Photo of Susan A Herbert, Marriage & Family Therapist in 90403, CA
Susan A Herbert
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Santa Monica, CA 90403
I have current availability for couples and individuals. My goal is to assist individuals struggling with trauma history, addiction, and mental illness in order to develop tools for healing yourself and the negative impact on relationships. The challenges you face are not as important as the tools you need to navigate them. I honor the differences and diversities in us all, and do not believe in using a 'cookie-cutter' approach with my clients. I am a certified Gestalt Experiential Therapist, with additional experience in multiple modalities, including Choice Theory, EFT, and Psychodynamic.
I have current availability for couples and individuals. My goal is to assist individuals struggling with trauma history, addiction, and mental illness in order to develop tools for healing yourself and the negative impact on relationships. The challenges you face are not as important as the tools you need to navigate them. I honor the differences and diversities in us all, and do not believe in using a 'cookie-cutter' approach with my clients. I am a certified Gestalt Experiential Therapist, with additional experience in multiple modalities, including Choice Theory, EFT, and Psychodynamic.
(310) 361-4203 View (310) 361-4203
Photo of Dr. Margie Mirell, Marriage & Family Therapist in 90403, CA
Dr. Margie Mirell
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT, AASECT, Imago
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90403
Struggling with conflicts within yourself and with others? To help you recover and gain a sense of healthy self-esteem, I have specialized techniques for dealing with complex trauma, PTSD, sexual issues, addiction, relationship issues, disordered eating, and grief. Sometimes we need to talk it out. Not for sympathy, but to find truth that guides us to our purpose and peace within ourselves. Discover satisfaction in every aspect of your life. I can teach you to avoid pain, change behavior patterns, and dialogue for more creative, productive, and healing solutions.
Struggling with conflicts within yourself and with others? To help you recover and gain a sense of healthy self-esteem, I have specialized techniques for dealing with complex trauma, PTSD, sexual issues, addiction, relationship issues, disordered eating, and grief. Sometimes we need to talk it out. Not for sympathy, but to find truth that guides us to our purpose and peace within ourselves. Discover satisfaction in every aspect of your life. I can teach you to avoid pain, change behavior patterns, and dialogue for more creative, productive, and healing solutions.
(310) 773-0391 View (310) 773-0391
Photo of Online Only, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 90403, CA
Online Only
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, ACSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Santa Monica, CA 90403  (Online Only)
I received my Master’s in clinical social work from the University of Southern California and I have experience in working with clients struggling with problematic substance and alcohol use, depression, and anxiety.
Life can be difficult, and we all find ourselves at times struggling with difficult thoughts and feelings. Past traumas or current stressors can leave us feeling anxious, depressed, or disconnected from ourselves and others. As a psychotherapist, I provide a compassionate, safe, and non-judgmental space for clients to explore with curiosity their feelings, thoughts, behaviors, and how they serve them and where they would like to bring in change.
I received my Master’s in clinical social work from the University of Southern California and I have experience in working with clients struggling with problematic substance and alcohol use, depression, and anxiety.
Life can be difficult, and we all find ourselves at times struggling with difficult thoughts and feelings. Past traumas or current stressors can leave us feeling anxious, depressed, or disconnected from ourselves and others. As a psychotherapist, I provide a compassionate, safe, and non-judgmental space for clients to explore with curiosity their feelings, thoughts, behaviors, and how they serve them and where they would like to bring in change.
(323) 784-6644 View (323) 784-6644
Photo of David Ibrahim, Marriage & Family Therapist in 90403, CA
David Ibrahim
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LAADC, EMDR , EYRT500, ISTDP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Santa Monica, CA 90403
Are past traumatic experiences, being an adult child of a dysfunctional home, incest survival experiences, addiction issues, phobia, panic, anxiety, C-PTSD or depression affecting your success? Are distractions impacting your optimal performance abilities at work, in your intimate relationships, or in relationships with family members or with yourself? Are you surviving instead of thriving? I provide accelerated Psychotherapy for individuals and couples who are challenged by performance loss and emotional unhappiness. Also offer Diagnosis evaluation for addiction, mood, personality, and adult Autism spectrum. HSP and Kink friendly.
