Photo of Randi Zimmerman @ Randi Z. Therapy Consulting , Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Plainview, NY
Randi Zimmerman @ Randi Z. Therapy Consulting
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R, CEDS-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Plainview, NY 11803
At The Time is Always Now Therapy Group, Randi Zimmerman, LCSW-R, CEDS-S and her team are ready for you! "What lies before you and what lies behind you are tiny matters compared to what lies within you." - Ralph Waldo Emerson. For those who wish to be the best they can be, to heal and strive and connect, therapy can help you achieve the highest quality of your life. Your unique strengths will be uncovered and cultivated to help you meet the challenges before you. You will be guided and nurtured to achieve and exceed your goals, to take the risks necessary to fulfill your dreams. The time to start is now!
At The Time is Always Now Therapy Group, Randi Zimmerman, LCSW-R, CEDS-S and her team are ready for you! "What lies before you and what lies behind you are tiny matters compared to what lies within you." - Ralph Waldo Emerson. For those who wish to be the best they can be, to heal and strive and connect, therapy can help you achieve the highest quality of your life. Your unique strengths will be uncovered and cultivated to help you meet the challenges before you. You will be guided and nurtured to achieve and exceed your goals, to take the risks necessary to fulfill your dreams. The time to start is now!
(516) 986-4345 View (516) 986-4345
Photo of Jennifer A. Levy, LCSW, P.C. , Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Plainview, NY
Jennifer A. Levy, LCSW, P.C.
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Plainview, NY 11803  (Online Only)
I also specialize in substance abuse, addiction, grief, trauma, disordered eating, OCD, and ADHD.
As we go through various life transitions, sometimes we feel burdensome to our friends and family. You may feel like the people you love don’t understand you. You may even feel like a stranger to yourself. I am here to provide you a safe space to process those feelings and help you through this period of change. We can learn who this new you is whether you are a new parent, divorcee, empty nester, dealing with grief or loss of a loved one, dealing with a new diagnosis or illness, working on your relationship or marriage, starting school or a new career, or just getting older and learning to cope.
I also specialize in substance abuse, addiction, grief, trauma, disordered eating, OCD, and ADHD.
As we go through various life transitions, sometimes we feel burdensome to our friends and family. You may feel like the people you love don’t understand you. You may even feel like a stranger to yourself. I am here to provide you a safe space to process those feelings and help you through this period of change. We can learn who this new you is whether you are a new parent, divorcee, empty nester, dealing with grief or loss of a loved one, dealing with a new diagnosis or illness, working on your relationship or marriage, starting school or a new career, or just getting older and learning to cope.
(516) 412-7608 View (516) 412-7608
Photo of Kimberly Meere, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Plainview, NY
Kimberly Meere
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Plainview, NY 11803
Life can be easier! Learn specific tools in each session to reduce anxiety, stress, depression, and simply work through life's challenges. Over the last 10 years I have guided many individuals, families, couples, and groups to a new state of understanding and personal growth in their lives. I specialize in helping adults and children struggling with issues related to anxiety, panic attacks, depression, school refusal, divorce, and PTSD.. My style of counseling fosters personal growth and family cohesion in a warm, friendly, and safe environment.
Life can be easier! Learn specific tools in each session to reduce anxiety, stress, depression, and simply work through life's challenges. Over the last 10 years I have guided many individuals, families, couples, and groups to a new state of understanding and personal growth in their lives. I specialize in helping adults and children struggling with issues related to anxiety, panic attacks, depression, school refusal, divorce, and PTSD.. My style of counseling fosters personal growth and family cohesion in a warm, friendly, and safe environment.
(516) 490-8108 View (516) 490-8108
Photo of South Shore Counseling and Psychological Services, Psychologist in Plainview, NY
South Shore Counseling and Psychological Services
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Plainview, NY 11803
South Shore Counseling is a private practice on beautiful Crossways Park Drive North in Woodbury, right off of the 135! We accept the majority of major insurance plans. Our talented psychotherapists have a variety of clinical specialties; we work with a wide range of patients of all ages through many presenting issues: anxiety, depression, mood disorders, ADHD, PTSD, relationship issues, family-of-origin issues, school/college issues, adjustment-related disorders, and Workers' Comp/No Fault cases, among others. Being part of your development and healing is our true privilege. We have additional locations in Wantagh and Amityville.
