Photo of Linda McFalls Ph.d(C) Clinical Therapist-Superv. Rsw, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Alberta
Linda McFalls Ph.d(C) Clinical Therapist-Superv. Rsw
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhC, LCSW, RSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edmonton, AB T6E
It isn’t necessary to stay stuck (or alone) in painful situations or challenging circumstances. Therapy/counselling provides an opportunity to uncover and discover new understandings, strengths and resiliencies in self (and others). Therapy provides a safe space to develop action plans to explore difficult life and relationship (couple, family/parenting, separation) issues or work/career concerns. Therapy also provides a safe space to explore and develop skills in managing mental health challenges such as anxiety, depression, OCD, ODD, etc. No problem is too big for therapy. Clinical Supervision is also available.
It isn’t necessary to stay stuck (or alone) in painful situations or challenging circumstances. Therapy/counselling provides an opportunity to uncover and discover new understandings, strengths and resiliencies in self (and others). Therapy provides a safe space to develop action plans to explore difficult life and relationship (couple, family/parenting, separation) issues or work/career concerns. Therapy also provides a safe space to explore and develop skills in managing mental health challenges such as anxiety, depression, OCD, ODD, etc. No problem is too big for therapy. Clinical Supervision is also available.
(587) 412-5239 View (587) 412-5239
Photo of Brenna McKerrall, Registered Provisional Psychologist in Alberta
Brenna McKerrall
Registered Provisional Psychologist, MACP, BA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
What I hear most from those who are struggling is that they desperately want change but they cannot see a clear path; they have been dealing with overwhelming symptoms for so long that suffering is part of their routine. Often this daily strain results in unhealthy coping mechanisms that compound the issues and amplify the symptoms. If this sounds like you, please know that you are not alone. Whether your suffering stems from relationship, parenting, interpersonal struggles, or unresolved past trauma, you have the capacity to heal, even when you feel that life is unbearable and change is out of reach.
What I hear most from those who are struggling is that they desperately want change but they cannot see a clear path; they have been dealing with overwhelming symptoms for so long that suffering is part of their routine. Often this daily strain results in unhealthy coping mechanisms that compound the issues and amplify the symptoms. If this sounds like you, please know that you are not alone. Whether your suffering stems from relationship, parenting, interpersonal struggles, or unresolved past trauma, you have the capacity to heal, even when you feel that life is unbearable and change is out of reach.
(780) 719-5121 View (780) 719-5121
Photo of Emma Bulman, Registered Social Worker in Alberta
Emma Bulman
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Calgary, AB T3M
Accepting New Clients. Do you ever wonder if things could be different? If you could find a way to have more connected relationships with your child, spouse, family or coworkers? Are you having difficulty with regulating yourself and responding the way you want with the people in your life? Feel free to reach out to tackle together the things you would like to change. I am a registered clinical social worker with over 15 years experience working with children/families/individuals. I believe that children exist within the context of the relationships in their lives; therefore, I involve parents/families in the therapeutic process
Accepting New Clients. Do you ever wonder if things could be different? If you could find a way to have more connected relationships with your child, spouse, family or coworkers? Are you having difficulty with regulating yourself and responding the way you want with the people in your life? Feel free to reach out to tackle together the things you would like to change. I am a registered clinical social worker with over 15 years experience working with children/families/individuals. I believe that children exist within the context of the relationships in their lives; therefore, I involve parents/families in the therapeutic process
(587) 705-0949 View (587) 705-0949
Photo of Wheatland County Counselling, Psychologist in Alberta
Wheatland County Counselling
Psychologist, RPsych, MSW, CCC, CPT
Verified Verified
Strathmore, AB T1P
Wheatland County Counselling is a full service counselling practice, with a team of therapists providing support to children, couples, families and adults in the Strathmore and Drumheller areas. Therapists include Registered Psychologists, Provisionally Registered Psychologists, Canadian Certified Counsellors and Masters Level Social Workers all with extensive training in the assessment, treatment, and case consultation needed when working within the larger systems families work, play, and learn. Each therapist offers a specific approach. Visit our website to learn more about each therapist.
