Photo of Dr. Erin Weinstein, Psychologist in Westchester County, NY
Dr. Erin Weinstein
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Yorktown Heights, NY 10598  (Online Only)
Together we tailor treatment to your individual, family, social, and cultural circumstances.
I am a Licensed Clinical Psychologist with over 15 years of direct clinical experience. I specialize in working with culturally diverse young adults (aprx age 18-35) who are having difficulty regulating themselves and experiencing some level of emotional and/or behavioral distress, which sometimes leads to significant problems in school, at work, and/or in relationships with oneself and others. Often, this distress can be eased with increased self-awareness that supports your ability to regulate your internal experience so your emotions feel manageable, your thoughts are more comforting, and you have more control over your behavior.
Together we tailor treatment to your individual, family, social, and cultural circumstances.
I am a Licensed Clinical Psychologist with over 15 years of direct clinical experience. I specialize in working with culturally diverse young adults (aprx age 18-35) who are having difficulty regulating themselves and experiencing some level of emotional and/or behavioral distress, which sometimes leads to significant problems in school, at work, and/or in relationships with oneself and others. Often, this distress can be eased with increased self-awareness that supports your ability to regulate your internal experience so your emotions feel manageable, your thoughts are more comforting, and you have more control over your behavior.
(914) 350-4220 View (914) 350-4220
Photo of Yuderquelina Baez, Counselor in Westchester County, NY
Yuderquelina Baez
Counselor, LMHC, MSEd
Verified Verified
Mamaroneck, NY 10543
It can be related to relationships such as family, friends, but also struggles in other fields such as career, immigration, cultural differences, and so on.
I challenge my clients to reach their highest potential by making them feel comfortable in a non-judgmental environment where they can explore and cope with life's challenges. I am committed to support, empower and encourage you on your life’s journey for a better mental, spiritual and socioemotional well being.
It can be related to relationships such as family, friends, but also struggles in other fields such as career, immigration, cultural differences, and so on.
I challenge my clients to reach their highest potential by making them feel comfortable in a non-judgmental environment where they can explore and cope with life's challenges. I am committed to support, empower and encourage you on your life’s journey for a better mental, spiritual and socioemotional well being.
(914) 219-6897 View (914) 219-6897
Photo of Melissa Alison Webster, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Westchester County, NY
Melissa Alison Webster
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
Hartsdale, NY 10530
I possess a Post-Graduate Certificate from NYU, and I am trained in several modalities: TF-CBT (Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy), Motivational Interviewing, CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy), SPARCS (DBT for teens), CPT, and Structural Family Therapy.
Are you or your child experiencing depression/anxiety, relationship issues, school or work-related difficulties? Or have you or your child experienced trauma? I specialize in these areas, and may be able to offer assistance. I also have experience with case management and advocacy, and do consult work at schools/organizations (workshops/trainings).
I possess a Post-Graduate Certificate from NYU, and I am trained in several modalities: TF-CBT (Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy), Motivational Interviewing, CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy), SPARCS (DBT for teens), CPT, and Structural Family Therapy.
Are you or your child experiencing depression/anxiety, relationship issues, school or work-related difficulties? Or have you or your child experienced trauma? I specialize in these areas, and may be able to offer assistance. I also have experience with case management and advocacy, and do consult work at schools/organizations (workshops/trainings).
(914) 888-2420 View (914) 888-2420
Photo of Nadine Kane, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Westchester County, NY
Nadine Kane
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MPH
Verified Verified
Larchmont, NY 10538
The journey through life can have difficult moments and sometimes we need additional support and guidance. You don’t have to be alone. Finding a therapist you can trust and feel comfortable sharing your innermost thoughts with can be challenging. I provide a supportive, nonjudgmental space and work in partnership with each person to help them develop and accomplish goals and learn the skills to live their best lives. I actively listen with a warm, empowering and empathetic style. Areas of focus include depression, anxiety, trauma, ADHD, relationships, PTSD, parenting, couples, family therapy, career and women's issues.
