empowering - Giving you tools and resources to build healthy relationships on a firm foundation Connecting – Strengthening relationships for children, adults, couples, and families with God and each other
Our Mission is that lasting change can happen by providing: Support on life’s journey, an Opportunity to heal, and Sifting of values during decisions (S.O.S). Our core values are: Healing – Providing counseling to help resolve issues impacting your life and the lives of your family members Empowering - Giving you tools and resources to build healthy relationships on a firm foundation Connecting – Strengthening relationships for children, adults, couples, and families with God and each other
(817) 653-8616 View (817) 653-8616
Photo of Troy L Callaway MS, LMFT, PLLC, Marriage & Family Therapist in Fort Worth, TX
Troy L Callaway MS, LMFT, PLLC
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT, PLLC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Fort Worth, TX 76119
Neurofeedback is utilized for helping with long-term brain issues such as ADHD, Depression, Anxiety, PTSD, Substance Abuse, OCD, as well as Athletic Performance Enhancement, Peak Performance for Executives, business and school performance.
My behavioral health work began in 1988, with adolescents and their families, branching into extremely effective work with addictions and couples counseling. I am trained in EMDR & Brainspotting (BSP), a very fast paced healing process for all types of trauma, PTSD, abuse issues, anxiety, overwhelming emotions, grief issues and cravings. I work most quickly with athletes suffering from mental blocks, injuries and other issues inhibiting performance even though the injury is completely healed. Many of my athletic clients have completed in just a two hour session.
Neurofeedback is utilized for helping with long-term brain issues such as ADHD, Depression, Anxiety, PTSD, Substance Abuse, OCD, as well as Athletic Performance Enhancement, Peak Performance for Executives, business and school performance.
My behavioral health work began in 1988, with adolescents and their families, branching into extremely effective work with addictions and couples counseling. I am trained in EMDR & Brainspotting (BSP), a very fast paced healing process for all types of trauma, PTSD, abuse issues, anxiety, overwhelming emotions, grief issues and cravings. I work most quickly with athletes suffering from mental blocks, injuries and other issues inhibiting performance even though the injury is completely healed. Many of my athletic clients have completed in just a two hour session.
(817) 779-7055 View (817) 779-7055
Photo of Natalia Olvera, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Fort Worth, TX
Natalia Olvera
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Fort Worth, TX 76102  (Online Only)
Hi there! My name is Natalia Olvera, LCSW. I am an individual therapist specializing in trauma. Whether it be a single experience or a complex history, we can work together to process and heal. I am also a sex therapist and I work on issues such as: desire discrepancies, sexual functioning, sexual orientation and gender issues. My practice is a safe and affirming space for BDSM/kink, polyamorous, neurodivergent and LGTBQIA+ folks. Todos mis servicios se ofrecen en Español.
Hi there! My name is Natalia Olvera, LCSW. I am an individual therapist specializing in trauma. Whether it be a single experience or a complex history, we can work together to process and heal. I am also a sex therapist and I work on issues such as: desire discrepancies, sexual functioning, sexual orientation and gender issues. My practice is a safe and affirming space for BDSM/kink, polyamorous, neurodivergent and LGTBQIA+ folks. Todos mis servicios se ofrecen en Español.
(817) 968-7113 View (817) 968-7113
Photo of Jerred Preston White, Licensed Professional Counselor in Fort Worth, TX
Jerred Preston White
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LCDC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Fort Worth, TX 76140
I strongly believe my life experiences and educational background allow me to be versatility equipped and empathetic towards the potential trauma endured by the individual and family.
Jerred P. White MA, LCDC, LPC. I earned my graduate degree from Amberton University with a major in Masters of Arts in Professional Counseling and Bachelors degree in Science of Business and Human Development. I attended the Institute of Chemical Dependency school and completed over 4000 hours of chemical dependency counseling in residential and outpatient treatment facilities in efforts to become a fully licensed LCDC. I have over 10 years of working with families, individuals adults and children.
I strongly believe my life experiences and educational background allow me to be versatility equipped and empathetic towards the potential trauma endured by the individual and family.
Jerred P. White MA, LCDC, LPC. I earned my graduate degree from Amberton University with a major in Masters of Arts in Professional Counseling and Bachelors degree in Science of Business and Human Development. I attended the Institute of Chemical Dependency school and completed over 4000 hours of chemical dependency counseling in residential and outpatient treatment facilities in efforts to become a fully licensed LCDC. I have over 10 years of working with families, individuals adults and children.
(469) 529-5786 View (469) 529-5786
Trauma and PTSD Therapists

When should I seek treatment for trauma?

Not everyone who undergoes trauma needs therapy to heal, but many do. If, after experiencing a traumatic event, you find yourself struggling with symptoms such as nightmares, dissociation, irritability, or emotional numbness—especially if these symptoms last more than a month and are severe enough to interfere with your daily functioning—you may benefit from seeking out therapy with a trauma-informed provider.

How long does trauma therapy take?

Different types of therapy for trauma unfold on different timelines. Prolonged exposure therapy and cognitive processing therapy, for example, each take about three months, while trauma-informed CBT may last anywhere from 8 to 25 sessions. Other approaches, especially those that are less structured or that incorporate elements from multiple modalities, may be more open-ended, though many patients report feeling better within the first few months of treatment.

What happens if trauma is left untreated?

Unaddressed trauma can have serious—even devastating—effects on relationships, career, and day-to-day functioning. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) can lead people to distrust or lash out at others, making it difficult to maintain intimate relationships; it can also trigger symptoms such as flashbacks or hyperreactivity that can interfere with a person’s ability to function effectively, personally and/or professionally. Some sufferers turn to drugs to find relief. Symptoms may lessen on their own with time, but there is no guarantee that PTSD will resolve on its own.

Can PTSD come back after treatment?

It is possible for PTSD symptoms to recur months or years after successful treatment. This is because, like most mental health disorders, it is not possible to “cure” PTSD, and stressful life events may cause symptoms to recur in even the most resilient individuals. There is no shame in re-experiencing PTSD symptoms nor in returning to therapy when such relapses occur; indeed, many forms of trauma therapy explicitly encourage periodic “maintenance sessions” to reinforce coping skills and ensure that symptoms stay manageable.