Wheatland County Counselling is a full service counselling practice, with a team of therapists providing support to children, couples, families and adults in the Strathmore and Drumheller areas. Therapists include Registered Psychologists, Provisionally Registered Psychologists, Canadian Certified Counsellors and Masters Level Social Workers all with extensive training in the assessment, treatment, and case consultation needed when working within the larger systems families work, play, and learn. Each therapist offers a specific approach. Visit our website to learn more about each therapist.
(833) 600-0027 View (833) 600-0027
Photo of Tina Vanderworp (Individual Psychotherapy And Couples Counselling), Counsellor in Alberta
Tina Vanderworp (Individual Psychotherapy And Couples Counselling)
Counsellor, MPS, CCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Edmonton, AB T5T
I am a certified psychotherapist and counsellor (CCC) and I specialize in individual and couples counselling. I also offer supervision to therapists. I deeply enjoy working with adults and teens and I have more than 12 years experience in the field. I specialize in crisis interventions, couples counselling, family wellness, teens in crisis, and parenting in multicultural organizations. I use inner child work - a transformative approach which helps one identify root causes and gain deep understanding and compassion for oneself. I am deeply touched to have witnessed profound shifts in people's lives and in their relationships.
I am a certified psychotherapist and counsellor (CCC) and I specialize in individual and couples counselling. I also offer supervision to therapists. I deeply enjoy working with adults and teens and I have more than 12 years experience in the field. I specialize in crisis interventions, couples counselling, family wellness, teens in crisis, and parenting in multicultural organizations. I use inner child work - a transformative approach which helps one identify root causes and gain deep understanding and compassion for oneself. I am deeply touched to have witnessed profound shifts in people's lives and in their relationships.
(587) 850-3258 View (587) 850-3258
Photo of Mikaela Pahulje, Registered Provisional Psychologist in Alberta
Mikaela Pahulje
Registered Provisional Psychologist, BSc, MA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Lethbridge, AB T1K
I work with children, teens, adults, couples, and families. As a Certified Synergetic Play Therapist, I am passionate about helping kids navigate their way in the world. I can also help with eating disorders, chronic pain and illness, trauma, grief, relationships, separation and divorce, adoption, self-esteem, developmental challenges, sports performance, and other mental health challenges. As well, I am trained in EMDR and Gottman Method for couples. Although there is no manual or script to navigate one’s life, there are certainly opportunities for curiosity and self-awareness to deal with feelings, thoughts, and challenges.
I work with children, teens, adults, couples, and families. As a Certified Synergetic Play Therapist, I am passionate about helping kids navigate their way in the world. I can also help with eating disorders, chronic pain and illness, trauma, grief, relationships, separation and divorce, adoption, self-esteem, developmental challenges, sports performance, and other mental health challenges. As well, I am trained in EMDR and Gottman Method for couples. Although there is no manual or script to navigate one’s life, there are certainly opportunities for curiosity and self-awareness to deal with feelings, thoughts, and challenges.
(587) 412-2269 View (587) 412-2269
Photo of Kerry Snatic, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Alberta
Kerry Snatic
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MEd, CPsych, RSW
Verified Verified
Most people who come to therapy are in crisis, need support, self exploration, decision-making and/or in transition. There is hope and help to work through life's problems in a safe and secure environment. Kerry has provided counselling services for over 25 years. She specializes in treatment of adults, teenagers, children, couples and families. She believes clients have internal resources to help themselves through awareness and education.
Most people who come to therapy are in crisis, need support, self exploration, decision-making and/or in transition. There is hope and help to work through life's problems in a safe and secure environment. Kerry has provided counselling services for over 25 years. She specializes in treatment of adults, teenagers, children, couples and families. She believes clients have internal resources to help themselves through awareness and education.
(587) 316-5401 View (587) 316-5401
Photo of Ben Bamijoko - Bri Counselling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Alberta
Ben Bamijoko - Bri Counselling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MEd, MCA, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Calgary, AB T3M
I am a culturally affirming Master's level social worker who is passionate about working with diverse populations and creating a non-judgmental space where each client feels heard, respected, and understood. I provide counselling to youth, adults, individuals, couples, and families and I have over 14 years of experience as a clinician on the frontline and in leadership teams. I understand that at times, life’s impacts bring stress, worry, frustration, and anxiety. I work to provide clients with the right support, help, and guidance so that they can cope with challenges and re-discover their path to a more fulfilling life.