South Shore Counseling is a private practice on beautiful Crossways Park Drive North in Woodbury, right off of the 135! We accept the majority of major insurance plans. Our talented psychotherapists have a variety of clinical specialties; we work with a wide range of patients of all ages through many presenting issues: anxiety, depression, mood disorders, ADHD, PTSD, relationship issues, family-of-origin issues, school/college issues, adjustment-related disorders, and Workers' Comp/No Fault cases, among others. Being part of your development and healing is our true privilege. We have additional locations in Wantagh and Amityville.
(516) 785-0323 View (516) 785-0323
Photo of Marissa Sherov, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Plainview, NY
Marissa Sherov
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PMH-C
Verified Verified
Plainview, NY 11803
I believe that the therapeutic relationship is an integral part to the healing journey. I work hard at creating trust and safety with those that I work with by providing an honest, authentic, and nonjudgmental presence. It is my goal to accept whatever a person may bring to therapy while also seeing the possibility of change. I work with adults to help them navigate challenges along their journey to parenthood.  I help them cope with the emotional and mental load of trying to conceive; manage feelings of grief, loss, anxiety, and depression; to heal from trauma; adjust to motherhood; and so much more.
I believe that the therapeutic relationship is an integral part to the healing journey. I work hard at creating trust and safety with those that I work with by providing an honest, authentic, and nonjudgmental presence. It is my goal to accept whatever a person may bring to therapy while also seeing the possibility of change. I work with adults to help them navigate challenges along their journey to parenthood.  I help them cope with the emotional and mental load of trying to conceive; manage feelings of grief, loss, anxiety, and depression; to heal from trauma; adjust to motherhood; and so much more.
(631) 380-1617 View (631) 380-1617
Photo of InsightDBT - Merrick, Mental Health Counselor in Plainview, NY
InsightDBT - Merrick
Mental Health Counselor, LMHC, CDBT
Verified Verified
Plainview, NY 11803
We help those who struggle with impulse control get control back; our therapy targets self-harming behaviors, suicidality, overeating, alcohol, and substance use.
If you’re reading this, know you’re not alone. One in five Americans are diagnosed with a mental health condition every year, and one out of six teenagers struggle currently with depression. You’re probably looking for compassionate and effective therapy either for yourself or your child. Well, you’re in luck. At InsightDBT, we provide cutting edge, compassionate, and effective Dialectical Behavior Therapy to teens, adults, and their families.
We help those who struggle with impulse control get control back; our therapy targets self-harming behaviors, suicidality, overeating, alcohol, and substance use.
If you’re reading this, know you’re not alone. One in five Americans are diagnosed with a mental health condition every year, and one out of six teenagers struggle currently with depression. You’re probably looking for compassionate and effective therapy either for yourself or your child. Well, you’re in luck. At InsightDBT, we provide cutting edge, compassionate, and effective Dialectical Behavior Therapy to teens, adults, and their families.
(516) 210-2327 View (516) 210-2327

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Carol Torossian, Psychologist in Plainview, NY
Carol Torossian
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Jericho, NY 11753
I am a clinical psychologist who has been trained in both psychodynamic and cognitive behavioral therapy. I tailor my approach based on the needs of my client and work closely to ensure a successful professional relationship. I work well with adolescents and adults, with issues ranging from life adjustments to more severe mood and psychological disorders. I am also collaborative with psychiatrists in the treatment of my clients.
I am a clinical psychologist who has been trained in both psychodynamic and cognitive behavioral therapy. I tailor my approach based on the needs of my client and work closely to ensure a successful professional relationship. I work well with adolescents and adults, with issues ranging from life adjustments to more severe mood and psychological disorders. I am also collaborative with psychiatrists in the treatment of my clients.