Are past traumatic experiences, being an adult child of a dysfunctional home, incest survival experiences, addiction issues, phobia, panic, anxiety, C-PTSD or depression affecting your success? Are distractions impacting your optimal performance abilities at work, in your intimate relationships, or in relationships with family members or with yourself? Are you surviving instead of thriving? I provide accelerated Psychotherapy for individuals and couples who are challenged by performance loss and emotional unhappiness. Also offer Diagnosis evaluation for addiction, mood, personality, and adult Autism spectrum. HSP and Kink friendly.
(805) 420-7531 View (805) 420-7531
Photo of Monica Farassat, Psy.D., Marriage & Family Therapist in 90403, CA
Monica Farassat, Psy.D.
Marriage & Family Therapist, PsyD, LMFT, CGP
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Santa Monica, CA 90403
Many people shy away from asking for help when in emotional and psychological pain. It is not easy to ask for help. Perhaps there are feelings of shame underlying the recognition of one's vulnerability. But in essence these are the times that important and life-altering changes can occur. I am invested in establishing a safe, supportive, and truthful interaction with you towards improving your life, your choices, and your relationships, & have over 25 years of experience as proof. The concerns that I have worked with extensively include depression, anxiety, grief, life transitions, substance-abuse, adjustment, crisis intervention, & individuation.
Many people shy away from asking for help when in emotional and psychological pain. It is not easy to ask for help. Perhaps there are feelings of shame underlying the recognition of one's vulnerability. But in essence these are the times that important and life-altering changes can occur. I am invested in establishing a safe, supportive, and truthful interaction with you towards improving your life, your choices, and your relationships, & have over 25 years of experience as proof. The concerns that I have worked with extensively include depression, anxiety, grief, life transitions, substance-abuse, adjustment, crisis intervention, & individuation.
(310) 737-8975 View (310) 737-8975
Photo of Jessica Roux, Marriage & Family Therapist in 90403, CA
Jessica Roux
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Santa Monica, CA 90403
I help individuals struggling with unhealed trauma and addiction reconnect to their bodies and resilience. My clients are interested in a holistic approach, deepening their spiritual connection, and reducing automatic survival responses to create more emotional regulation, sense of safety and connection.
I help individuals struggling with unhealed trauma and addiction reconnect to their bodies and resilience. My clients are interested in a holistic approach, deepening their spiritual connection, and reducing automatic survival responses to create more emotional regulation, sense of safety and connection.
(424) 728-4326 View (424) 728-4326
Photo of Daniel L Stewart, Marriage & Family Therapist in 90403, CA
Daniel L Stewart
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, ERYT
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90403
I have an MA in Counseling Psychology with an emphasis in depth psychology, a psychodynamic process which engages the natural healing power of the psyche through symbolic experience, fantasy and dream work. My tool box includes Depth Psychotherapy, Soul work, Positive Self Psychology, Mind Body integration and awareness through Somatic Experiencing. I incorporate Yoga Psychology and philosophy, Buddhist perspective & mindfulness meditation, foundation work in trauma and addiction, as well as neurobiology and brain plasticity. I'm particularly interested in the overlap between eastern thought, spirituality and western psychology in the search for individual meaning and purpose.
I have an MA in Counseling Psychology with an emphasis in depth psychology, a psychodynamic process which engages the natural healing power of the psyche through symbolic experience, fantasy and dream work. My tool box includes Depth Psychotherapy, Soul work, Positive Self Psychology, Mind Body integration and awareness through Somatic Experiencing. I incorporate Yoga Psychology and philosophy, Buddhist perspective & mindfulness meditation, foundation work in trauma and addiction, as well as neurobiology and brain plasticity. I'm particularly interested in the overlap between eastern thought, spirituality and western psychology in the search for individual meaning and purpose.