The journey through life can have difficult moments and sometimes we need additional support and guidance. You don’t have to be alone. Finding a therapist you can trust and feel comfortable sharing your innermost thoughts with can be challenging. I provide a supportive, nonjudgmental space and work in partnership with each person to help them develop and accomplish goals and learn the skills to live their best lives. I actively listen with a warm, empowering and empathetic style. Areas of focus include depression, anxiety, trauma, ADHD, relationships, PTSD, parenting, couples, family therapy, career and women's issues.
(914) 533-1921 View (914) 533-1921
Photo of Counseling Center Inc., Psychologist in Westchester County, NY
Counseling Center Inc.
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Bronxville, NY 10708
Our Center welcomes people interested in counseling or psychotherapy. We are a group of highly trained, experienced and dedicated psychotherapists with a wide range of expertise. Staff includes licensed psychologists, marriage and family therapists, social workers, psychoanalysts and consulting psychiatrists. Our offices are located in a warm, comfortable, non-medical setting. All sessions are confidential.
Our Center welcomes people interested in counseling or psychotherapy. We are a group of highly trained, experienced and dedicated psychotherapists with a wide range of expertise. Staff includes licensed psychologists, marriage and family therapists, social workers, psychoanalysts and consulting psychiatrists. Our offices are located in a warm, comfortable, non-medical setting. All sessions are confidential.
(914) 315-7132 View (914) 315-7132
Photo of Denise Foulkes, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Westchester County, NY
Denise Foulkes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
As founder of HYGEIA Integrated Health LLC and a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and Psychotherapist, we treat patients ages 5 years and older and have a wide range of mental health care experience in the areas of psychiatric evaluation and diagnosis, cognitive behavioral and psychoanalytic treatment, as well as talents in the area of problem solving of life's challenges and situations. We conduct individual, couples, family and group psychotherapy sessions and provide well-researched comprehensive care to meet the needs of my clients.
As founder of HYGEIA Integrated Health LLC and a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and Psychotherapist, we treat patients ages 5 years and older and have a wide range of mental health care experience in the areas of psychiatric evaluation and diagnosis, cognitive behavioral and psychoanalytic treatment, as well as talents in the area of problem solving of life's challenges and situations. We conduct individual, couples, family and group psychotherapy sessions and provide well-researched comprehensive care to meet the needs of my clients.
(914) 499-0154 View (914) 499-0154
Photo of Catherine Armao, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Westchester County, NY
Catherine Armao
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, PMH-C
Verified Verified
Katonah, NY 10536  (Online Only)
I have worked with clients experiencing a range of issues but I specialize in mood disorders, parenting and family issues and perinatal mood disorders.
Hi there! I am a licensed clinical social worker certified in Perinatal Mental Health. I am passionate about supporting individuals and their families through pregnancy, postpartum and beyond.
I have worked with clients experiencing a range of issues but I specialize in mood disorders, parenting and family issues and perinatal mood disorders.
Hi there! I am a licensed clinical social worker certified in Perinatal Mental Health. I am passionate about supporting individuals and their families through pregnancy, postpartum and beyond.
(914) 758-1480 View (914) 758-1480
Photo of Palmare A. Gordon-Forbes in Westchester County, NY
Palmare A. Gordon-Forbes
BA, MSEd
Verified Verified
New Rochelle, NY 10801
Are you struggling with personal, family, relationship, educational, marital, career planning, peer relationship, financial planning, job related, suicidal ideation, bullying, gender issues, etc.? You have contacted the right counselor. Please contact me at (914) 745-7836, and I will personally meet with you via teletherapy, in person or video conference. I look forward to working with you.
Are you struggling with personal, family, relationship, educational, marital, career planning, peer relationship, financial planning, job related, suicidal ideation, bullying, gender issues, etc.? You have contacted the right counselor. Please contact me at (914) 745-7836, and I will personally meet with you via teletherapy, in person or video conference. I look forward to working with you.