(516) 252-3590 View (516) 252-3590
Photo of South Shore Counseling and Psychological Services, Psychologist in Plainview, NY
South Shore Counseling and Psychological Services
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Jericho, NY 11753
South Shore Counseling and Psychological Services is a private practice with locations in Wantagh, Woodbury, and Amityville, on Long Island. Our talented psychotherapists have a variety of clinical specialties; we work with a wide range of patients of all ages through many presenting issues: anxious disorders, depressive disorders, mood disorders, ADD/ADHD, PTSD, relationship issues, family-of-origin issues, school/college issues, adjustment-related disorders, and Workers' Comp/No Fault cases, among others. We consider it our privilege to be part of our patients' development and healing.
South Shore Counseling and Psychological Services is a private practice with locations in Wantagh, Woodbury, and Amityville, on Long Island. Our talented psychotherapists have a variety of clinical specialties; we work with a wide range of patients of all ages through many presenting issues: anxious disorders, depressive disorders, mood disorders, ADD/ADHD, PTSD, relationship issues, family-of-origin issues, school/college issues, adjustment-related disorders, and Workers' Comp/No Fault cases, among others. We consider it our privilege to be part of our patients' development and healing.
(516) 785-0323 View (516) 785-0323
Photo of Staci Leavitt Mind & Body Inc, Counselor in Plainview, NY
Staci Leavitt Mind & Body Inc
Counselor, RD, LCSW, PsyD, Coaches, Staff
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Syosset, NY 11791
) Anxiety, Depression, Coping Skills, Divorce, Life Coaching, OCD, Confidence, Socialization, Self Esteem, Parenting, Substance Abuse, Impulse Control, Behavioral & Nutritional Counseling, Weight Control, Picky Eaters, Medical Diets: Diabetes, Cholesterol, Pregnancy, IBS, Celiac,etc.
We are a mental health, therapy, out-patient eating disorder and nutrition center. We handle all therapy & nutrition needs with the upmost amount of love, care and compassion. Having a mixed staff of Psychotherapists, Registered Dietitians & Coaches, we are able to treat a whole person, not just mind or body. Each patient is is viewed as an individual, allowing us to focus on THEIR personal needs/wishes. Our goal is to meet the patient where they are at and together help them understand their struggles and bring them to a happier & healthier place mentally & physically. Our passion is to provide the most safe/comfortable environment
) Anxiety, Depression, Coping Skills, Divorce, Life Coaching, OCD, Confidence, Socialization, Self Esteem, Parenting, Substance Abuse, Impulse Control, Behavioral & Nutritional Counseling, Weight Control, Picky Eaters, Medical Diets: Diabetes, Cholesterol, Pregnancy, IBS, Celiac,etc.
We are a mental health, therapy, out-patient eating disorder and nutrition center. We handle all therapy & nutrition needs with the upmost amount of love, care and compassion. Having a mixed staff of Psychotherapists, Registered Dietitians & Coaches, we are able to treat a whole person, not just mind or body. Each patient is is viewed as an individual, allowing us to focus on THEIR personal needs/wishes. Our goal is to meet the patient where they are at and together help them understand their struggles and bring them to a happier & healthier place mentally & physically. Our passion is to provide the most safe/comfortable environment
(516) 433-1456 View (516) 433-1456
Photo of Liz M Cooke, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Plainview, NY
Liz M Cooke
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Syosset, NY 11791
Do you find yourself wondering “How did I get here?” Life has a way of taking some unexpected (and unwanted) twists and turns that can leave you feeling confused and overwhelmed. You may experience this as anxiety, depression or isolation. Feeling stuck in the past or anxious about the future can impact your mood, your behavior, and your capacity for happiness. “Where do I go from here?” is a powerful question that can open doors to self-awareness and greater happiness. As a trained professional, I can help you explore that question.
Do you find yourself wondering “How did I get here?” Life has a way of taking some unexpected (and unwanted) twists and turns that can leave you feeling confused and overwhelmed. You may experience this as anxiety, depression or isolation. Feeling stuck in the past or anxious about the future can impact your mood, your behavior, and your capacity for happiness. “Where do I go from here?” is a powerful question that can open doors to self-awareness and greater happiness. As a trained professional, I can help you explore that question.