(310) 736-4597 View (310) 736-4597
Photo of Robyn Blythe, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 90403, CA
Robyn Blythe
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, EMDR
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90403
My specialized approach allows for an extraordinary connection to you that supports a focus on insight and change, helping you to discover and challenge your thoughts and beliefs that might get in your way, while I help you overcome ptsd, fears, worry, anxiety, depression, addiction, and to manage anger and stress.
As a therapist, I value and create a safe, nurturing, and empathic environment for individuals, couples, and families to explore underlying issues to relationship problems, depression, anxiety, grief and loss, and addictions. I am trained & certified in EMDR, which helps a person to quickly move through recent and past trauma and successfully overcome symptoms related to PTSD (post traumatic stress disorder). We'll work together to help you find a healthy balance between body, mind, and emotions that allow for success in relationships and work, self-empowerment, and to live a life full of hope, meaning, and purpose.
My specialized approach allows for an extraordinary connection to you that supports a focus on insight and change, helping you to discover and challenge your thoughts and beliefs that might get in your way, while I help you overcome ptsd, fears, worry, anxiety, depression, addiction, and to manage anger and stress.
As a therapist, I value and create a safe, nurturing, and empathic environment for individuals, couples, and families to explore underlying issues to relationship problems, depression, anxiety, grief and loss, and addictions. I am trained & certified in EMDR, which helps a person to quickly move through recent and past trauma and successfully overcome symptoms related to PTSD (post traumatic stress disorder). We'll work together to help you find a healthy balance between body, mind, and emotions that allow for success in relationships and work, self-empowerment, and to live a life full of hope, meaning, and purpose.
(818) 203-0246 View (818) 203-0246
Photo of KD Farris, Pastoral Counselor in 90403, CA
KD Farris
Pastoral Counselor, PhD
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90403
My roots as a therapist and healer have seeded over the past thirty-five years, bringing substance and depth to my one-on-one sessions with couples and individuals. During this time, I have maintained a private practice, which has always consisted of process-oriented consciousness work -- a means by which to enter safely and deeply into the inner landscape of the psyche for positive and real world change. My results-oriented approach to psychology is derived from the commitment to a conscious process and the intrapsychic relationship one can access when choosing to turn toward--and look at--oneself.
My roots as a therapist and healer have seeded over the past thirty-five years, bringing substance and depth to my one-on-one sessions with couples and individuals. During this time, I have maintained a private practice, which has always consisted of process-oriented consciousness work -- a means by which to enter safely and deeply into the inner landscape of the psyche for positive and real world change. My results-oriented approach to psychology is derived from the commitment to a conscious process and the intrapsychic relationship one can access when choosing to turn toward--and look at--oneself.
(310) 889-0677 View (310) 889-0677
Photo of Grant Overmire, Marriage & Family Therapist in 90403, CA
Grant Overmire
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90403
My background includes extensive treatment of individuals dealing with depression, anxiety, trauma and substance abuse.
One piece of feedback that I constantly get from my clients is that they appreciate my ability to quickly build rapport and how they're challenged by me in sessions. I believe that in order to grow, we have to want to face what makes us most uncomfortable. I think someone who is seeking a more action-oriented and direct therapist would fit well in my practice. I like to work towards solutions and I want you (the client) to feel like you're progressing as a person in the course of your treatment. My ultimate goal is to get you better and out of my office back to your life....that's when I know I've done a good job.
My background includes extensive treatment of individuals dealing with depression, anxiety, trauma and substance abuse.
One piece of feedback that I constantly get from my clients is that they appreciate my ability to quickly build rapport and how they're challenged by me in sessions. I believe that in order to grow, we have to want to face what makes us most uncomfortable. I think someone who is seeking a more action-oriented and direct therapist would fit well in my practice. I like to work towards solutions and I want you (the client) to feel like you're progressing as a person in the course of your treatment. My ultimate goal is to get you better and out of my office back to your life....that's when I know I've done a good job.
(310) 361-3753 View (310) 361-3753
Photo of Eva Kuncewicki, Marriage & Family Therapist in 90403, CA
Eva Kuncewicki
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Santa Monica, CA 90403
I am specialized in trauma, anxiety, depression, attachment issues, love addiction and codependent relationships.