I am a culturally affirming Master's level social worker who is passionate about working with diverse populations and creating a non-judgmental space where each client feels heard, respected, and understood. I provide counselling to youth, adults, individuals, couples, and families and I have over 14 years of experience as a clinician on the frontline and in leadership teams. I understand that at times, life’s impacts bring stress, worry, frustration, and anxiety. I work to provide clients with the right support, help, and guidance so that they can cope with challenges and re-discover their path to a more fulfilling life.
(587) 849-0921 View (587) 849-0921
Photo of Sabrina Ragan, Psychologist in Alberta
Sabrina Ragan
Psychologist, MSc , CPT, RPsych
Verified Verified
Fort McMurray, AB T9H  (Online Only)
I am a psychologist and certified play therapist with a master’s of science degree in marital and family therapy. I provide online counseling and play therapy for children, adolescents, and their families. I provide family counseling to parents and children navigating the difficult process of separation and divorce, with the goal of maintaining a strong relationship between parents and children.
I am a psychologist and certified play therapist with a master’s of science degree in marital and family therapy. I provide online counseling and play therapy for children, adolescents, and their families. I provide family counseling to parents and children navigating the difficult process of separation and divorce, with the goal of maintaining a strong relationship between parents and children.
(587) 600-9052 View (587) 600-9052
Photo of Lethbridge Counselling Services, Psychologist in Alberta
Lethbridge Counselling Services
Psychologist
Verified Verified
Lethbridge, AB T1J
We are a dynamic team of mental health professionals, 18 in total, with varying backgrounds, specialties and areas of expertise, working in the heart of downtown Lethbridge. We work with individuals (children, teens and adults), couples and families. Please visit our website to see all of our therapist bios and to learn more about our services! Book online or send us an email!
We are a dynamic team of mental health professionals, 18 in total, with varying backgrounds, specialties and areas of expertise, working in the heart of downtown Lethbridge. We work with individuals (children, teens and adults), couples and families. Please visit our website to see all of our therapist bios and to learn more about our services! Book online or send us an email!
(825) 600-5739 View (825) 600-5739
Photo of Agnieszka Witkowska, Psychologist in Alberta
Agnieszka Witkowska
Psychologist, RPsych, MC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Calgary, AB T2Y
I work with individuals, couples, and families.
I am a Registered Psychologist with over 15 years of experience in counselling. I specialize in clinical psychology. I work with individuals: adults and adolescents, and with couples. I can help you to feel better, to increase your self-esteem and to heal from past experiences. If you experienced trauma, abuse, if you have been struggling with depression, anxiety for a long time call me to schedule an appointment. I will help you to experience well-being, to learn and implement new skills and to see your life differently. I offer different approaches to therapy such as: ACT, CBT-Mindfilness, Psychodynamic, Gottman, Emotion-Focused.
I work with individuals, couples, and families.
I am a Registered Psychologist with over 15 years of experience in counselling. I specialize in clinical psychology. I work with individuals: adults and adolescents, and with couples. I can help you to feel better, to increase your self-esteem and to heal from past experiences. If you experienced trauma, abuse, if you have been struggling with depression, anxiety for a long time call me to schedule an appointment. I will help you to experience well-being, to learn and implement new skills and to see your life differently. I offer different approaches to therapy such as: ACT, CBT-Mindfilness, Psychodynamic, Gottman, Emotion-Focused.
(866) 316-6703 View (866) 316-6703
Photo of Wanda Polzin Holman, Registered Social Worker in Alberta
Wanda Polzin Holman
Registered Social Worker, MA, RCSW, EdD
Verified Verified
Edmonton, AB T6B
Dr. Polzin Holman has over 25 years of working in the field of mental health and addictions. Specialized training in Trauma, Attachment, Anxiety and Depression with children, adolescents, adults and couples. Training in various modalities such as EMDR, Clinical Hypnotherapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, and Relationship/Couples counselling.