(516) 789-2687 View (516) 789-2687
Photo of Randy Lee Braff, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Plainview, NY
Randy Lee Braff
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Jericho, NY 11753
I believe that if an individual desires change, recovery is possible. Every individual deserves to live and experience a productive and fulfilling life. Today you are one step closer toward courageously seeking deeper understanding and a more positive path of growth and well-being. I have seen and assisted many individuals with a multitude of issues including mental illness, grief and loss, addiction and sexual orientation.
I believe that if an individual desires change, recovery is possible. Every individual deserves to live and experience a productive and fulfilling life. Today you are one step closer toward courageously seeking deeper understanding and a more positive path of growth and well-being. I have seen and assisted many individuals with a multitude of issues including mental illness, grief and loss, addiction and sexual orientation.
(631) 406-9215 View (631) 406-9215
Photo of Katherine A. Zuccaro, Counselor in Plainview, NY
Katherine A. Zuccaro
Counselor, MA, MEd, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bethpage, NY 11714
Are you contemplating therapy? Do you want to discuss issues with someone unbiased? Are you feeling "stuck" or confused? Whether you need additional support, would like to take your life in a new direction or are coping with a life-altering circumstance, therapy can be beneficial. Because no two individuals are alike, my treatment modality is eclectic, individualized and client-centered. I will tailor my approach and treatment plan according to your specific needs and goals. I am reflective, compassionate, collaborative, nonjudgmental, professional and active in the treatment process.
Are you contemplating therapy? Do you want to discuss issues with someone unbiased? Are you feeling "stuck" or confused? Whether you need additional support, would like to take your life in a new direction or are coping with a life-altering circumstance, therapy can be beneficial. Because no two individuals are alike, my treatment modality is eclectic, individualized and client-centered. I will tailor my approach and treatment plan according to your specific needs and goals. I am reflective, compassionate, collaborative, nonjudgmental, professional and active in the treatment process.
(516) 629-0613 View (516) 629-0613
Photo of Natalie DiLascio, Licensed Master Social Worker in Plainview, NY
Natalie DiLascio
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Syosset, NY 11791
I am a licensed social worker committed to supporting children, adolescents, and adults through life's challenges. I establish authentic and powerful therapeutic connections with clients, using warmth, humor, genuine curiosity, and deep empathy. I believe that in order for our children to flourish, they must be able to deal with their emotional world and treat themselves with more compassion. Young people experience more stress than ever before. It is deeply important to find meaning and begin to explore their unique strengths.
I am a licensed social worker committed to supporting children, adolescents, and adults through life's challenges. I establish authentic and powerful therapeutic connections with clients, using warmth, humor, genuine curiosity, and deep empathy. I believe that in order for our children to flourish, they must be able to deal with their emotional world and treat themselves with more compassion. Young people experience more stress than ever before. It is deeply important to find meaning and begin to explore their unique strengths.
(516) 447-3331 View (516) 447-3331
Photo of Fran R Futterman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Plainview, NY
Fran R Futterman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Old Bethpage, NY 11804
Are you or a loved one feeling overwhelmed, anxious, sad, angry, or lonely? Do you feel stuck or depressed? Are you having problems in school or at work? Are you struggling in your relationships with friends or family? Are you frustrated with problems in your home? Are your children struggling in school or at home? Are you tolerating unacceptable behavior? If so, therapy can help. Therapy allows you to talk without judgement, learn new and healthy ways to cope with life's challenges and live the life that you want.
Are you or a loved one feeling overwhelmed, anxious, sad, angry, or lonely? Do you feel stuck or depressed? Are you having problems in school or at work? Are you struggling in your relationships with friends or family? Are you frustrated with problems in your home? Are your children struggling in school or at home? Are you tolerating unacceptable behavior? If so, therapy can help. Therapy allows you to talk without judgement, learn new and healthy ways to cope with life's challenges and live the life that you want.