OFFERING VIRTUAL THERAPY. Do you feel inadequate when you are not in a relationship? Have you found yourself chasing after people who have rejected you and try desperately to change their minds. More than once, have you gotten involved with someone who is unable to commit—hoping they will change? Do you tend to take care of the needs of others before you take care of your own needs? You are not alone, and I can help you. I work with individuals, adults and couples experiencing complex life challenges.
I am specialized in trauma, anxiety, depression, attachment issues, love addiction and codependent relationships.
OFFERING VIRTUAL THERAPY. Do you feel inadequate when you are not in a relationship? Have you found yourself chasing after people who have rejected you and try desperately to change their minds. More than once, have you gotten involved with someone who is unable to commit—hoping they will change? Do you tend to take care of the needs of others before you take care of your own needs? You are not alone, and I can help you. I work with individuals, adults and couples experiencing complex life challenges.
(562) 306-0891 View (562) 306-0891
Photo of Dr. Samantha Schlossmann Psy.d, Psychologist in 90403, CA
Dr. Samantha Schlossmann Psy.d
Psychologist, PsyD, SEP
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90403
Are you suffering from unresolved grief and loss, stress, addiction, anxiety or depression? I can help. I specialize in the treatment of trauma for adults, adolescents and children. We will work together to create a therapeutic space where we can assess your challenges and find creative resolution to your problems. You don't have to do it alone. My approach is to provide a safe nurturing and empathetic environment while supporting you to uncover your own natural resilience. I will help you connect with your innate ability to heal, develop skills to reduce your negative symptoms, and live a full and authentic life.
Are you suffering from unresolved grief and loss, stress, addiction, anxiety or depression? I can help. I specialize in the treatment of trauma for adults, adolescents and children. We will work together to create a therapeutic space where we can assess your challenges and find creative resolution to your problems. You don't have to do it alone. My approach is to provide a safe nurturing and empathetic environment while supporting you to uncover your own natural resilience. I will help you connect with your innate ability to heal, develop skills to reduce your negative symptoms, and live a full and authentic life.
(424) 358-3098 View (424) 358-3098
Photo of Niaz Khani, Psychologist in 90403, CA
Niaz Khani
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
10 Endorsed
Santa Monica, CA 90403
I understand that seeking therapy may be a very difficult process, however what you can gain from the process is limitless. If you are feeling stuck and interested in making some changes in your life or just need some support right now, this may be a good time to give therapy a try. It's very important to feel safe and connected to your therapist and I encourage you to shop around for the "best-fit." I welcome you to contact me in order to determine whether we would be a good match.
I understand that seeking therapy may be a very difficult process, however what you can gain from the process is limitless. If you are feeling stuck and interested in making some changes in your life or just need some support right now, this may be a good time to give therapy a try. It's very important to feel safe and connected to your therapist and I encourage you to shop around for the "best-fit." I welcome you to contact me in order to determine whether we would be a good match.
(323) 617-4383 View (323) 617-4383
Photo of Dr. Faith Szalay, Psychologist in 90403, CA
Dr. Faith Szalay
Psychologist, PsyD, MA
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90403  (Online Only)
My practice is devoted to working with adults, adolescents and couples to help them deal with difficulties in their relationships and in their personal lives. I am a licensed Clinical Psychologist, and I am continually honored and intrigued by being able to help people in their lives. I received my degrees (Summa Cum Laude) from Washington University, and my doctorate in Psychology is from CSPP. In addition to my years of work in private practice, my experience includes years of intensive supervised client counseling, and now I am a supervisor at a well established clinic, in addition to my practice.
My practice is devoted to working with adults, adolescents and couples to help them deal with difficulties in their relationships and in their personal lives. I am a licensed Clinical Psychologist, and I am continually honored and intrigued by being able to help people in their lives. I received my degrees (Summa Cum Laude) from Washington University, and my doctorate in Psychology is from CSPP. In addition to my years of work in private practice, my experience includes years of intensive supervised client counseling, and now I am a supervisor at a well established clinic, in addition to my practice.