(914) 745-7836 View (914) 745-7836
Photo of Karen Rosen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Westchester County, NY
Karen Rosen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Ardsley, NY 10502
I am a Columbia University trained psychotherapist and have been practicing therapy for the past 16 years. My style of practice is interactive and relational. This means we will work together and build a relationship from which we can work through what you need help with. I tend to be transparent and will share my thoughts with you. This will be an active therapy experience where we will use our smarts and strengths collaboratively to bring about change. My post graduate training in couple and family therapy gives me a deep understanding of how to help individuals, couples and families struggling with relationship issues.
I am a Columbia University trained psychotherapist and have been practicing therapy for the past 16 years. My style of practice is interactive and relational. This means we will work together and build a relationship from which we can work through what you need help with. I tend to be transparent and will share my thoughts with you. This will be an active therapy experience where we will use our smarts and strengths collaboratively to bring about change. My post graduate training in couple and family therapy gives me a deep understanding of how to help individuals, couples and families struggling with relationship issues.
(917) 746-6135 View (917) 746-6135
Photo of Michael DiFrancesco, Psychologist in Westchester County, NY
Michael DiFrancesco
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scarsdale, NY 10583
I am a licensed clinical psychologist with expertise in pediatrics as well as young adults and families. I specialize in the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of a wide range of issues such as anxiety, depression, substance use, school related behavioral concerns, relational stress and developmental hurdles of transitioning to young adulthood. I have extensive training in evidence based treatments such as multidimensional family therapy through the University of Miami/Miller School of Medicine as well as cognitive behavioral therapy through my postdoctoral fellowship at NY Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical Center
I am a licensed clinical psychologist with expertise in pediatrics as well as young adults and families. I specialize in the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of a wide range of issues such as anxiety, depression, substance use, school related behavioral concerns, relational stress and developmental hurdles of transitioning to young adulthood. I have extensive training in evidence based treatments such as multidimensional family therapy through the University of Miami/Miller School of Medicine as well as cognitive behavioral therapy through my postdoctoral fellowship at NY Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical Center
(914) 685-5824 View (914) 685-5824
Photo of Victoria M Krikorian, Counselor in Westchester County, NY
Victoria M Krikorian
Counselor, MS, LMHC
Verified Verified
Peekskill, NY 10566  (Online Only)
I have experience working with adolescents and adults with a wide range of concerns, including but not limited to: depression, anxiety, low self esteem, childhood abuse/ trauma, sexual abuse, family issues, intimate partner violence, relationship issues, education and career path issues, substance abuse, grief and co-dependency.
Are you seeking a therapist that provides a safe space to sort out what is on your mind with a warm, empathetic, laid-back and non-judgmental approach? This is the type of environment I strive to offer my clients in therapy. I am a holistic practitioner that offers a combination of both conventional and alternative techniques depending on my client's wants and needs. I provide counseling from a lens that recognizes the impact societal inequalities can have on an individual. I offer a style that is intended to build empowerment, confidence and freedom from what you think is holding you back.
I have experience working with adolescents and adults with a wide range of concerns, including but not limited to: depression, anxiety, low self esteem, childhood abuse/ trauma, sexual abuse, family issues, intimate partner violence, relationship issues, education and career path issues, substance abuse, grief and co-dependency.
Are you seeking a therapist that provides a safe space to sort out what is on your mind with a warm, empathetic, laid-back and non-judgmental approach? This is the type of environment I strive to offer my clients in therapy. I am a holistic practitioner that offers a combination of both conventional and alternative techniques depending on my client's wants and needs. I provide counseling from a lens that recognizes the impact societal inequalities can have on an individual. I offer a style that is intended to build empowerment, confidence and freedom from what you think is holding you back.
(845) 516-8948 View (845) 516-8948
Photo of Phyllis Marton in Westchester County, NY
Phyllis Marton
MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Bedford Hills, NY 10507
In my weekly group for those affected by the substance abuse of a family member, participants learn to address enabling patterns, establish healthy boundaries, improve communication, and gain strength and hope.