Dr. Polzin Holman has over 25 years of working in the field of mental health and addictions. Specialized training in Trauma, Attachment, Anxiety and Depression with children, adolescents, adults and couples. Training in various modalities such as EMDR, Clinical Hypnotherapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, and Relationship/Couples counselling.
(780) 266-2751 View (780) 266-2751
Photo of Nicole Marie Bullock, Psychologist in Alberta
Nicole Marie Bullock
Psychologist, MC, RPsych
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Calgary, AB T2M
Waitlist for new clients
As a Registered Psychologist I am experienced working with individuals and couples and their personal concerns, I have specialized training and interest working with infertility, pregnancy loss, birth trauma, prenatal and postpartum mental health; and, religious trauma and transitions.
In our lives we sometimes experince unexpected, painful and challenging circumstances which can be difficult to navigate on your own. It can be helpful to explore your story with someone you trust and feel comfortable sharing your experinces and feelings with. In therapy I provide a safe, genuine, and compassionate environment to help you uncover and understand who you are and identify the changes you want to make in your life. I believe it's my role to be supportive and help you identify and work towards the future you desire and choose.
As a Registered Psychologist I am experienced working with individuals and couples and their personal concerns, I have specialized training and interest working with infertility, pregnancy loss, birth trauma, prenatal and postpartum mental health; and, religious trauma and transitions.
In our lives we sometimes experince unexpected, painful and challenging circumstances which can be difficult to navigate on your own. It can be helpful to explore your story with someone you trust and feel comfortable sharing your experinces and feelings with. In therapy I provide a safe, genuine, and compassionate environment to help you uncover and understand who you are and identify the changes you want to make in your life. I believe it's my role to be supportive and help you identify and work towards the future you desire and choose.
(587) 801-5782 View (587) 801-5782
Photo of Ajay Hartenfeld Pandhi, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Alberta
Ajay Hartenfeld Pandhi
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, MAIS, Q-Med
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Edmonton, AB T6A
I am a trauma specialist with experience in supporting people through life threatening illnesses, sexual/emotional/physical abuse, environmental disasters, break down of marriages, addictions and loss of loved ones. I also work with couples, with families and individuals who are struggling with various problems. Individualized and tailor made therapy. I have over 15 years of significant experience working with diverse populations across Canada and internationally and I can provide therapy in English, Hindi, Punjabi, Urdu.I use a variety of approaches including hypnotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, narrative therapy, solution focused therapy and other psycho-dynamic approaches.
I am a trauma specialist with experience in supporting people through life threatening illnesses, sexual/emotional/physical abuse, environmental disasters, break down of marriages, addictions and loss of loved ones. I also work with couples, with families and individuals who are struggling with various problems. Individualized and tailor made therapy. I have over 15 years of significant experience working with diverse populations across Canada and internationally and I can provide therapy in English, Hindi, Punjabi, Urdu.I use a variety of approaches including hypnotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, narrative therapy, solution focused therapy and other psycho-dynamic approaches.
(866) 301-4736 View (866) 301-4736
Photo of James P Bateman, Psychologist in Alberta
James P Bateman
Psychologist, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edmonton, AB T5N
I have expertise working with children, adolescents, couples and families. This includes work with high risk youth, work with children who have been abused or neglected, and work with families in crisis. I have extensive Court experience, and have been appointed as a expert in the areas of counseling and clinical psychology. I have been appointed as a Parenting Expert in clinical interventions and custody evaluations. I have supported couples in developing skills to strengthen their relationships. I have experience assisting children, adolescents, and adults in dealing with anxiety, depression, Post traumatic stress disorder, Bipolar disorder, and other psychiatric diagnoses.
I have expertise working with children, adolescents, couples and families. This includes work with high risk youth, work with children who have been abused or neglected, and work with families in crisis. I have extensive Court experience, and have been appointed as a expert in the areas of counseling and clinical psychology. I have been appointed as a Parenting Expert in clinical interventions and custody evaluations. I have supported couples in developing skills to strengthen their relationships. I have experience assisting children, adolescents, and adults in dealing with anxiety, depression, Post traumatic stress disorder, Bipolar disorder, and other psychiatric diagnoses.