(516) 252-3570 View (516) 252-3570
Photo of Michael Phillips, Counselor in Plainview, NY
Michael Phillips
Counselor, LMHC, NCC, CAMS-II, EMT-CC
Verified Verified
Hicksville, NY 11801
I am a licensed mental health counselor who specializes in working with children, adolescents and adults dealing with stress, anxiety, depression, anger, substance use, grief & loss, crisis and trauma, medical problems, as well as other areas. I am a nationally certified anger management specialist (for court-mandated and self-improvement clients). I work with individuals, couples and families in a non-judgmental, no-pressure, comfortable setting. I help individuals create an agenda that they want to address or improve in order to help them be happy and improve the quality of their life.
I am a licensed mental health counselor who specializes in working with children, adolescents and adults dealing with stress, anxiety, depression, anger, substance use, grief & loss, crisis and trauma, medical problems, as well as other areas. I am a nationally certified anger management specialist (for court-mandated and self-improvement clients). I work with individuals, couples and families in a non-judgmental, no-pressure, comfortable setting. I help individuals create an agenda that they want to address or improve in order to help them be happy and improve the quality of their life.
(516) 261-6447 View (516) 261-6447
Photo of Dorothy S. Hyde, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Plainview, NY
Dorothy S. Hyde
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DCSW, LCSW, ACSW, EMDRIA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hicksville, NY 11801
I believe in the dignity of every person and that we have the answers within ourselves. I will help you make the connections and you will be able to experience your best self. As an EMDRIA Approved Consultant and a Clinical Hypnotherapist , I always use the most recent therapeutic techniques that are are specifically designed for you..
I believe in the dignity of every person and that we have the answers within ourselves. I will help you make the connections and you will be able to experience your best self. As an EMDRIA Approved Consultant and a Clinical Hypnotherapist , I always use the most recent therapeutic techniques that are are specifically designed for you..
(516) 324-4070 View (516) 324-4070
Photo of Sari L. Klar, Counselor in Plainview, NY
Sari L. Klar
Counselor, LMHC , CASAC-T
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Woodbury, NY 11797
I am a school counselor, credentialed alcohol and substance abuse counselor and Reiki practitioner.
I am an experienced psychotherapist radiating with warmth and empathy. My group practice is a healing space for you to feel empowered and connect with your highest potential. We specialize in treating children, teens and adults struggling wit anxiety, depression, trauma and grief. By combining evidenced-based theories, creative interventions and alternative mind/body approaches. My practice is located in Long Beach as well as within Concierge Pediatrics in Roslyn & Woodbury.
I am a school counselor, credentialed alcohol and substance abuse counselor and Reiki practitioner.
I am an experienced psychotherapist radiating with warmth and empathy. My group practice is a healing space for you to feel empowered and connect with your highest potential. We specialize in treating children, teens and adults struggling wit anxiety, depression, trauma and grief. By combining evidenced-based theories, creative interventions and alternative mind/body approaches. My practice is located in Long Beach as well as within Concierge Pediatrics in Roslyn & Woodbury.
(516) 246-2237 View (516) 246-2237
Photo of Better Life Associates in Plainview, NY
Better Life Associates
PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Syosset, NY 11773
Hi, I'm Dr. Allegra Borghese. I'm passionate about helping people connect to their innate resources for healing and making meaning. Through a warm and committed therapeutic alliance, I foster awareness and growth in children, adolescents, and adults to overcome life's challenges. In addition to my doctorate from Fordham University, my training includes work in psychiatric hospitals, VA hospitals, addiction and eating disorder facilities, college counseling centers, and communities clinics.
Hi, I'm Dr. Allegra Borghese. I'm passionate about helping people connect to their innate resources for healing and making meaning. Through a warm and committed therapeutic alliance, I foster awareness and growth in children, adolescents, and adults to overcome life's challenges. In addition to my doctorate from Fordham University, my training includes work in psychiatric hospitals, VA hospitals, addiction and eating disorder facilities, college counseling centers, and communities clinics.