(323) 878-2263 View (323) 878-2263
Photo of Samira Hosseini, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 90403, CA
Samira Hosseini
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Santa Monica, CA 90403  (Online Only)
**Accepting New Clients** Many of my clients come to me during times of uncertainty and stress -- feeling lost or on edge, experiencing turmoil in their relationships, or generally overwhelmed and eager to find solutions. I believe that our problems have deeper roots and if not addressed can cause unconscious and unwanted patterns that affect our relationships with ourselves, others, and our perception of our reality. I hope to partner with you toward self-discovery, empowerment, self-compassion, and responding instead of reacting from a place of peace rather than urgency.
**Accepting New Clients** Many of my clients come to me during times of uncertainty and stress -- feeling lost or on edge, experiencing turmoil in their relationships, or generally overwhelmed and eager to find solutions. I believe that our problems have deeper roots and if not addressed can cause unconscious and unwanted patterns that affect our relationships with ourselves, others, and our perception of our reality. I hope to partner with you toward self-discovery, empowerment, self-compassion, and responding instead of reacting from a place of peace rather than urgency.
(401) 237-6421 View (401) 237-6421
Photo of Zachary Sandler, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 90403, CA
Zachary Sandler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LCSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Santa Monica, CA 90403
My therapeutic style is grounded in the belief that authentic relationships are healing. I support people of various ethnic groups, sexual orientations and socioeconomic backgrounds to bring meaning to their lives, connect with their aliveness, and expand their sense of personal choice and freedom. My approach combines gestalt therapy, attachment theory and somatic experiencing. I am also trained in EMDR. For more than a decade I have been providing therapy to teens, adults and couples.
My therapeutic style is grounded in the belief that authentic relationships are healing. I support people of various ethnic groups, sexual orientations and socioeconomic backgrounds to bring meaning to their lives, connect with their aliveness, and expand their sense of personal choice and freedom. My approach combines gestalt therapy, attachment theory and somatic experiencing. I am also trained in EMDR. For more than a decade I have been providing therapy to teens, adults and couples.
(626) 587-3180 View (626) 587-3180
Photo of Karen Stewart, Psychologist in 90403, CA
Karen Stewart
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90403
We have all had times where we are struggling, feel low or "off", may not even have a real "reason" why these feelings are coming up for us. Or those times where an event, situation, loss, change in our daily functioning has lead us to not feel that we have the right skills to live our best lives and we just don't know what to do. Therapy is an answer for someone who wants to explore these feelings, to work through the difficult times and to learn about oneself in an unbiased, non-judgmental environment.
We have all had times where we are struggling, feel low or "off", may not even have a real "reason" why these feelings are coming up for us. Or those times where an event, situation, loss, change in our daily functioning has lead us to not feel that we have the right skills to live our best lives and we just don't know what to do. Therapy is an answer for someone who wants to explore these feelings, to work through the difficult times and to learn about oneself in an unbiased, non-judgmental environment.
(424) 327-9030 View (424) 327-9030
Photo of Ali (Alexandria) Wolfe-Grady, Marriage & Family Therapist in 90403, CA
Ali (Alexandria) Wolfe-Grady
Marriage & Family Therapist, MACP, LMFT, APCC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Santa Monica, CA 90403  (Online Only)
I find the best way for me to help people reach their goals is to work collaboratively and to build a therapeutic relationship based on trust, honesty, and openness. An individualized therapeutic approach is imperative for helping explore my clients’ unique life experiences. We work together utilizing an eclectic interactive approach that encourages feedback and collaboration to shape treatment to meet a client's individual needs. Together we formulate a plan to address achieving specific short-term goals aimed at improving daily life in addition to long term growth focusing on personal development.
I find the best way for me to help people reach their goals is to work collaboratively and to build a therapeutic relationship based on trust, honesty, and openness. An individualized therapeutic approach is imperative for helping explore my clients’ unique life experiences. We work together utilizing an eclectic interactive approach that encourages feedback and collaboration to shape treatment to meet a client's individual needs. Together we formulate a plan to address achieving specific short-term goals aimed at improving daily life in addition to long term growth focusing on personal development.