With compassion and acceptance, I would like to help alleviate the distress you may be experiencing at this point in your life. In the safety of my office, we can explore areas in which you may feel stuck or overwhelmed. I have worked extensively with individuals seeking to overcome addictions; who wish to make sense of relationships; who are struggling with anxiety, depression, eating disorders, loss, or sexuality; and who are experiencing major life transitions. By looking at internal dialogue and seeing where thought patterns may be self-defeating, I can help shift these to more optimal, self-nurturing thinking.
In my weekly group for those affected by the substance abuse of a family member, participants learn to address enabling patterns, establish healthy boundaries, improve communication, and gain strength and hope.
With compassion and acceptance, I would like to help alleviate the distress you may be experiencing at this point in your life. In the safety of my office, we can explore areas in which you may feel stuck or overwhelmed. I have worked extensively with individuals seeking to overcome addictions; who wish to make sense of relationships; who are struggling with anxiety, depression, eating disorders, loss, or sexuality; and who are experiencing major life transitions. By looking at internal dialogue and seeing where thought patterns may be self-defeating, I can help shift these to more optimal, self-nurturing thinking.
(914) 393-3216 View (914) 393-3216
Photo of Deanna M Peralta, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Westchester County, NY
Deanna M Peralta
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Ossining, NY 10562
Waitlist for new clients
My specializations include individual, child, adolescent, family therapy, and college admissions counseling.
**Please email for new patient inquiries** Has life's problems and/or emotions become overwhelming? Are your thoughts and feelings causing stress and disrupting your everyday functioning? It is at these times when one should seek out professional help. A therapist can provide insight, empathy and honest feedback in a way that is unique from most other relationships. When a warm and secure relationship is formed during psychotherapy, the healing journey can begin. Psychotherapy holds a tremendous opportunity for growth and transformation.
My specializations include individual, child, adolescent, family therapy, and college admissions counseling.
**Please email for new patient inquiries** Has life's problems and/or emotions become overwhelming? Are your thoughts and feelings causing stress and disrupting your everyday functioning? It is at these times when one should seek out professional help. A therapist can provide insight, empathy and honest feedback in a way that is unique from most other relationships. When a warm and secure relationship is formed during psychotherapy, the healing journey can begin. Psychotherapy holds a tremendous opportunity for growth and transformation.
(646) 374-3119 View (646) 374-3119
Photo of Eve Hausler, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Westchester County, NY
Eve Hausler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R, BCD
Verified Verified
Mount Kisco, NY 10549
My experience has taught me about the uniqueness of each child and family and their amazing ability to heal.
Does your child's behavior worry you? Is your child struggling with anxiety, depression, ADD or ADHD, academic or behavior problems, trauma, self-harming behaviors, eating disorders, social skills, peer pressure or bullying? Have you hoped and waited long enough for things to change? Perhaps now is the time to talk with a caring and experienced child and adolescent therapist. In a nurturing environment, I use mindfulness and cognitive based strategies to help develop your child's innate strength and resiliency to move their life forward. Your child will receive my uncompromising commitment to his/her emotional well being.
My experience has taught me about the uniqueness of each child and family and their amazing ability to heal.
Does your child's behavior worry you? Is your child struggling with anxiety, depression, ADD or ADHD, academic or behavior problems, trauma, self-harming behaviors, eating disorders, social skills, peer pressure or bullying? Have you hoped and waited long enough for things to change? Perhaps now is the time to talk with a caring and experienced child and adolescent therapist. In a nurturing environment, I use mindfulness and cognitive based strategies to help develop your child's innate strength and resiliency to move their life forward. Your child will receive my uncompromising commitment to his/her emotional well being.
(914) 202-2938 View (914) 202-2938
Photo of Sharon Weiss, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Westchester County, NY
Sharon Weiss
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
Welcome to an extraordinary opportunity for self-discovery and personal growth. Unleash the transformative power of self-acceptance and self-care through understanding your values, beliefs, and emotions. Cultivate profound relationships, find purpose, and experience genuine fulfillment. With over 20 years of expertise, I specialize in trauma recovery, depression, anxiety, parenting support, addiction counseling, ADHD, family dynamics, couples therapy, and divorce guidance. Tailored approaches empower you to improve relationships, achieve career success, and enhance self-confidence.