(516) 309-4863 View (516) 309-4863
Photo of Nickie Roth, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Plainview, NY
Nickie Roth
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, CASAC
Verified Verified
Hicksville, NY 11801
I believe that there are different pathways to helping clients reach their established goals. My primary focus is to establish a strong and empathic therapeutic relationship, as well as a secure base to help you navigate the journey of exploring and working through the root cause of your pain or presenting symptoms. As a psychotherapist, I have experience working with individuals, adolescents, and families with histories of severe emotional disorders, complex trauma, depression and anxiety.
I believe that there are different pathways to helping clients reach their established goals. My primary focus is to establish a strong and empathic therapeutic relationship, as well as a secure base to help you navigate the journey of exploring and working through the root cause of your pain or presenting symptoms. As a psychotherapist, I have experience working with individuals, adolescents, and families with histories of severe emotional disorders, complex trauma, depression and anxiety.
(516) 469-3967 View (516) 469-3967
Photo of First Step Directory, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Plainview, NY
First Step Directory
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Hicksville, NY 11801
Deirdre built First Step Therapy & Wellness Group from the ground up and has been hands on every step of the way. Her work ethic is indisputable and she is completely invested in creating a cohesive work environment adhering to values such as mutual respect and equality. She believes healthy doses of restraint combined with self discipline are key components to her success both personally and professionally. Deirdre is highly regarded by her peers and is a long-standing staple within the community where she is committed to creating a safe secure environment for her clients and colleagues. Ms. Holland currently maintains an established private practice
Deirdre built First Step Therapy & Wellness Group from the ground up and has been hands on every step of the way. Her work ethic is indisputable and she is completely invested in creating a cohesive work environment adhering to values such as mutual respect and equality. She believes healthy doses of restraint combined with self discipline are key components to her success both personally and professionally. Deirdre is highly regarded by her peers and is a long-standing staple within the community where she is committed to creating a safe secure environment for her clients and colleagues. Ms. Holland currently maintains an established private practice
(516) 324-3167 View (516) 324-3167
Addiction Therapists

What is the best therapy for addiction?

Addiction treatment will be tailored to the individual. People seeking help for addiction—whether with a psychotherapist, in an outpatient clinic, or in a residential program—should expect to engage in multiple types of treatments, sometimes including medication. For anyone recovering from addiction, avoiding situations in which one has typically used a substance is essential, as is the support of close connections. Since substance use disorders tend to co-occur with underlying mental health conditions such as anxiety or depression, those must also be addressed as part of any recovery plan.

How long does therapy for addiction take?

There is no set timeline for recovery from addiction. Patients and their families should expect the work to last several months, if not longer. Residential treatment programs may be based on a stay of 30, 60, or 90 days, with continuing work after release, but only about 1 percent of people are treated in such facilities. Ceasing use is just the first step; therapy to help maintain abstinence and effect behavior change must follow. The process of recovery, neuroscience has shown, involves brain cells recovering the capacity to respond to natural sources of reward and restore control over the impulse to use. Another definition of recovery is restoring voluntary control over one’s substance use and retaking all of one’s previous responsibilities.

How effective is drug addiction treatment?

Substance use disorders are treatable and remission is achievable for many who seek recovery; by some estimates, more than three-quarters of people who become addicted to alcohol or drugs recover. But that success rarely occurs quickly or on a set timeline; relapse is not only common, but many therapists and clinicians view it as a normal part of the process—not always a sign that a person has returned to addiction, but a signal that their treatment should be adjusted to help them regain control. Overall, research suggests, five years after the end of substance use, one’s risk of relapse is no greater than that of others who had not faced addiction. Other experts believe that complete abstinence is not the only measure of recovery, and that, through effective treatment, many people can learn to control their use.

How can you get addiction treatment for someone?

The most important factor in recovery from addiction is widely understood to be an individual’s commitment to change. For that reason,“interventions” in which friends and family gather to urge or force someone to begin immediate treatment often backfire; even when such efforts do lead someone to begin treatment, they may be less likely to stay than those who are self-driven. Still, family members can play an important role in supporting an individual who seeks help and can take part in family therapy as one element of a loved one’s treatment.