(805) 608-3474 View (805) 608-3474
Photo of Patrick Brian Dickey, Marriage & Family Therapist in 90403, CA
Patrick Brian Dickey
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Santa Monica, CA 90403  (Online Only)
Life keeps rolling on whether we experience depression, anxiety, grief, loss, or conflicts with your loved ones. Getting yourself unstuck can be quite frustrating. For some, the challenge can create feelings of despair and hopelessness. But you can create a life that’s meaningful. Together we will collaborate on building on your existing strengths and create a new, purposeful, and worthwhile future.
Life keeps rolling on whether we experience depression, anxiety, grief, loss, or conflicts with your loved ones. Getting yourself unstuck can be quite frustrating. For some, the challenge can create feelings of despair and hopelessness. But you can create a life that’s meaningful. Together we will collaborate on building on your existing strengths and create a new, purposeful, and worthwhile future.
(310) 929-6157 View (310) 929-6157
Photo of Positive Psychology - Dr John Drimmer, Psychologist in 90403, CA
Positive Psychology - Dr John Drimmer
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90403
I use Positive Psychology to inspire and improve lives. I'm told I'm warm, down to earth, and that I have a good sense of humor. . I believe therapy needs to show results. Not years later — but soon. I see both individuals and couples. My approach combines Positive Psychology and CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy), with mindfulness and a powerful mix of the best approaches known to modern psychology. I take an uplifting holistic approach.
I use Positive Psychology to inspire and improve lives. I'm told I'm warm, down to earth, and that I have a good sense of humor. . I believe therapy needs to show results. Not years later — but soon. I see both individuals and couples. My approach combines Positive Psychology and CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy), with mindfulness and a powerful mix of the best approaches known to modern psychology. I take an uplifting holistic approach.
(424) 351-9144 View (424) 351-9144
Addiction Therapists

What is the best therapy for addiction?

Addiction treatment will be tailored to the individual. People seeking help for addiction—whether with a psychotherapist, in an outpatient clinic, or in a residential program—should expect to engage in multiple types of treatments, sometimes including medication. For anyone recovering from addiction, avoiding situations in which one has typically used a substance is essential, as is the support of close connections. Since substance use disorders tend to co-occur with underlying mental health conditions such as anxiety or depression, those must also be addressed as part of any recovery plan.

How long does therapy for addiction take?

There is no set timeline for recovery from addiction. Patients and their families should expect the work to last several months, if not longer. Residential treatment programs may be based on a stay of 30, 60, or 90 days, with continuing work after release, but only about 1 percent of people are treated in such facilities. Ceasing use is just the first step; therapy to help maintain abstinence and effect behavior change must follow. The process of recovery, neuroscience has shown, involves brain cells recovering the capacity to respond to natural sources of reward and restore control over the impulse to use. Another definition of recovery is restoring voluntary control over one’s substance use and retaking all of one’s previous responsibilities.

How effective is drug addiction treatment?

Substance use disorders are treatable and remission is achievable for many who seek recovery; by some estimates, more than three-quarters of people who become addicted to alcohol or drugs recover. But that success rarely occurs quickly or on a set timeline; relapse is not only common, but many therapists and clinicians view it as a normal part of the process—not always a sign that a person has returned to addiction, but a signal that their treatment should be adjusted to help them regain control. Overall, research suggests, five years after the end of substance use, one’s risk of relapse is no greater than that of others who had not faced addiction. Other experts believe that complete abstinence is not the only measure of recovery, and that, through effective treatment, many people can learn to control their use.

How can you get addiction treatment for someone?

The most important factor in recovery from addiction is widely understood to be an individual’s commitment to change. For that reason,“interventions” in which friends and family gather to urge or force someone to begin immediate treatment often backfire; even when such efforts do lead someone to begin treatment, they may be less likely to stay than those who are self-driven. Still, family members can play an important role in supporting an individual who seeks help and can take part in family therapy as one element of a loved one’s treatment.