Welcome to an extraordinary opportunity for self-discovery and personal growth. Unleash the transformative power of self-acceptance and self-care through understanding your values, beliefs, and emotions. Cultivate profound relationships, find purpose, and experience genuine fulfillment. With over 20 years of expertise, I specialize in trauma recovery, depression, anxiety, parenting support, addiction counseling, ADHD, family dynamics, couples therapy, and divorce guidance. Tailored approaches empower you to improve relationships, achieve career success, and enhance self-confidence.
(914) 292-7696 View (914) 292-7696
Photo of Eve-Marie Schaffer Elkin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Westchester County, NY
Eve-Marie Schaffer Elkin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, LCAT
Verified Verified
Tarrytown, NY 10591
I lead workshops and classes in a process called Painting from the Inside Out and workshops in Systemic Family Constellations.
Are you unhappy? Do you feel your life is not moving in the direction you would like? Would you like to tap into your creative potential? You have been born with a purpose and your soul wants to fulfill this purpose. When you are thrown off track, when you forget who you are - whether from outer conditioning or choices you have made, I guide you lovingly in the direction you are meant to travel. I see your uniqueness and your potential. My approach is to see the whole of you: body mind and spirit.
I lead workshops and classes in a process called Painting from the Inside Out and workshops in Systemic Family Constellations.
Are you unhappy? Do you feel your life is not moving in the direction you would like? Would you like to tap into your creative potential? You have been born with a purpose and your soul wants to fulfill this purpose. When you are thrown off track, when you forget who you are - whether from outer conditioning or choices you have made, I guide you lovingly in the direction you are meant to travel. I see your uniqueness and your potential. My approach is to see the whole of you: body mind and spirit.
(914) 703-4862 View (914) 703-4862
Photo of Integrative Psychotherapy & Nutrition Counseling, Counselor in Westchester County, NY
Integrative Psychotherapy & Nutrition Counseling
Counselor, MS, MA, SEP, LPC
Verified Verified
Pleasantville, NY 10570  (Online Only)
Carron offers a unique combination of Contemplative Psychotherapy, Transformational Coaching, Somatic Experiencing, Trauma Healing, Internal Family Systems, Holistic Nutrition, as well as Spiritual and Shamanic work.
Have you tried talk therapy and haven't experienced the results you were wanting? Many people that I see have tried talk therapy for years and said that the integrative approach that they experience with me is the first time they are seeing the results that they wanted. My philosophy holds at its foundation an unshakable trust in your resilience. There is a place in everyone that is innately resilient: present, regulated, and capable of being with any pain, fear, and vulnerability. I will guide you to connect to your resilience which is an empowering way to heal, as you will leave with a greater trust in yourself. daniellecarron.com
Carron offers a unique combination of Contemplative Psychotherapy, Transformational Coaching, Somatic Experiencing, Trauma Healing, Internal Family Systems, Holistic Nutrition, as well as Spiritual and Shamanic work.
Have you tried talk therapy and haven't experienced the results you were wanting? Many people that I see have tried talk therapy for years and said that the integrative approach that they experience with me is the first time they are seeing the results that they wanted. My philosophy holds at its foundation an unshakable trust in your resilience. There is a place in everyone that is innately resilient: present, regulated, and capable of being with any pain, fear, and vulnerability. I will guide you to connect to your resilience which is an empowering way to heal, as you will leave with a greater trust in yourself. daniellecarron.com
(303) 747-4709 View (303) 747-4709
Photo of Joseph R. Yanni, Psychologist in Westchester County, NY
Joseph R. Yanni
Psychologist, Psy D
Verified Verified
Scarsdale, NY 10583
When working with adults, I take an interactive approach that incorporates an understanding of a client’s place in relation to their family, work, and community.
Dr. Joe Yanni is a caring and skilled psychologist, whose experience has had its base in educational settings that specialized in assisting adolescents and their families with social/emotional difficulties. Dr. Yanni works on relationships with his clients based on trust and a desire to help the clients move forward from their current issue. Working with clients to identify the issue, understanding why it is causing stress, and the multitude of factors that may result in its persistence, are all crucial aspects of the healing process. Treatment may involve talk therapy, behavior management, consultations, and other methods.