(780) 424-0123 x4 View (780) 424-0123 x4
Photo of Alex Joy Thompson Barker, Pre-Licensed Professional in Alberta
Alex Joy Thompson Barker
Pre-Licensed Professional, MC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Edmonton, AB T6R
Everyone deserves to live an enriched and fulfilling life. Whether you're struggling to manage your emotions or maintain relationships, have low self-esteem, need help navigating your relationship with food, or are carrying a sense of heaviness that's keeping you from thriving, I'm here to support you, and we can figure this out together. As a Master of Counselling student, I work with clients experiencing anxiety and depression, as well as those struggling with relationships, disordered eating, have a history of trauma, or want a deeper understanding of who they are.
Everyone deserves to live an enriched and fulfilling life. Whether you're struggling to manage your emotions or maintain relationships, have low self-esteem, need help navigating your relationship with food, or are carrying a sense of heaviness that's keeping you from thriving, I'm here to support you, and we can figure this out together. As a Master of Counselling student, I work with clients experiencing anxiety and depression, as well as those struggling with relationships, disordered eating, have a history of trauma, or want a deeper understanding of who they are.
(825) 254-6554 View (825) 254-6554
Photo of Insight Psychological - Calgary, Registered Provisional Psychologist in Alberta
Insight Psychological - Calgary
Registered Provisional Psychologist
Verified Verified
Calgary, AB T2T
We can service individuals, couples, families, children, and youth.
At Insight, our intake team will help you to choose the right therapist based on their areas of specialty, personality, availability and therapy methods. Your therapist will work in partnership with you to determine the most effective method of therapy, and depending on your concern, together you’ll come up with a plan that makes sense for you. If you’re a very solution focused problem solver, then you might be happy with a short-term goal for therapy. If you like to talk more and really investigate your problems, then a more traditional therapeutic approach may be the best fit.
We can service individuals, couples, families, children, and youth.
At Insight, our intake team will help you to choose the right therapist based on their areas of specialty, personality, availability and therapy methods. Your therapist will work in partnership with you to determine the most effective method of therapy, and depending on your concern, together you’ll come up with a plan that makes sense for you. If you’re a very solution focused problem solver, then you might be happy with a short-term goal for therapy. If you like to talk more and really investigate your problems, then a more traditional therapeutic approach may be the best fit.
(403) 252-1716 View (403) 252-1716
Photo of Jennifer Roesler, Registered Provisional Psychologist in Alberta
Jennifer Roesler
Registered Provisional Psychologist, MC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edmonton, AB T6E
I am a therapist who hopes to create a collaborative relationship with each of her clients.
Welcome, you have just taken the first step to healing! I have experience working with anxiety, depression, substance use, medical trauma & chronic illness, ADHD, brain injury, OCD, boundaries, career/life transitions, suicide, abuse, trauma, and PTSD. Additionally, I work with couples to help increase communication, overcome betrayal, or regulate emotions. I also work with families to increase boundaries, communication, and heal trauma. I work with Pre-teens, Teens, Adults, Elderly, Couples, and Families. I am also Indigenous and support inter-generational trauma, cultural and mental health issues for clients of all cultures.
I am a therapist who hopes to create a collaborative relationship with each of her clients.
Welcome, you have just taken the first step to healing! I have experience working with anxiety, depression, substance use, medical trauma & chronic illness, ADHD, brain injury, OCD, boundaries, career/life transitions, suicide, abuse, trauma, and PTSD. Additionally, I work with couples to help increase communication, overcome betrayal, or regulate emotions. I also work with families to increase boundaries, communication, and heal trauma. I work with Pre-teens, Teens, Adults, Elderly, Couples, and Families. I am also Indigenous and support inter-generational trauma, cultural and mental health issues for clients of all cultures.
(825) 525-2949 View (825) 525-2949
Photo of Joanne Gobeil Psychological Services Inc, Psychologist in Alberta
Joanne Gobeil Psychological Services Inc
Psychologist, BA(Hon), MC
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Airdrie, AB T4B
NO WAIT LIST for individuals and couples, sessions offered within the week, including evenings and weekends.
Joanne Gobeil is a Registered Psychologist in Alberta and per the registration boards through virtual sessions in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Joanne is also a Canadian Certified Counsellor in BC, SK, MB, NWT, YT, NU, and NFLD. Joanne has certificates in CBT-M, exposure therapy, Gottman couples therapy, EMDR, DBT, play therapy, and autism. Joanne has completed her doctoral level courses in grief counselling and is working on her thesis. Joanne has over 20 years of experience working with children, teens, adults, and couples. Joanne covers a wide range of issues including Anxiety, Depression, Trauma, AD/HD, PTSD, ASD, OCD, etc.
NO WAIT LIST for individuals and couples, sessions offered within the week, including evenings and weekends.
Joanne Gobeil is a Registered Psychologist in Alberta and per the registration boards through virtual sessions in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Joanne is also a Canadian Certified Counsellor in BC, SK, MB, NWT, YT, NU, and NFLD. Joanne has certificates in CBT-M, exposure therapy, Gottman couples therapy, EMDR, DBT, play therapy, and autism. Joanne has completed her doctoral level courses in grief counselling and is working on her thesis. Joanne has over 20 years of experience working with children, teens, adults, and couples. Joanne covers a wide range of issues including Anxiety, Depression, Trauma, AD/HD, PTSD, ASD, OCD, etc.
(587) 600-3034 View (587) 600-3034
Photo of Kimberley Hedstrom (Leblanc), Psychologist in Alberta
Kimberley Hedstrom (Leblanc)
Psychologist, MSc , R Psyc
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Edmonton, AB T6W
As a registered psychologist and having been in private practice for 14 years, I have had the privilege to meet and work with many wonderful couples, families and individuals. I strive to establish a solid rapport with clients in a comfortable environment. I have been told that clients appreciate my professional and direct approach that is not overly formal and allows for humour when appropriate. I use a biopsychosocial approach and incorporate several therapeutic modalities. I work to not only focus on managing symptoms, but getting down to the root cause of what is getting in the way of being able to achieve one’s goals.
As a registered psychologist and having been in private practice for 14 years, I have had the privilege to meet and work with many wonderful couples, families and individuals. I strive to establish a solid rapport with clients in a comfortable environment. I have been told that clients appreciate my professional and direct approach that is not overly formal and allows for humour when appropriate. I use a biopsychosocial approach and incorporate several therapeutic modalities. I work to not only focus on managing symptoms, but getting down to the root cause of what is getting in the way of being able to achieve one’s goals.
(780) 666-3294 View (780) 666-3294

See more therapy options for Alberta

Couples Counselling

Does couples counseling work?

Research shows that couples counseling is effective; it can reduce relationship distress and improve emotional awareness, communication, empathy, intimacy, and overall relationship satisfaction. For example, emotionally focused therapy was found to be effective for about 75 percent of couples, and those benefits lasted at least two years.

When should a couple seek counseling?

Couples can benefit from counseling if they consistently struggle in their relationship. They may have lost the ability to communicate effectively, become entrenched in harmful patterns, begun to fight more than usual, broken the other’s trust, suffered from a mental or physical illness, or faced any number of other challenges. Many therapists offer free consultations, so if a couple isn’t sure whether therapy is necessary, asking directly can provide clarity.

How can I get my partner to go to couples therapy?

The decision to seek couples therapy is often driven by one partner, who then convinces the other to participate. When discussing the idea, the initiator should be direct and assertive. They can state the problems they see and explain how the relationship would benefit from therapy. In more serious cases, they can also explain how their relationship may suffer without making any changes or seeking professional help.

How does a couple prepare for couples counseling?

The anticipation of beginning couples counseling can be difficult—sometimes more difficult than the first session itself. Taking a few moments to reflect can allay those concerns: What are the current challenges? When and how did they begin? What do they want the relationship to look like in the future? Reflecting on these questions can help individuals or couples articulate their goals. Of course, the therapist will also ask questions and guide couples through the process.