When working with adults, I take an interactive approach that incorporates an understanding of a client’s place in relation to their family, work, and community.
Dr. Joe Yanni is a caring and skilled psychologist, whose experience has had its base in educational settings that specialized in assisting adolescents and their families with social/emotional difficulties. Dr. Yanni works on relationships with his clients based on trust and a desire to help the clients move forward from their current issue. Working with clients to identify the issue, understanding why it is causing stress, and the multitude of factors that may result in its persistence, are all crucial aspects of the healing process. Treatment may involve talk therapy, behavior management, consultations, and other methods.
(914) 219-6559 View (914) 219-6559
Photo of Brooke Schuster Monaco, Psychologist in Westchester County, NY
Brooke Schuster Monaco
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pelham, NY 10803
Do you want more out of life and you’re not sure what steps to take or where to start? Are you struggling with anxiety, depression, relationships, or substance use? I work collaboratively to explore what’s most important to you and how therapy can get help you make real changes. I also work with parents and families and provide coaching around supporting family members with substance abuse, anxiety, and other issues.
Do you want more out of life and you’re not sure what steps to take or where to start? Are you struggling with anxiety, depression, relationships, or substance use? I work collaboratively to explore what’s most important to you and how therapy can get help you make real changes. I also work with parents and families and provide coaching around supporting family members with substance abuse, anxiety, and other issues.
(646) 798-4124 View (646) 798-4124
Photo of Elsa I Arce, Counselor in Westchester County, NY
Elsa I Arce
Counselor, LMHC, NCC, Coach, EFTMR, SRMP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ms. Elsa I. Arce is a Bilingual (Spanish-Speaking) LMHC, Abundance Certified Coach and a Shamanic Reiki Master. Trained as a traditional clinical psychotherapist, she provides therapy for children, young adults, couples, and families with anxiety, depression, mood disorders, attention-deficit, trauma, substance abuse, domestic violence, and family relational stress. In addition, she practices nontraditional Energy Psychology therapies that are also evidenced based. Elsa works part-time at a foster care agency and has a private practice in Westchester, NY.
Ms. Elsa I. Arce is a Bilingual (Spanish-Speaking) LMHC, Abundance Certified Coach and a Shamanic Reiki Master. Trained as a traditional clinical psychotherapist, she provides therapy for children, young adults, couples, and families with anxiety, depression, mood disorders, attention-deficit, trauma, substance abuse, domestic violence, and family relational stress. In addition, she practices nontraditional Energy Psychology therapies that are also evidenced based. Elsa works part-time at a foster care agency and has a private practice in Westchester, NY.
(914) 712-6481 View (914) 712-6481

See more therapy options for Westchester County

Family Therapy

What do family therapists do?

A family therapist facilitates the process of understanding and improving how a family functions. The therapist will help family members develop empathy for one another. They’ll seek to understand existing patterns, misunderstandings, and conflicts that arise, in order to help the family arrive at a realistic, unified understanding and develop the coping skills they need to build stronger relationships.

How long does therapy for families take to work?

Therapy manifests differently in every family; a common time frame is 12 weekly sessions, but some families may see improvement after just a few weeks. Families should discuss their goals with the therapist at the beginning of the process and periodically revisit those goals to assess their progress together.

How can you encourage a family member to attend family therapy?

You can encourage family members to attend therapy by expressing with both love and concern the challenges you see and explaining how a therapist could help the family navigate those challenges together. An outside perspective can help everyone feel heard, get on the same page, and develop new skills. If family members are still hesitant, it may be helpful to emphasize that family therapy is short-term—it won’t last forever.

Is therapy for families effective?

Family therapy can significantly improve family dynamics and relationships. Research suggests that family therapy can help individuals understand their role in the family, communicate and solve problems together, reduce conflict and draw boundaries when necessary, and develop coping skills for stressors, major life changes, and mental or physical illnesses within the family.